Chemical Ideas 12 Organic chemistry frameworks
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Transcript of Chemical Ideas 12 Organic chemistry frameworks
Chemical Ideas 12Organic chemistry
frameworks
12.1 Alkanes
Many carbon compounds are found in living organisms, this why their study is named organic chemistry
Carbon is unique
About 7 million compounds containing carbon and hydrogen are known to chemists
This is far more than the number of compounds from all the other elements put together
Why carbon?
Electron structure makes it the first member of Gp 4 in the centre of the periodic table – this is responsible for its special properties
Carbon atom has 4 electrons in its outer shell – too many to lose or gain – the ions would have +4 or -4 (too highly charged)
All carbon compounds are covalent rather than ionic
Methane(CH4) C shares 4 electrons with 4 H atoms
Carbon forms strong covalent bonds with itself to form rings and chains this is called catenation
Each C atom can form 4 covalent bonds- chains may be straight or branched and can have other atoms or groups substituted on to them
H
H C H H
Hydrocarbons Only contain carbon and
hydrogen General formula CXHY
Methane –CH4 is an alkane
Ethene C2H4 is an alkene
Benzene C6H6 is an arene
H l
H - C - H l H
Alkanes Saturated hydrocarbons
Contain C and H only
Contain single bonds C-C
Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) atom
Are non polar
General formula CnH2n+2
Physical properties such as m.pt,b.pt and density change as the number of carbon atoms in the molecule increase
Alkanesshortened
Name # carbons Structural Formula
Methane 1 CH4
Ethane 2 CH3CH3
Propane 3 CH3CH2CH3
Butane 4 CH3CH2CH2CH3
Pentane 5 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
Names of all alkanes end in -ane
Alkanesshortened
Name # carbons Structural Formula
Hexane 6 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Heptane 7 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Octane 8 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Nonane 9 CH3 CH2 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Decane 10
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Names of all alkanes end in -ane
A series of compounds which are related in this way are called a homologous series
Finding the formula of alkanes
Molecular formula = m x empirical formula
Where m is 1,2,3,……
For hydrocarbons , composition of mass is easily found by burning a known mass in oxygen, measuring the amounts of CO2 and H2O this is called combustion analysis
Finding the formula of alkanes
Example0.100g of hydrocarbon X on complete combustion gave 0.309g CO2 and H2O 0.142gcalculate the empirical formula of X
Answer1st calc the masses of C and H in 0.100g44g CO2 contains 12g of C mass of C in 0.100g X = (12/44) x 0.309g
= 0.0843g18g H2O contains 2g H mass of H in 0.100g X = (2/18) x 0.142g
= 0.0158g
Finding the formula of alkanes
C HRatio by mass 0.0843 : 0.0158Ratio by moles 0.00703 : 0.0158Simplest by ratio(÷ by smaller) 1 : 2.25Whole number ratio 4 : 9Empirical formula = C4H9
Finding the formula of alkanes
ExampleRelative molecular mass of X was found to be 114 by using a mass spectrometer
AnswerEmpirical formula of X is C4H9
but Mr C4H9 = 57 this is ½ of 114. So the molecular formula of X must be (C4H9)2
= C8H18
Structure of alkanes Full structural formula of
methaneShows all atoms and bonds
Propane
Shortened structural formula for propane
Further shortened to
Structure of alkanes
Branched alkanes -Isomers
Same molecular formula Same number and types of atoms Different arrangement of atoms
Alkyl GroupsBranches on carbon chains H
H C CH3 methyl H H H
H C C CH3CH2 ethyl H H
Naming Branched Alkanes
CH3 methyl branch
CH3CH2CH2CHCH2CH3
6 5 4 3 2 1 Count
3-Methylhexane
on third C CH3 six carbon chain group
Naming Summary
1. Count the C’s in the longest
chain
2. Name each attached group
3 Count the longest carbon chain
to give the first attached group
the smallest number
4. Name and locate each group
CycloalkanesCyclopropane
CH2
CH2 CH2
Cyclobutane
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
•The is a group of alkanes that have a cyclic structure.
•These cycloalkanes contain a carbon chain that is in a ring.
•Each cycloalkane has a formula that is 2C less than the corresponding alkane.
•For example, propane is C3H8 whereas cyclopropane ic C3H6. Butane is C4H10 and cyclobutane is C4H10.
•The names of the cyclic structures use the prefix cyclo in from of the alkane name for the carbon chain
More Cycloalkanes
Cyclopentane CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
Cyclohexane
CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2
Shapes of alkanes
represents a bond inthe plane of the paper
represents a bond ina direction behindthe plane of the paper
represents a bond ina direction in front ofthe plane of the paper
Pairs of electrons in the bonds repel each other so in all covalent compounds the bonds are as far away from each other as possible. The bond angle for H-C-H is 109
Shapes of alkanes
a simpler way of drawingethane which shows theshape less accurately
Ethane
Each carbon atom is at the centre at of a tetrahedral arrangement
Shapes of alkanesHydrocarbon chains are not really straight but a zig-zag of carbon atoms. All bond angles are 109◦
Reaction of alkanes
Oxidation are v. unreactive unaffected by acids and alkalis and oxidising agents
When they do react it is usually in the gas phase and energy needs to be supplied to get the reaction started
Reaction of alkanes
Combustion
alkane + O2 CO2 + H2O + heat
C6H14 + 9 1/2 O2 6CO2 + 7H2O + heat
If air supply is limited combustion in incomplete and products include CO and C (soot) along with partially oxidised hydrocarbons
Action of heat on alkanes When alkanes fractions are heated under different conditions,3 different
reactions can occur, isomerisation, reforming and cracking