Chemical composition of cells Lab 3. Introduction Inorganic molecules nonliving things Organic...

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Chemical composition of cells Lab 3

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Transcript of Chemical composition of cells Lab 3. Introduction Inorganic molecules nonliving things Organic...

Page 1: Chemical composition of cells Lab 3. Introduction Inorganic molecules nonliving things Organic molecules living organisms.

Chemical composition of cells

Lab 3

Page 2: Chemical composition of cells Lab 3. Introduction Inorganic molecules nonliving things Organic molecules living organisms.

Introduction

Inorganic molecules nonliving things

Organic molecules living organisms

Page 3: Chemical composition of cells Lab 3. Introduction Inorganic molecules nonliving things Organic molecules living organisms.

Salt molecules: NaCl (Sodium chloride Na+ Cl-) Sugar

Page 4: Chemical composition of cells Lab 3. Introduction Inorganic molecules nonliving things Organic molecules living organisms.

Organic compounds in living thing

• Proteins

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Nucleic acids

Page 5: Chemical composition of cells Lab 3. Introduction Inorganic molecules nonliving things Organic molecules living organisms.

Concepts

• A monomer is a molecule that may bind chemically to other molecules to form a polymer.

• A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural units.

• Proteins and some carbohydrates are polymers.

• Dehydration reactions— smaller molecules bond as water is given off

• Hydrolysis reactions— bonds are broken as water is added

Page 6: Chemical composition of cells Lab 3. Introduction Inorganic molecules nonliving things Organic molecules living organisms.

Control

Positive control—goes through all the steps of the experiment and does contain the substance being tested (positive results are expected)

Negative control—goes through all the steps of the experiment except it does not contain the substance being tested (negative results are expected)

• The control samples usually validate the experiment. If negative control samples give positive results, the experiment is invalid—the reagents may be contaminated or the procedure may need improvement.

Page 7: Chemical composition of cells Lab 3. Introduction Inorganic molecules nonliving things Organic molecules living organisms.

Carbohydrate

• Carbohydrate— sugars and chains of sugars

• Glucose— monomer – monosaccharide

• Maltose— 2 sugar unit – disaccharide

• Glycogen, Starch ect.—chains of glucose units—polysaccharides

Page 8: Chemical composition of cells Lab 3. Introduction Inorganic molecules nonliving things Organic molecules living organisms.
Page 9: Chemical composition of cells Lab 3. Introduction Inorganic molecules nonliving things Organic molecules living organisms.
Page 10: Chemical composition of cells Lab 3. Introduction Inorganic molecules nonliving things Organic molecules living organisms.

Tests for carbohydrates• Test for starch (page29) if starch is present Iodine— brown →blue; if starch is absent Iodine— no color change Which tube is the control?

• Test for sugars (page31)Benedict’s reagent reacts with small sugar molecules

(glucose, maltose etc.) after heating — blue → green/yellow/red

!! Highly corrosive

Which tube is the control?

Page 11: Chemical composition of cells Lab 3. Introduction Inorganic molecules nonliving things Organic molecules living organisms.

Protein

• Amino acid (Aa)

• ~20 different common

amino acids

• ＞ 10 Aa = polypeptide

• ＞ 50 Aa = protein

• antibodies, transport proteins (hemoglobin, albumin), regulatory proteins (insulin); structural proteins (keratin— hair, myosin—muscle); enzyme (speed chemical reactions)

acidic group (-COOH)

amino group (-H2N)

Page 12: Chemical composition of cells Lab 3. Introduction Inorganic molecules nonliving things Organic molecules living organisms.
Page 13: Chemical composition of cells Lab 3. Introduction Inorganic molecules nonliving things Organic molecules living organisms.

Test for protein

Biuret reagent (NaOH+CuSO4 ) page 33

Peptide bonds combine with the copper ions.

blue→ purple

!! Highly corrosive

Which tube is the control?

Page 14: Chemical composition of cells Lab 3. Introduction Inorganic molecules nonliving things Organic molecules living organisms.

Lipids

Page 15: Chemical composition of cells Lab 3. Introduction Inorganic molecules nonliving things Organic molecules living organisms.

Emulsification of Lipids

• Emulsifier can cause a fat to disperse in water

Page 16: Chemical composition of cells Lab 3. Introduction Inorganic molecules nonliving things Organic molecules living organisms.

Today’s tests • Test for Fat Page 35 15 min• Chemical composition unknown A and B Page 38 • Test for sugars Page 31 5-10 min• Chemical composition unknown A and B Page 38• Emulsification of Lipids Page 36 5 min• Test for proteins Page 33• Chemical composition unknown A and B Page 38• Test for starch Page 29• Chemical composition unknown A and B Page 38• Microscopic observation* Page 30


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