Chemical Bonding: PART 1 - IONIC
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Transcript of Chemical Bonding: PART 1 - IONIC
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Chemical Bonding: PART 1
- IONICYou know you LOVE notes because they
help you learn!
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Chemical bonding is the way atoms are attracted to each other to form compounds.
Chemical bonding determines nearly all of the chemical
properties we see in life. And as we know, the number “8” is
very important to chemical bonding!
8
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Bonding Basics• All atoms want to have a
FULL outer energy level – just like the Noble Gases – because this means stability!
• Atoms want 8 valence electrons (except H & He who want 2 because 2 electrons mean FULL)
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Compound• a pure substance formed
by two or more elementsExamples: FeO2 – Rust HCl – An acid found in your
stomach CH4 – A gas produced in your
body (methane) CO2 – Soda pop bubbles
(carbon dioxide)
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Compound• a pure substance formed
by two or more elementsExamples: NH3 – You’ll know this when you smell it
(ammonia) C12H22O11 – It will make your life sweeter
(table sugar) NaHCO3 – Something you’ll need to
make good cakes and cookies (baking soda)
C8H10N4O2 – This will give you some pep! (caffeine)
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Compound• a pure substance formed
by two or more elementsExamples: CO – A dangerous gas (carbon
monoxide) H2SO4 – Acid found in car batteries CaCO3 – Used to write on a
blackboard (calcium carbonate)
H2O2 – Used to disinfect wounds (hydrogen
peroxide)
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Valence Electrons
• How many valence electrons?
• What group number?
• What family?
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Valence Electrons
• How many valence electrons?
• What group number?
• What family?
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Valence Electrons
• How many valence electrons?
• What group number?
• What family?
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All in the Family…• Group 1: Alkali Metals• Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals• Groups 3-12: Transition Metals• Group 13: Boron Group• Group 14: Carbon Group• Group 15: Nitrogen Group• Group 16: Oxygen Group• Group 17: Halogens• Group 18: Noble Gases
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Electron Dot Diagrams…
Mg B
O
H
Cl
NC
Ne
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Ionic Bonding• In an Ionic Bond,
electrons are lost or gained in order to reach a FULL outer energy level which results in the formation of Ions
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• METAL elements LOSE electrons to form positive ions: cations
• It is easier to lose 1-2 electrons than gain 6-7
• Groups 1,2,13
Positive Ions
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Group 1
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Group 2
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Group 13
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• NON-METAL elements GAIN electrons to become negative ions: anions
• It is easier to gain 1-2 electrons than lose 6-7
• Groups 15,16,17
Negative Ions
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Na + Cl Na+ + Cl-
NaCl
1. Metal + Non-metal (Metal always listed
first)2. Opposite charges must
balance
3. + and - charges hold ions together
How to Ionic Bond…
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Opposites Attract!
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Becoming Potassium Fluoride:
FK
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FK
Becoming Potassium Fluoride:
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FK
Becoming Potassium Fluoride:
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FK
Becoming Potassium Fluoride:
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• The ionic bond is the attraction between the ________ ion (K+) and the ________ ion (F-)
F _K+
POSITIVENEGATIVE
Becoming Potassium Fluoride:
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Positive Ions
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NEXT SLIDE
ADVANCED
STUDENTS ONLY
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Electromagnetic Attraction
The + and – ions have
an electromagn
etic attraction (similar to
static electricity).
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Electron Dot Diagram for Positive Ions (EDD
for + Ions)1. Metals have few valence
electrons
Mg
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1. Metals have few valence electrons
Electron Dot Diagram for Positive Ions (EDD
for + Ions)
Mg
2. Electrons are given away
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1. Metals have few valence electrons
Electron Dot Diagram for Positive Ions (EDD
for + Ions)
2. Electrons are given away3. Positive Ions are formed
Mg2+
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Examples of Positive Ions :
Mg
Li Li+
Mg+2
Group 1
Group 2
Al Al+3Group 13
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Electron Dot Diagram for Negative Ions (EDD
for - Ions)1. Non-Metals have more
valence electrons
P
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Electron Dot Diagram for Negative Ions (EDD
for - Ions)1. Non-Metals have more
valence electrons2. Electrons are gained to fill
outer energy shell
PP
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Electron Dot Diagram for Negative Ions (EDD
for - Ions)1. Non-Metals have more
valence electrons2. Electrons are gained to fill
outer energy shell3. Negative Ions are formed
P -3
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Examples of Negative Ions :
S
N N-3
S-2
Group 15
Group 16
I I-Group 17
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What about group 18?
