Chemical and Biological Properties of the Soil
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Transcript of Chemical and Biological Properties of the Soil
![Page 1: Chemical and Biological Properties of the Soil](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061323/56812cb7550346895d916ce7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chemical and Biological
Properties of the Soil
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Lesson Objectives
• Describe the properties of acids and bases.
• Differentiate between strong and weak acids, strong bases and weak bases.
• Use the pH scale to calculate and measure the concentration of oH.
• Relate soil pH to nutrient availability.
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• Investigate the effect of soil pH on plant growth.
• Develop a plan for changing soil pH to meet crop needs.
• Determine how to take a soil sample for testing.
Lesson Objectives continued
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What is the pH scale?• The pH
scale measures
how acidic or basic a solution is.
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The pH scale
• The pH scale is the concentration of hydrogen ions in a given substance.
HpH log
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Identifying Acids and Bases
• Acids have a ph from 0-7
• Lower pH value indicates a stronger acid.
• Bases have a pH from 7-14
• Higher pH value indicates a stronger base.
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Definitions of Acids and Bases
• An acid is a substance that breaks into ions in an aqueous solution.
• A Base (alkaline) is a substance that breaks into ions in an aqueous solution.
• Note: aqueous solution is any solution where is the solvent.
H
OH
OH
OH 2
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Did we Miss something??
• What happens when the pH of a substance is 7?
• Ans: A pH level of 7 indicates a Neutral Substance i.e: Water!
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Test Your Knowledge
• What is the range of an ACID on the pH scale?
Ans: 0-7
• What is the range of a BASE and what is another name for a BASE?
Ans: 7-14, Alkaline
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Characteristics Of Acids
Acids can be characterized by:
1. A sour taste.
2. It turns blue litmus paper red
3. It tastes sour. Try drinking lemon juice (citric acid)
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Characteristics of Bases
A Base is characterized by:
1. A bitter taste. (Milk of Magnesia)
2. It feels slippery. (Soapy Water)
3. It turns Red Litmus Blue.
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pH Scale
• Each pH point multiplies acidity by a factor of 10.
• A pH of 5.0 is 10 times more acid than pH 6.0 and 100 times more acid than pH 7.0.
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Why Learn about Acids & Bases?
• What do you think is the pH level of (Your Town) tap water?
• The pH of a swimming pool must be checked periodically. Why?
• Is it important for Lakes & Rivers to maintain a certain pH?
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How to calculate concentration of OH-?
OH-= 14 - pH
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Soil pH requirements
Beans 6.0-7.0
Broccoli 6.0-7.0
Cabbage 5.6-6.6
Cantaloupe 6.0-7.0
Cauliflower 6.0-7.0
Cucumber 5.0-6.0
Eggplant 5.0-6.0
Garlic 5.0-6.0
Okra 6.0-8.0
Peanuts 5.0-6.0
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Symptoms of nutrient deficiencies
• Deficiency- plant condition where an essential nutrient is not sufficiently available.
• Symptom- a visual sign or condition that results from a deficiency
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Primary nutrient deficiency symptoms
• Nitrogen (N)
- Stunted and spindly
- yellow, yellowish green or light green in leaf color (chlorosis)
- Older leaves affected first, starting at the tip and moves along the middle of the leaf
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• Phosphorus (P)
- stunted growth
- Very dark green color
- Purple leaves or portions of leaves in advanced stages
- Older leaves affected first
Primary nutrient deficiency symptoms
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• Potassium (K)
- Shorter plants
- Bronzing or browning of leaf color
- Lodging (bending of stem) occurs
Primary nutrient deficiency symptoms
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• Sulfur (S)- Young plants have stunted
appearance- Leaves have light-green to yellow
coloring- Stems are thin and spindly- Sulfur deficiency symptoms are
similar in appearance to Nitrogen deficiency symptoms
Secondary nutrient deficiency symptoms
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• Magnesium (Mg)
- Leaf parts between veins show a whitish color
- Leaf tissue becomes yellow, veins remain green
- Leaves curl upward along the margins
Secondary nutrient deficiency symptoms
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Macronutrients
• Nitrogen
• Phosphorus
• Potassium
• Calcium
• Magnesium
• Sulfur
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Micronutrients
• Boron
• Copper
• Iron
• Chloride
• Manganese
• Molybdenum
• Zinc
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pH
• Determines the solubility and availability of nutrients
• General range for most cases: 6.5 to 7
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Biological Effects on pH
• More organic matter (decaying plant matter and animal debris) lowers soil pH
• More organic matter can support larger number of microorganisms
• Microorganisms release Nitrogen into the soil and make N more available
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Effect of pHon nutrient availability
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Cation Exchange Capacity
• soil’s ability to exchange and retain cations
• cation- positively charged ion
• anion- negatively charged ion
• A high CEC soil will be able to resist changes in pH
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Macronutrients
• Most macronutrients are more available within a pH range of 6.5 to 8.
• the exception to this is P, which likes the pH to be from 6 to 7.
• Ca, K, and Mg are prone to leaching at a low pH.
• Plant uptake of N and P is restricted at pH below 6.
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Micronutrients
• Most micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn) are more available within a pH range of 5 to 7
• Metals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn) and bound tighter to the soil at high pH. Low pHs can cause toxicities.
• Micronutrients decrease in availability as pH approaches 8.
• Chlorine is rarely deficient at high pH levels, but can become toxic as pH increases.
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Steps for Soil Sampling
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Steps for Soil Sampling
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Steps for Soil Sampling
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Steps for Soil Sampling
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Steps for Soil Sampling
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Steps for Soil Sampling