Chemical)Bonding)...Polar)vs.)Nonpolar)Covalent)Bonds) Nonpolar Covalent Bond %! Equal sharing of...

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Chemical Bonding Part Two: Covalent Bonds

Transcript of Chemical)Bonding)...Polar)vs.)Nonpolar)Covalent)Bonds) Nonpolar Covalent Bond %! Equal sharing of...

Page 1: Chemical)Bonding)...Polar)vs.)Nonpolar)Covalent)Bonds) Nonpolar Covalent Bond %! Equal sharing of the bonding electron pair ! Example: In H-H each H atom has an electronegativity value

Chemical  Bonding  Part  Two:  Covalent  Bonds  

Page 2: Chemical)Bonding)...Polar)vs.)Nonpolar)Covalent)Bonds) Nonpolar Covalent Bond %! Equal sharing of the bonding electron pair ! Example: In H-H each H atom has an electronegativity value

Electronegativity  and  Bond  Character      v Electronegativity-­‐  the  relative  ability  of  an  atom  to  attract  electrons  in  a  chemical  bond  

v The  greater  the  electronegativity  difference,  the  stronger  the  bond  is  that  forms  between  them  

v If  the  electronegativity  difference  is:  • Less  than  0.5,  then  the  bond  is  nonpolar  covalent  

• Between  0.5  and  1.6,  the  bond  is  polar  covalent  

• Greater  than  1.6,  then  the  bond  is  ionic  

Page 3: Chemical)Bonding)...Polar)vs.)Nonpolar)Covalent)Bonds) Nonpolar Covalent Bond %! Equal sharing of the bonding electron pair ! Example: In H-H each H atom has an electronegativity value

Calculating  Bond  Character      Electronegativity  

Chart  Carbon   2.55  Nitrogen   3.04  Potassium   0.82  Fluorine   3.98  Hydrogen   2.20  Oxygen   3.44  Calcium   1.00  Chlorine   3.98  Barium   0.89  Bromine   2.96  

Determine  the  type  of  bond:  

1. H  and  O  

2. Ca  and  F  

3.   Ba  and  O  

4.   C  and  O  

5.   N  and  N  

3.44-2.20 = 1.2 POLAR COVALENT 3.98-1.00 = 2.98 IONIC

3.44-0.89 = 2.55 IONIC

3.44-2.55 = 0.89 POLAR COVALENT 0- NONPOLAR COVALENT

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Covalent  Bonds  v Characterized  by  a  sharing  of  electrons  

v The  attraction  of  two  atoms  for  a  shared  pair  of  electrons  is  called  a  covalent  bond  

v   In  a  covalent  bond,  atoms  share  electrons  and  neither  atom  has  an  ionic  charge  

v A  compound  whose  atoms  are  held  together  by  covalent  bonds  is  a  covalent  compound  v Molecules  are  formed  from  covalent  bonds  

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Single  and  Multiple  Covalent  Bonds  

v   When  more  than  one  pair  of  electrons  are  shared  between  atoms  multiple  covalent  bonds  form  v These  can  be  double  or  triple  bonds  depending  on  the  number  of  pairs  of  electrons  shared    

Page 6: Chemical)Bonding)...Polar)vs.)Nonpolar)Covalent)Bonds) Nonpolar Covalent Bond %! Equal sharing of the bonding electron pair ! Example: In H-H each H atom has an electronegativity value

Single  and  Multiple  Covalent  Bonds  

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Characteristics  of  Covalent  Bonds  v  Low  melting  points    v  Do  not  conduct  electricity  in  any  state    

v  Solids  are  often  soft  or  brittle  v  Many  are  gases  at  room  temperature  v  Most  are  less  soluble  in  water  than  ionic  compounds  and  are  not  electrolytes  

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Polar  vs.  Nonpolar  Covalent  Bonds  Nonpolar Covalent Bond  

v Equal sharing of the bonding electron pair v  Example: In H-H each H atom has an electronegativity

value of 2.1 Polar Covalent Bond  v Unequal sharing of the bonding electron pair

v  Example: In H-Cl, the electronegativity of the Cl atom is 3.0, while that of the H atom is 2.1

v  Electron pair is displaced toward the more electronegative atom

v  Results in a dipole  

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Formulas  for  Covalent  Bonds  1.    Write  the  symbol  of  the  Uirst  element  named  -­‐If  a  preUix  accompanies  the  name,  place  a  subscript  equal  to  the  preUix  after  the  symbol  Example:  Dinitrogen    N2  2.  Write  the  symbol  of  the  second  element  -­‐  Place  a  subscript  after  its  symbol  if  the  preUix  means  two  or  higher  

-­‐  Example:  Dinitrogen  trioxide    N2O3  

   

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Formulas  for  Covalent  Bonds  

             Examples:          Carbon  dioxide      CO2  phosphorous  trichloride    PCl3            diarsenic  pentoxide    As2O5  

 

Number   PreUix   Number   PreUix  

1   mon(o)-­‐   6   hexa-­‐  2   di-­‐   7   hepta-­‐  3   tri-­‐   8   octa-­‐  4   tetra-­‐   9   nona-­‐  5   penta-­‐   10   deca-­‐  

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Naming  Covalent  Compounds  1.    Write  the  name  of  the  Uirst  element  2.    If  the  symbol  is  followed  by  a  subscript  of  2  or  more,  use  the  appropriate  preUix    3.    Write  the  root  of  the  name  of  the  2nd  element  with  an  “–ide”  ending  4.    Use  appropriate  preUix  to  denote  the  number  of  the  2nd  element  (1  or  more)  Examples:  CO2          carbon  dioxide  IF5          iodine  pentaUluoride  N2O5    dinitrogen  pentoxide