Chemicals
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Transcript of Chemicals
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Chemicals
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Forms
Chemical health hazards may be divided into the following categories:Toxic, including carcinogenic;Corrosive & irritant;Dermatitic/sensitising
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Forms
Chemical hazards can also be classified according to physical state:Liquids (fluids)Dusts (solid particles)Fumes (fine solids, often metallic)Mists (finely suspended droplets)Vapours (gaseous form of a solid or liquid)
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CHIP
Classify substance (Approved supply list) Assign categories of danger & risk phrases Provide safety data sheet Label Safe packaging Child-resistant closures Tactile danger warnings Mention hazards in advertisements
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Health Effects of Hazardous Substances Under CHIP, suppliers must classify dangerous chemicals under one or more
of the following: Very toxic Toxic Harmful Corrosive Irritant Sensitising Carcinogenic Mutagenic Toxic for reproduction
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Safety Data Sheets
• Composition and/or ingredients
• Hazards
• First aid
• Fire fighting
• Accidental release
• Handling & storage
• Exposure controls
• Personal protection
• Physical & chemical properties
• Stability & reactivity
• Toxicological info
• Ecological info
• Disposal
• Transport
• Regulatory & other info
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Lead
Most dangerous as a fume or dust Target organs:
Central nervous system Gastrointestinal tract Blood & blood-forming organs Muscles of wrist or foot Gums
Symptoms affect gastrointestinal tract, nervous system and blood
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Mercury
Target organs:Central nervous system & brainKidneys
Symptoms affect central nervous system with personality changes
Workers at risk:DentistryThermometers, barometers, electrical switchgear
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Benzene
Volatile liquid absorbed by inhalation and skin contact
Target organs:Central nervous systemBlood-forming organs
Symptoms are narcosis, anaemia and leukaemia
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Phenol
Corrosive & toxic substance absorbed by the skin
Systemic toxin affecting central nervous systemSymptoms affect central nervous system, liver
and kidneys
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Trichloroethylene
Harmful by inhalation, prolonged skin contact & ingestion
Affects central nervous system, skin and respiratory tract
May be an animal carcinogen
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Siliceous Dust
Inhalation of dust causes fibrosis of lungsSymptoms caused by reduced lung function,
breathlessness, heart strain and possibly death
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Asbestos
Inhalation of dust causes fibrosis of lungsSymptoms caused by reduced lung function,
breathlessness, heart strain & possibly deathRisk of lung cancer in fibrotic regions
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Carbon Monoxide
Invisible gas absorbed by lungs into blood stream, combining with haemoglobin and inhibiting oxygen transport
Oxygen starvation causes loss of consciousness
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Carcinogens
Produce malignant tumours by affecting cell functioning
Long latency period and no threshold of harmExamples:
Tars (skin cancer)Asbestos (lung cancer & mesothelioma)Vinyl Chloride Monomer (angiosarcoma)
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Corrosive Substances
Acids destroy living tissue and cause severe burns; examples include nitric and sulphuric acid
Ammonia is a corrosive alkaline gas, soluble in water, which can cause severe burns by liquid contact or inhalation
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Dermatitic HazardsDermatitis: non-infectious inflammatory condition
of the skin caused by contact with chemical, physical or biological agents
Classified into two forms:Contact: caused by contact with primary cutaneous
irritants (greases, mineral oils, solvents);Sensitisation: Caused by cutaneous sensitisers
(rubber additives, nickel compunds, hardwood dust)
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Sensitisers
Chemical agents able to produce an allergic reaction in certain individuals
Production of antibodies triggers an allergic reaction each time person is subsequently exposed to very small quantities of the causative agent
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Sensitisers Respiratory System:
Results in asthma 2 principle types of agent:
Antigens, such as flour, grain & shellfish proteinSubstances such as isocyanates and platinum salts
Skin: Results in dermatitis Skin reaction will occur whenever there is further contact with
sensitising agent (common sensitising agents are isocyanates)
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Sensitisers
Chemical agents able to produce an allergic reaction in certain individuals
Production of antibodies triggers an allergic reaction each time person is subsequently exposed to very small quantities of the causative agent