Chemical Foundation

7/30/2019 Chemical Foundation

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CHEMICAL

FOUNDATIONS OF LIFE


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METALIC BONDING-a group of nucleisurrounded by a sea of mobile electrons


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*Non- covalent bond thistype of bond does not involvethe sharing of pairs of

electrons but rather involvesmore dispersed variations ofelectromagnetic interactions.


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INTERMOLECULARFORCES OF ATTRACTION

Ion- dipole force is an attractive forceof an ion with a polar molecule or

neutral molecule. It is commonly foundin solutions. Cation attracts the partiallynegative end of a neutral polar moleculeand an anion attracts the partially

positive end of a neutral polar molecule.Ex. Dissolving any ionic compound inwater


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Ion- dipole force


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Dipole- dipole forces- is the interaction ofneutral and polar covalent molecules where

the positive end of one molecule isattracted to the negative end of anothermolecule. The greater the polarity thestronger the dipole- dipole attraction. Thisattraction is very weak and has a low

melting and boiling point temperatures. Ex.HCl

*polarity- the difference inelectronegativity of the atoms in themolecule


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Dipole- dipole forces


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Induced- dipole force- polar moleculeinteracting with a nonpolar molecule

producing an electric field which candistort the electron cloud of a nearbymolecule.

*dipole- induced dipole force-

interaction with a permanent dipolesuch as that with another polarmolecule. It is responsible for thesolubility of oxygen in water


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Induced- dipole force


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London dispersion force- occursbetween neutral and/or nonpolar

molecules. All molecules have thecapability to form this type of forcewhich depends on the surface area ofthe molecule. These are the only types

of forces that nonpolar molecules canform.


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London dispersionforce

London forces are increased by: Ability of an atom or molecule to form a

dipole

Size of the atom where it includes thenumber of electrons in the atom molecule

*dispersion- is an intermolecular forcebetween all molecules. These forces arethe result of the movement of electrons

which cause slight polar moments.Dispersion forces are generally weak. Asthe molecular weight increases, thestrength of the force also increases.


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London dispersionforce


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TYPE EXAMPLECovalent chemical bonds C-Cl bond in CCl4

Ionic chemical bonds Bond between Na+ and Cl-in NaCl

Metallic chemical bonds Bond between Na atoms inNa(s)

Noncovalent bonds

Ion dipole bonds Force between a Na+ ionand a water molecule

Dipole dipole bond Force between 2 like orunlike polar molecules suchas two acetone molecules oran acetone molecule and achloroform molecule

Hydrogen bond Force between 2 water

molecules


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TYPES EXAMPLE

Induced Dipole Force between a watermolecule and a CO2molecule

London Dispersion Force Force between two nonpolarmolecules of I2


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Hydrophobic and

hydrophilic interactionsHydrophilic interactions- are

interactions between water and otherpolar molecules. It has charged particles

that are attracted to the charges withinthe water molecule forming hydrogenbond. The positive sodium ion interactswith the partial negative region of the

water molecule. The negatively chargedchloride ion interacts with the partiallypositive part of the water molecule.


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Hydrophobic and

hydrophilic interactions Hydrophobic interactions- are the repulsion ofmolecule from water. A non-polar moleculeinteracts with a neutral molecule and/or nonpolarsolvent. Ex. Alkenes, oils, fats and greasysubstances in general.

Amphiphile- is a chemical compound thatfunctions as both hydrophilic and hydrophobicproperties. Often called amphiphilic oramphipathic. Frequently symbolized by a balland a zigzag line structure. The ball represents

the hydrophobic polar head and the zigzagrepresents the non-polar hydrophobic tail. Ex.Plasma membrane


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Water- a major component of the earthssurface. It is a polar molecule because it is

slightly negative charge at the oxygen anda slightly positive charge at the hydrogenend. It stabilize temperature because it canabsorb considerable heat before or during

changing temperature. An excellent solvent

Has high cohesion

High surface tension

Strong capillary action

High specific heat capacity

Very dense at 4 degrees Celsius


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A hydrogen ion, H+, is a single proton

with a charge of +1. While ahydroxide ion, OH- has a charge of -1.

ACID NEUTRAL BASE

pH 1.00- 6.99 7.0 7.01- 14.0

Acid is a substance that increases theconcentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. Havegreater free hydrogen concentration.

Base is a substance that reduces hydrogen ionconcentration in a solution. Have less freehydrogen concentration.

pH of1 is very acidic while a pH of14 is verybasic. A pH that is neither acidic nor basic ispH of 7 which is pure water.


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COMPUTATION:

pH= -log[H+] negative log of the

hydrogen ion concentrationpOH= -log[OH-] using the hydroxide-

ion concentration


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MONOSACCHARIDESGlucose- known as dextrose and is the

major energy source in the body

Fructose- which is also called levulose orfruit sugar

Galactose- which is derived from milksugar

They may have same empirical formula,C6H2O6, but different structural

formulas


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DISACCHARIDES Sucrose- which is ordinary table sugar;

glucose + fructose= sucrose

Lactose- which is found only in milk;glucose + galactose= lactose

Maltose- used mainly in brewing in beerproduction; glucose + glucose= maltose

*monosaccharides and disaccharides aresoluble in water, taste sweet and have low

molecular weight


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OLIGOSACCHARIDES are CHO that are composed of two to

ten monosaccharides. It is a broad

classification that includesdisaccharides. Ex. Fructooligosaccharidewhich serves as a food for the beneficialbacteria of the intestine


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POLYSACCHARIDES

(a.) Glycogen- also known as animalstarch and is the storage form of CHO inthe human body

(b.) Chitin- main component of the cellwalls of fungi, exoskeleton ofarthropods, such as crustaceans andinsects, ants, beetles and butterflies.

(c.) Cellulose- which is the indigestiblepart of plants and a source of fiber inthe diet


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ATHEROSCLEROSIS


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LIPIDS

FUNCTIONS:

Concentrated source of energy, providingabout 50% of the total calories in the diet

Dietary essential fatty acids

Vehicle for the efficient absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins ADEK

Source of non protein calories that enablesprotein to be spared for the maintenance andbuilding of body tissue


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AMINO ACIDSESSENTIAL NON-ESSENTIAL CONDITIONALLY-

ESSENTIAL

HISTIDINE ARGININE ARGININE

ISOLEUCINE ASPARAGINE CYSTINE

LEUCINE ASPARTIC ACID GLYCINE

LYSINE GLUTAMIC ACID PROLINE

METHIONINE SERINE TYROSINE

PHENYLALANINE

THREONINE

TRYPTOPHAN

VALINE


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RNA


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DNA VS. RNA

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