Chemical reactions sir niamat ullah
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Transcript of Chemical reactions sir niamat ullah
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Types of chemical reaction Sir Naimat ullah
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a process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance, as distinct from a change in physical form or a nuclear reaction.
OR (Chemistry) a process that involves
changes in the structure and energy content of atoms, molecules, or ions but not their nuclei.
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Five Types of Chemical Reactions:
1. Combustion
3. Decomposition
4. Single Displacement
5. Double Displacement
2. Synthesis
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Colour / Odour Change
Formation of a gas or solid
Difficult to reverse
Release/Absorption of Energy (heat)
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More commonly known as burning
Easily identified (release of heat)
HeatFuel
For combustion 3 things need to be present:
Oxygen
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Sulphur (in gasoline):
S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g) + Heat
2 H2(l) + O2(l) 2 H2O(g) + Heat
Rocket Fuel:
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Combustion SituationElement in
Reactant
Common
Oxide
Coal in a coal-fired electricity generator carbon CO2 (g)
Burning of rocket fuel Hydrogen H2O (g)
Commercial production of sulphuric acid Sulphur SO2 (g)
Lightning strikes and volcanoes Nitrogren NO2 (g)
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combination of two or more simple substances combining to form a more complex substance.
A + B AB
+
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22
Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide
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C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)
S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)
Synthesis Reactions:
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Breaking down large, complex molecules or ionic compounds into smaller, simpler entities.
AB A + B
+
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Decomposition of Hydrogen PeroxideDecomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide
2 2
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reaction of an element with a compound that produces a new element and new compound.
A + BC AC + B
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HClHCl(aq)(aq) + Zn + Zn(s) (s) H H2(g)2(g) + ZnCl + ZnCl2(aq)2(aq)2
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SOLUTE – is a pure substance (usually lesser in quantity) that is dissolved in another pure substance called the “SOLVENT”
AQUEOUS SOLUTION – a solution in which water is the solvent (aqua – meaning water).
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Solutions are homogenous mixtures of solutes and solvents.
Solubility is the measure of how much of the solute can possibly dissolve in a known amount of solvent. If a substance has high solubility in water, it has a subscript of (aq). However, if it isn’t very soluble it will start to precipitate out and will have a (s) subscript for solid.
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Is calcium hydroxide soluble? Is sodium flouride soluble? What about lead (II) Iodide?
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reaction of two compounds, where the positive and negative ions in their respective compounds switch places to form two new compounds. This can only happen with ionic compounds
AB + CD AD + CB
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A double displacement reaction only occurs if one of the following three results are seen:
a precipitate is formed a gas is produced a change of pH occurs (a neutralization reaction)
** If the products are both soluble then the reaction is NR (no reaction)
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Pb(NOPb(NO33))2(aq)2(aq) + KI + KI(aq) (aq) PbI PbI2(s)2(s) + KNO + KNO3(aq)3(aq)22
Precipitate: A solid that is formed as a result of the chemical reaction of two aqueous solutions.
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FeCl3(aq) + Na2(SO4)2(aq) → ?
NR – both are soluble
HCl(aq) + LiOH(aq) → ?
pH change – neutralization reaction, products are LiCl & H2O
2HNO3(aq)+ K2CO3(aq)→ CO2(g)+H2O(l) + 2 KNO3(aq) gas produced – therefore double displacement
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Composition of
Common Alloys
Alloy % Composition Property
Brass Cu (70%)
Zn (30%)
Harder and more resistant to corrosion than copper
Stainless Steel
Fe (80%)
Cr (18%)
Ni (1%)
Si (1%)
More resistant to corrosion then iron
18K gold Au (75%)
Ag (13%)
Cu (12%)
Harder and less malleable than 24K gold
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Percentages are calculated by weight
How much gold (in grams) is there in 10g sample of 18K yellow gold where the % composition is 75% Au?
Answer: mass of Au = (75% / 100) x 10g= 7.5 g
Therefore there is 7.5 g of pure gold in a 10g sample of 18K yellow gold.
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