Chemical Reactions 1: Energy & Chemical Dynamics

Chemical Reactions 2: Equilibrium & Oxidation-Reduction

Factors Affecting EquilibriumFactors affecting the rate of the forward and reverse reactions, would have an impact on the resultant equilibrium. These factors are:

_Concentration

_Temperature

_Pressure

_Use of a catalyst

Factors Affecting EquilibriumLe Chateliers principle:If the conditions of a system at equilibrium are changed, the equilibrium will shift in the direction necessary to restore the original condition

Changing c, T, P, or using a catalyst affects the equilibrium only temporarily as the system will seek to reach a new equilibrium

Factors Affecting Equilibrium

Factors Affecting Equilibrium

Factors Affecting EquilibriumFactors Affecting EquilibriumFactors Affecting EquilibriumFactors Affecting Equilibrium

Factors Affecting EquilibriumFactors Affecting Equilibrium

Factors Affecting Equilibrium

ReverseReverseReverseFactors Affecting Equilibrium2 gas molecules3 gas moleculesFactors Affecting Equilibrium

Factors Affecting Equilibrium

2423443423Neither one is favouredForward is favouredReverse is favouredNeither one is favouredNeither one is favouredReverse is favouredForward is favouredFactors Affecting EquilibriumFactors Affecting EquilibriumFactors Affecting EquilibriumApplications of equilibrium (Haber process)*Le Chateliers principle proves very useful since decreasing concentration of ammonia (by removing it as it is produced) displaces equilibrium to the forward reaction, thus INCREASING the yield

Factors Affecting EquilibriumEquilibrium in Nature(Water cycle)

As a result of Global Warming, T increases, which displaces water equilibrium toward the melting of polar ice caps and the production of vapor water, another GHG.Factors Affecting EquilibriumEquilibrium in Nature (Carbon cycle)

Phytoplankton uses CO2 dissolved in ocean waters to produce oxygen (marine photosynthesis). Acid rain will increment the concentration of H+ ion and shift reactions 2 & 3 to the right, which will increase the concentration of H2CO3, thus shifting reaction 1 to the release of CO2 into air instead of dissolving it in water. This affects directly Phytoplankton, one of the basic components of ocean food chain, and oxygen production