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&

://.../JCES/CCA/CCA3/CONTENTS.HTM

L

()1

I) A/B R

A + MS + H2

A + CS + H2O+CO2

A + AS + H2O

A + BS + H2O

C A + MS + H2O +

O (HC, H3PO4, H2SO4, HNO3), ,

, . T

(II) ,

.

( ) + 4 +( ) + 42( )2+( ) + 2( ) + 2 2( )

C , ,

.

,

, , , ,

( ) + 4 +( ) + 2 3( )2+( ) + 2 2( ) + 2 2( )

R

(II) .

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II) R R

T

34 ()+ 4 ()

3 () + 42 () (OS F=+8/3)

I(II,III) F3O4. I

, (II) (FO), , (III) (F2O3)

. I . I F2+

F3+ FO F2O3.

T . I

, . I

.

D,

.

C ,

. T :

3 2 ()+ 6 ()

5 () + 3 () + 3 2()

T 0. I , C

1, ,

CO3 +5, .

T

:

2 22 ()

2 2 () + 2 ()

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III) A

. M

( , , , , )

.

(O)

I : O () + 2H+ ()

2+() + H2O()

I : O () + H2O () + 2OH ()

(OH)42 ()

A

B ( ): A(OH)3 ()+ 3 HC () AC3 () + 3H2O ()

A ( ): A(OH)3 ()+ NOH () NA(OH)4 ()

B

A: B(OH)2 ()+ 2HC ()

BC2 () + 2H2O ()

B: B(OH)2 ()+ 2NOH ()

N2B(OH)4 ()

A

: A2O3 () + 3 H2O () + 6 H3O+() 2 A(H2O)63+()

: A2O3 () + 3 H2O ()+ 2 OH() 2 A(OH)4()

L

: PO() + 2HC ()

PC2 ()+ H2O()

: PO ()+ C(OH)2 ()+H2O ()

C2+P(OH)42 ()

S , , , ,

, , , , , , , , , , ,

.

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HCO3 ()+ H3O+ () H

O :

HCO3 ()+ OH () C

H2O ()+ HC ()

H3O+(

H2O () + NH3 ()

NH4+

I) A A

) R

A

. F

A

, ,

CCO3+ 2HC CC2+ H2

, :

2CO3() + H2O ()

32 ()+ H2O ()

,

) + C ()

:

) + OH()

()

+ CO2

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'

. I :

, , ,

,

.

C

. T

. I , ,

.

T ,

.

()+ 2 2 ()3 ()

S CO . U L C' ,

, CO. A

CO ,

, , . E

,

.

T

. (H , ), , , (H , ),

. H,

.

F , . T ,

:

2+ 3 22 3 = 92 1

T ( ) . I

, . S

, . I , H ,

, ,

.

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C . T

. H,

.

C :

2+ 3 22 3 = 92 1

4 2

N

. , . I

,

, . T

. S, ,

,

. I

,

, .

T,

. A

. T

.

A ( )

. A

. T

. ,

; ,

. I, ,

,

.

A (). A

,

. T

, . H,

. T

. ,

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I) T C B S

T B E

J 1,

B

C M:

C D:

A:

. I

98 K.

,

:

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N:

N O:

Nitrogen Dioxide:

S D:

S T:

H O :

- - - - - resonance structure

SO3 2

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()

2

)

5(4)3 ()

52+ () + 3(4)3 () + ()

+ () + ()

2 () +

F , , C5(PO4)3OH,

OH. I ,

:

5(4)3 () + ()

5(4)3 () + ()

T :

. M S (NF);

S M SMFP (N2PO3F). .

() F

. C S L

S (SLS) .

T P (TSPP). P

, '

( ). P ,

.

. S

() ' .

P P

.

:C () (A2O3)

.

T S D ( SO2) T D. H

,

. B S (S ) . I

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(

) .

: ,

, H P

S ( )

. .T , .

A , , , ,

. O ,

,

) ( )

NHCO3

. T :

CO2 ()+ 2 NOH ()

N2CO3 () + H2O ()

F ,

:

N2CO3 ()+ CO2 () + H2O ()

2 NHCO3 ()

S . A

:

HCO3 () + H2O ()

H2CO3 () + OH ()

S "" ,

. R

, :

NHCO3 () + HC ()

NC ()+ H2CO3 ()

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H2CO3 ()

H2O() + CO2()

S ( ), , ,

: ( M

)

NHCO3 () + CH3COOH () CH3COON () + H2O() + CO2()

S :

NHCO3 ()+ NOH ()

N2CO3 ()+ H2O ()

A 70 C, ,

. T 200 C:9

2 NHCO3 ()

N2CO3 () + H2O ()+ CO2 ()

M . F

( . 1000 C):

N2CO3 ()

N2O () + CO2 ()

T NHCO3 ("BC ")

.

:

C , , .

D , ,

F

P

M

:

B ,

C

:

U

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S

S

E 15 20

A , , ,

U

:

S , . I

( , )

.

()

B , , , .

C ( 36%

), , (

), ( ).

T , ,

:

C2() + H2O()H+() + C() + HOC ()

T H+ , :

C2() + H2O()2H+() + C() + CO()

H :

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2CO ()2C () + O2 ()

C ,

. C :

A . T

,

.

A . T

.

S :

, , ,

. E

.

C (

) . I

. H ,

. B

, .

I , (

)

()

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O . I

; . D

,

. T .

B H , ()

, , , .

D , . A

. T , ,

, .

F

A 83% ( 2004)

. ,

. C 1% ,

.

P

A .

. A

. T O

700850 C, 9 . N

:

3 ()+ 2 2 ()

3 ()+ 2 ()

N , ,

.

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C

H NH3 (.., )

. B

, , . I

.H 5 10 .

F

S 16% 25%

H

()

P , ,

, , , . A

, , . I

.

M

. I

.

T ,

. H ,

.

C , 6%,

. S 6%

, , . R

.

M ,

.

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B , . B

.

()+ 2 ()2 ()+ 2 ()

() + 2 ()2 () + 2 ()

T ( ).

T ,

.

T . T

.

O

. F,

. I

, 0.1 0.3%

. T ;

.

()

C

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()

C

(H2CO3),

,

.

T L. ,

.

.

E .

.

T

23 (

(0.2%1.0%)

H 3

(NHCO3),

,

. H

(

,)

. T , , ,

CO2

,

,

)

2 () + 2 ()

4. A

H'

,

.

:

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()

A

.

4+ () + 22() 3 ()+ 2+ () + 2 () (1)

3 () + 2 () 2+ () + 3 () + () (2)

L H+ C(OH)2 &

CO H . T

H

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2 () + 1/22 ()3 () (4)

3 () + 2 ()24 () (5)

2 () + 1/22 () + 2 ()24 ()

S , , H+ HSO4

. U,

. I U S, H

3.0 , 1000 .

, , ,

.

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E S