They rarely bond because they are
already happy and stable with 8
valence electrons!
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Putting Ions Together1 to 1 ratios:1. Groups 1 & 17 (Alkali
Metals & Halogens)
Na+ + Cl- NaCl
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Putting Ions Together
2.Groups 2 & 16 (Alkaline-Earth Metals & Oxygen Family)Ca+2 + O-2 CaO
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Putting Ions Together2 to 1 ratios:1. Groups 1 & 16 (Alkali
Metals & Oxygen Family)
2. Groups 2 & 17 (Alkaline-Earth Metals & Halogens)
Na+ + O-2
Ca+2 + Cl-
Na2O
CaCl2
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Putting Ions Together
AlI3
MgF2
KCl
LiBr
Mg+2 + F-
Al+3 + I-
K+ + Cl-
Li+ + Br-
Potassium + Chlorine Potassium Chloride
Lithium + Bromine Lithium Bromide
Magnesium + Fluorine Magnesium Fluoride
Aluminum + Iodine Aluminum Iodide
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Putting Ions Together
Na2O
CaCl2
CaO
NaCl
Ca+2 + Cl-
Na+ + O-2
Ca+2 + O-2
Na+ + Cl-
Calcium + Oxygen Calcium Oxide
Sodium + Chlorine Sodium Chloride
Calcium + Chlorine Calcium Chloride
Sodium + Oxygen Sodium Oxide
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SnF2Na+2 + F-
Putting Ions Together
Sodium + Fluorine Tin Fluoride
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FINAL SLIDES
ADVANCED
STUDENTS ONLY
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Electron Energy
• The energy level relates to the amount of energy electrons have within the atom.
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What are the characteristics of electrons closer to the nucleus??Farther away??How does that affect bonding??
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Electron Energy
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Electron EnergyElectrons FARTHEST
from Nucleus
Electrons
CLOSEST to
Nucleus
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Electron EnergyElectrons FARTHEST
from Nucleus
Electrons
CLOSEST to
NucleusPull on
electrons by positive nucleus
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Electron EnergyElectrons FARTHEST
from Nucleus
Electrons
CLOSEST to
NucleusPull on
electrons by positive nucleus
LESS
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Electron EnergyElectrons FARTHEST
from Nucleus
Electrons
CLOSEST to
NucleusPull on
electrons by positive nucleus
LESS MORE
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Electron EnergyElectrons FARTHEST
from Nucleus
Electrons
CLOSEST to
NucleusPull on
electrons by positive nucleus
LESS MORE
Ability to remove
electrons
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Electron EnergyElectrons FARTHEST
from Nucleus
Electrons
CLOSEST to
NucleusPull on
electrons by positive nucleus
LESS MORE
Ability to remove
electronsEASIER
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Electron EnergyElectrons FARTHEST
from Nucleus
Electrons
CLOSEST to
NucleusPull on
electrons by positive nucleus
LESS MORE
Ability to remove
electronsEASIER HARDER
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Electron EnergyElectrons FARTHEST
from Nucleus
Electrons
CLOSEST to
NucleusPull on
electrons by positive nucleus
LESS MORE
Ability to remove
electronsEASIER HARDER
Amount of electron energy
available for bonding
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Electron EnergyElectrons FARTHEST
from Nucleus
Electrons
CLOSEST to
NucleusPull on
electrons by positive nucleus
LESS MORE
Ability to remove
electronsEASIER HARDER
Amount of electron energy
available for bonding
MORE
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Electron EnergyElectrons FARTHEST
from Nucleus
Electrons
CLOSEST to
NucleusPull on
electrons by positive nucleus
LESS MORE
Ability to remove
electronsEASIER HARDER
Amount of electron energy
available for bonding
MORE LESS
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BONDING REACTIVITYMETALS NONMETALS
• More reactive with MORE energy levels
because WEAKER force pulling electrons into
the nucleus• More reactive the
LOWER the element is in the group
• Group 1 MORE reactive than Group 2 because it is easier to
remove 1 electron than 2
• More reactive with FEWER energy levels because STRONGER
force pulling electrons into the nucleus
• More reactive the HIGHER the element is
in the group• Group 17 MORE
reactive than Group 16 because it is easier to gain 1 electron than 2
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Electron Energy
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Quote of the Day:“Equipped with his five
senses, man explores the universe around him and calls
the adventure Science.” ~Edwin Powell Hubble,
The Nature of Science, 1954
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And Remember
:
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Name (first AND last)Date
Period