Chemistry 122 ReviewChemistry 122 Review

Chapter 9Chapter 9

Organic Chemistry - Organic Chemistry - VocabularyVocabulary

• Organic, cracking, hydrocarbon, Organic, cracking, hydrocarbon, refining, reforming, saturated, refining, reforming, saturated, hydrogenation, aromatic, phenyl, hydrogenation, aromatic, phenyl, functional groupfunctional group

Organic Chemistry - Organic Chemistry - StructuresStructures

• Alkanes: single bonded carbons. Alkanes: single bonded carbons. General formula CGeneral formula CnnHH2n+22n+2

• If branches: If branches: (# of location)(# of location) - - (branch (branch name)name) (parent chain)(parent chain)

• Parent chain is always longest chainParent chain is always longest chain

• Cycloalkanes: Single C-C bonds that Cycloalkanes: Single C-C bonds that form ring. Formula of Cform ring. Formula of CnnHH2n2n

Organic Chemistry - Organic Chemistry - StructuresStructures

• Alkenes Alkenes - hydrocarbons with one or - hydrocarbons with one or more double carbon-carbon bonds more double carbon-carbon bonds (C=C). G(C=C). General form: Ceneral form: CnnHH2n2n

• AlkynesAlkynes - hydrocarbons with one or - hydrocarbons with one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds more triple carbon-carbon bonds (C(C==C). GC). General form: Ceneral form: CnnHH2n-22n-2

• BenzeneBenzene - - Formula CFormula C66HH66

Organic Chemistry - Organic Chemistry - StructuresStructures• Organic HalidesOrganic Halides - organic compounds - organic compounds

that contain one or more halogen atoms that contain one or more halogen atoms

• Aldehydes and KetonesAldehydes and Ketones - Both - Both contain the carbonyl functional group contain the carbonyl functional group (C=O) (C=O)

• In aldehydes the carbonyl group is on In aldehydes the carbonyl group is on the end of the chain, in ketones it is not the end of the chain, in ketones it is not at the end of the chain.at the end of the chain.

Organic Chemistry - Organic Chemistry - StructuresStructures• Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids - Contain both - Contain both

carbonyl (C=O) and hydroxyl (OH) carbonyl (C=O) and hydroxyl (OH) groups groups

OO ||||

• EstersEsters - Contain -C-O-R - Contain -C-O-R• AmideAmide - has a carbonyl group bonded - has a carbonyl group bonded

to a nitrogen to a nitrogen • AmineAmine - has a nitrogen bonded to one - has a nitrogen bonded to one

or more carbons or more carbons

Examples to Try….Examples to Try….

• 3-ethyl-2,4-dimethylhexane 3-ethyl-2,4-dimethylhexane

•cyclopentanecyclopentane• CHCH22=CH-CH=CH-CH22-CH-CH33

• 1,2-dimethylbenzene1,2-dimethylbenzene

• CHCH33-CH-CH-CH-CH22-CH-CH22-CH-CH33

Examples to Try….Examples to Try….

• CC22HH55Br Br

• CHCH33-CH-CH22-OH -OH

• 1,2-ethane1,2-ethanedidiol ol

Chemistry 122 ReviewChemistry 122 Review

Chapter 10Chapter 10

VocabularyVocabulary

• Chemical system, energy, Chemical system, energy, exothermic, endothermic, exothermic, endothermic, specific heat capacity, specific heat capacity, volumetric heat capacity, phase volumetric heat capacity, phase change, enthalpy, fusion, change, enthalpy, fusion, vaporizing, condensation, molar vaporizing, condensation, molar enthalpy, heating curveenthalpy, heating curve

Main FormulasMain Formulas

• The heat change in a chemical system may be The heat change in a chemical system may be quantified using either of the following equations:quantified using either of the following equations:

q = m cq = m css t or q = v ct or q = v cvv tt

Where: Where: q = quantity of heat flowing to or from the system (J or kJ)q = quantity of heat flowing to or from the system (J or kJ)m = mass of the substance (g)m = mass of the substance (g)v = volume of the substance (L)v = volume of the substance (L)ccss = specific heat capacity (J / g = specific heat capacity (J / g o o CC))ccvv = volumetric heat capacity (KJ / L = volumetric heat capacity (KJ / L o o C)C)t = t t = t finalfinal – t – t initialinitial = change in temperature ( = change in temperature (o o C)C)

Main FormulasMain Formulas

• Enthalpy change can be calculated using the following:Enthalpy change can be calculated using the following:

Equation:Equation:

H = n H or H = n H or H = H = mm H H MM

Where:Where:H = enthalpy (energy) change for the phase change (KJ)H = enthalpy (energy) change for the phase change (KJ)n = moles of the substance undergoing the phase change (mol)n = moles of the substance undergoing the phase change (mol)H = molar enthalpy for the substance undergoing the phase H = molar enthalpy for the substance undergoing the phase

change (KJ / mol) from Table 10.3 p.347.change (KJ / mol) from Table 10.3 p.347.m = mass of the substance undergoing the phase change (g)m = mass of the substance undergoing the phase change (g)M = molar mass of the substance undergoing the phase change (g M = molar mass of the substance undergoing the phase change (g

