Chemical bonding - Historical Development
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CHEMICAL BONDINGHISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
By Moses G. Mabuza
128529
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INTRODUCTION
Scientific concepts evolve (Trifiro & Trifiro, n.d)
New ideas take time to be accepted (Hoyningen-Huene, 1996)
Concepts change due to:- discovery of new instruments- flaws / mistakes- new ideas with more expl. power- chance
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DEFINITION
Chemical Bond Attraction btn atoms – result to
chemical subst. containing 2 or more atoms.
(Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)
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EARLY IDEAS OF BONDING
DEMOCRITUS (c.460 – 370 B.C)Dates back to 5th century – Greece Atoms differ in size, shape &
arrangement of parts Links btn combined atoms Some atoms had hooks & eyes Some had balls & sockets
(Chemical Bonding, n.d)
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EARLY IDEAS OF BONDING CONT.
ASCLEPIADES (c.130 – 40 B.C)Built on ideas of Epicurus – Grk phil. Discussed ‘clusters of atoms’ – did not
know what force bonded them
LUCRETIUS (c.95 – 55 B.C) Atoms attached by
- fishhook-like appendages
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EARLY IDEAS OF BONDING CONT.
DESCARTES (1596 – 1650)Concurred wt Lucretius: Atoms held together
by tiny hooks & barbs
NEWTON Particles attract at a
distance due to force
BOYLE (1627 – 1691)Rejected Newton’s ideas Particles arranged
themselves in grps Chemical change
result from rearrangements within the grps
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EARLY MODERN ADVANCES
JOHN DALTON (1766 – 1844)Birth of modern atomic theory in 1803 All elements composed of tiny
indestructible particles (atoms acc. to Democritus)
All substances are a combination of atoms
Atoms sit next to each other without forming true bonds
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EARLY MODERN ADVANCES CONT.
AMEDEO AVOGADRO (1776 – 1856) Helped distinguish btn atoms &
molecules
BOLTZMANN (1844 – 1906) Proposed atoms had ‘sensitive
regions’
(Chemical Bonding, n.d)
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MODERN ADVANCES
AUGUST KEKULE (1829 – 1896)First attempted using modern terminology Defined valency Represented bonds with symbols Dvlped a system of showing
arrangement of bonds in space
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MODERN ADVANCES CONT.
SCOTT COUPER (1831 – 1892) Dvlped a system of short dashed lines
for bondse.g
H–O–H
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MODERN ADVANCES CONT.
JOSEPH THOMSON (1856 – 1940)In 1904 – First to explain chem. bonding in terms of electrons Proposed transfer of corpuscles to form
cpds Atoms oppositely charged, therefore,
form cpds
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MODERN ADVANCES CONT.
Ionic bond theory stood for 2 decades as the only way of bonding
Problem – nonpolar subst. lacked polarity
e.g. H2
Therefore, another explanatory power needed
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MODERN ADVANCES CONT.
GILBERT LEWIS (1875 – 1946)In 1916, Presented covalent bonding to
explain nonpolar molecules Introduced idea – shared pair of
electrons Molecules with unpaired
electron – ‘odd’(Estabrooks,
1998)
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MODERN ADVANCES CONT.
LEWIS (1875 – 1946) Began with Cubical Model
of the Atom
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MODERN ADVANCES CONT.
Thought no diff. btn ionic & covalent bonding
Electron pair not equally shared by atoms (unless same element)
Many organic cpds – not explained by ionic bonding
After demonstrations – covalent bond was accepted alongside the ionic bond
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MODERN ADVANCES CONT.
IRVING LANGMUIR (1881 – 1957)In 1919, Took Lewis’ ideas Called shared-e- pair bond, covalent
bond Named the ‘octet rule’
(Langmuir, n.d)
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MODERN ADVANCES CONT.
DRUDE & LORENTZDid early work in metallic bonding Realised metals contained weakly
bound e-s (conduct electricity)Therefore, Lewis – there were 3 types of bonding
- polar (ionic), nonpolar (covalent) & metallic
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MODERN ADVANCES CONT.
OTHER CHEM. BONDING MODELSLatimer & Rodebush Introduced H – bond to explain bonding
in water & ethanoic acidSidgwick Proposed the coordinate bond
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MODERN ADVANCES CONT.
Quantum mechanics – probability of finding an electron in region of spaceTwo main approaches – VBT & MOTLINUS PAULING (1901 – 1994) Dvlped VBT Learnt from the work of Lewis &
Langmuir Showed that ionic and covalent
bonding were merely extremes
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MODERN ADVANCES CONT.
ROBERT MULLIKEN (1896 – 1986) Dvlped MOT, & Ligand field theory
(together with others) MOT explained the absorption spectra
of molecules
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CONCLUSION
IMPORTANT FEATURES Understanding the atom (composition
& structure) New ideas based on old ones Ancient philosophers were speculating
– no experimentation
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- THE END -
THANK YOU!
Babe Mabuza