/ mol)/ mol)

Main FormulasMain Formulas

• Calculating total energy:Calculating total energy:E tot = sum of the parts of the heating E tot = sum of the parts of the heating

curvecurve

= a + b + c + d + e= a + b + c + d + e

= q ice + = q ice + H fus + q water + H fus + q water + H vap + H vap + qsteamqsteam

Main FormulasMain Formulas

H H systemsystem = - q = - q calorimetercalorimeter

H H systemsystem = - q = - q calorimetercalorimeter

Problems to Try….Problems to Try….

• When 150. L of water (in a hot water heater) at When 150. L of water (in a hot water heater) at 10.0 10.0 ooC is heated to 65.0 C is heated to 65.0 ooC, how much energy is C, how much energy is required?required?

• If 500.0 g of freon-12, CClIf 500.0 g of freon-12, CCl22FF22, was turned from a , was turned from a liquid to a gas at SATP, what is the expected liquid to a gas at SATP, what is the expected enthalpy change, enthalpy change, H?H?

• Calculate the total energy Calculate the total energy releasedreleased when 1.0 kg when 1.0 kg of molten iron, Fe of molten iron, Fe (l)(l), at 1700 , at 1700 ooC, cools to solid C, cools to solid iron, Fe iron, Fe (s)(s) , at 80 , at 80 ooC. The specific heat capacity of C. The specific heat capacity of liquid iron is 0.20 J/gliquid iron is 0.20 J/gooC and that of solid iron is C and that of solid iron is 0.11 J/g0.11 J/gooC. The molar enthalpy of solidification of C. The molar enthalpy of solidification of iron is -15 KJ/mol at 1535 iron is -15 KJ/mol at 1535 ooC.C.

Problems to Try….Problems to Try….

• In a calorimetry experiment, 4.24 g In a calorimetry experiment, 4.24 g of lithium chloride is dissolved in 100 of lithium chloride is dissolved in 100 mL of water at an initial temperature mL of water at an initial temperature of 16.3 of 16.3 ooC. The final temperature of C. The final temperature of the solution is 25.1 the solution is 25.1 ooC. Calculate the C. Calculate the molar enthalpy of solution for lithium molar enthalpy of solution for lithium chloridechloride

Chemistry 122 ReviewChemistry 122 Review

Chapter 14Chapter 14

• Vocabulary: equilibrium, Le Vocabulary: equilibrium, Le Chatelier’s PrincipleChatelier’s Principle

• Types of changesTypes of changes: : – concentrationconcentration– temperaturetemperature– pressure/volume (gases only)pressure/volume (gases only)

Concentration changesConcentration changes• addition of reactantaddition of reactant shifts equilibrium to the shifts equilibrium to the RIGHTRIGHT• removal of productremoval of product shifts equilibrium to the shifts equilibrium to the RIGHTRIGHT• addition of productaddition of product shifts equilibrium to the shifts equilibrium to the LEFTLEFT• removal of reactantremoval of reactant shifts equilibrium to the shifts equilibrium to the LEFTLEFT• Example :Example : CaCOCaCO3 3 (s)(s) CaO (s)CaO (s) + + COCO2 2 (g) (g) + heat+ heat

• What will happen to the equilibrium reaction above if:What will happen to the equilibrium reaction above if:

– the concentration of CaCOthe concentration of CaCO33 increases? increases?• SHIFT SHIFT RIGHTRIGHT to decrease concentration of CaCO to decrease concentration of CaCO33

– the concentration of CaCOthe concentration of CaCO33 decreases? decreases? • SHIFT SHIFT LEFTLEFT to increase concentration of CaCO to increase concentration of CaCO33

– the concentration of CaO (or COthe concentration of CaO (or CO22) increases?) increases?• SHIFT SHIFT LEFTLEFT to decrease concentration of CaO (or CO to decrease concentration of CaO (or CO22))

– the concentration of CaO (or COthe concentration of CaO (or CO22) decreases?) decreases?• SHIFT SHIFT RIGHTRIGHT to increase concentration of CaO (or CO to increase concentration of CaO (or CO22))

Temperature changesTemperature changes• Heat energy is treated as though it were a reactant Heat energy is treated as though it were a reactant

or productor product• Heat is added by heating and removed by cooling the Heat is added by heating and removed by cooling the

container container • reactantsreactants + + energyenergy productsproducts

ENDOTHERMICENDOTHERMIC • reactantsreactants productsproducts + + energyenergy

EXOTHERMICEXOTHERMIC • Example :Example : 2 NaCl 2 NaCl (s)(s) + H + H22SOSO44 (l)(l) + + energyenergy 2 HCl 2 HCl (g)(g) + +

NaNa22SOSO4(s)4(s) • What will happen to the equilibrium reaction above if:What will happen to the equilibrium reaction above if:

– the reaction vessel is heated?the reaction vessel is heated?• SHIFT SHIFT RIGHTRIGHT to decrease to decrease energyenergy on reactants on reactants

sideside– the reaction vessel is cooled? the reaction vessel is cooled?

• SHIFT SHIFT LEFTLEFT to increase to increase energyenergy on reactants side on reactants side

Pressure/volume changesPressure/volume changes• only affects systems involving gasesonly affects systems involving gases

• consider: consider: the total amount in moles of gas reactants the total amount in moles of gas reactants and the total amount in moles of gas productsand the total amount in moles of gas products

• if # moles of gas reactants = # moles of gas products : if # moles of gas reactants = # moles of gas products : – no affect on equilibriumno affect on equilibrium

• if # moles of gas reactants if # moles of gas reactants # moles of gas products: # moles of gas products:– an increase in pressure (decrease in volume) will an increase in pressure (decrease in volume) will

shift equilibrium to the side with shift equilibrium to the side with fewerfewer moles of gas moles of gas

– a decrease in pressure (increase in volume) will a decrease in pressure (increase in volume) will shift equilibrium to side with shift equilibrium to side with moremore moles of gas moles of gas

Pressure/volume changesPressure/volume changes

• Example:Example:• 2 SO2 SO22 (g)(g) + O + O2 (g)2 (g) 2 SO2 SO3 (g)3 (g) + + energyenergy • # moles of gas reactants # moles of gas reactants # moles of gas # moles of gas

productsproducts• = 3 = 3 = 2= 2

• What will happen to the equilibrium reaction above if:What will happen to the equilibrium reaction above if:– the pressure inside the reaction vessel increases?the pressure inside the reaction vessel increases?

• SHIFT SHIFT RIGHTRIGHT to side with to side with lessless moles of gas moles of gas (products)(products)

– The pressure inside the reaction vessel decreases? The pressure inside the reaction vessel decreases? • SHIFT SHIFT LEFTLEFT to side with to side with moremore moles of gas moles of gas

(reactants)(reactants)

ExampleExample• Given:Given:

• NN22 (g) + 3 H (g) + 3 H22 (g) (g) 2 NH2 NH33 (g) (g)++ heatheat

• How will this equilibrium respond to How will this equilibrium respond to the following changes?the following changes?

• (a) A decrease in temperature?(a) A decrease in temperature?• (b) A decrease in pressure?(b) A decrease in pressure?• (c) An increase in nitrogen?(c) An increase in nitrogen?• (d) A decrease in ammonia?(d) A decrease in ammonia?Answers: (a) Answers: (a) RIGHTRIGHT (b) (b) LEFTLEFT (c) (c) RIGHTRIGHT (d) (d) RIGHTRIGHT

Chemistry 122 ReviewChemistry 122 Review

Chapter 7Chapter 7

VocabularyVocabulary

• Limiting reagent, excess Limiting reagent, excess reagent, gravimetric, solute, reagent, gravimetric, solute, solventsolvent

Steps to StoichiometrySteps to Stoichiometry• Step 1Step 1: write a balanced chemical equation : write a balanced chemical equation

and list the measurement and conversion and list the measurement and conversion factors for the given and required factors for the given and required substancessubstances

• Step 2Step 2: convert the given measurement to : convert the given measurement to an amount in moles by using the an amount in moles by using the appropriate conversion factor.appropriate conversion factor.

• Step 3Step 3: Calculate the amount of the : Calculate the amount of the required substance by using the mole ratio required substance by using the mole ratio from the balanced equationfrom the balanced equation

• Step 4Step 4: Convert the calculated amount to : Convert the calculated amount to the final required quantity by using the the final required quantity by using the appropriate conversion factor or the ideal appropriate conversion factor or the ideal gas law.gas law.

Try This…..Try This…..

• If 300g of propane burns in a gas If 300g of propane burns in a gas barbecue, what volume of oxygen at barbecue, what volume of oxygen at SATP is required for the reaction?SATP is required for the reaction?

• Calculate the mass of lead (II) chloride Calculate the mass of lead (II) chloride precipitate produced when 2.57g of precipitate produced when 2.57g of sodium chloride in solution reacts in a sodium chloride in solution reacts in a double replacement reaction with double replacement reaction with excess aqueous lead (II) nitrate.excess aqueous lead (II) nitrate.

Exam FormatExam Format

• Matching (definitions and structures) Matching (definitions and structures) – 12 marks– 12 marks

• Definitions – 10 marksDefinitions – 10 marks• Organic naming and drawing Organic naming and drawing

structures – 30 marksstructures – 30 marks• Calculations – 40 marksCalculations – 40 marks• Short answer – 8 marksShort answer – 8 marks• Total: 100 marksTotal: 100 marks