Chem Earth Points

8/20/2019 Chem Earth Points

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our Questions – Our Answers

Why Electrical Earthing?

Why G.I. is Better than Copper?

How Earthing yste! Wor"s?

What is yste! o# gri$ earthing?

Why earthing near to e%uip!ent?

Why &iscar$ 'it (ype Earthing?

Why witch to Che!ical Electro$e Earthing?

Why control #loating neutral )oltage?

What are tray *oltages?

Why Water new earth +ore?

How is price co!para+le Cu )s. Che!ical earthing?

How to select , Install Al#re$"i! Earthing yste!s?

Why Che!ical Earthing is !ore &ura+le an$ relia+le?

Want a Electrician in India

Do’s and Don’ts – General Precautions

Specification For Alfredkim Electrodes

http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/vigilvincent/Local%20Settings/Temp/#Slide%2075http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/vigilvincent/Local%20Settings/Temp/#Slide%2075


3/65

'ECIICA(IO/ O0 A10E&2I3 CHE3ICA1 EA0(HI/G

A. 3O&E14 A2E5678 978!! - 6555!!:

;5: GBC9Groun$ Bac" ill Co!poun$: "g It is soil enrich!ent che!ical !ainly consisting o# Alu!inu! ilicate.

II: It a+sor+s !oisture +ut $oesnt get $issol)e$ in water.

III: It can a+sor+ water ;= ti!es o# its weight.

I*: (he top , +otto! o# the pipe is seale$ per!anently.

;;: Earth #ault capacity52*A

;6: ur#ace Area


4/65


A. 3O&E14 A2E5678 978!! - 6555!!:

;: (ype o# Earthing


5/65


B. 3O&E14 A2E5=78 978!! - =555!!:

;: (ype o# Earthing


6/65


B. 3O&E14 A2E5=78 978!! - =555!!:

;5: GBC9Groun$ Bac" ill Co!poun$: 5"g it is soil enrich!ent che!ical !ainly consisting o# Alu!inu! ilicate.





;6: ur#ace Area6;5!!

;=: Bran$


7/65


C. 3O&E14 A2E56F 9F!! - 6555!!:

;: (ype o# Earthing


8/65


C. 3O&E14 A2E56F 9F!! - 6555!!:

;5: GBC9Groun$ Bac" ill Co!poun$: 5 "g it is soil enrich!ent che!ical !ainly consisting o# Alu!iniu! ilicate.





;6: ur#ace Area


9/65

WH E1EC(0ICA1 EA0(HI/G?

BEC(< 4 Install A10E&2I3 CHE3ICA1 EA0(HI/G.

're)ent Electrical HaDar$s

We are a pro#essionally !anage$ upco!ing co!pany engage$ in pro)i$ing latest EarthlingGroun$ing syste!s

an$ solutions ensuring a#ety o# 'r perty 'e ple an$ E%uip!ents.

A

. /ee$ # r 'r tecti n

(o protect In$ustrial co!!ercial an$ resi$ential Buil$ings with proper electrical earthing

0easons<

;. 1ightening &a!age

6. Electrical lea"ages

=. hort circuits +etween phases +etween phase an$ /eutral

7. urges in upply line

Why Earthing?

E##ecti)e Earthing in the +uil$ing protects 'eople 'roperty an$ E%uip!ents.

0esult<

'rotection o# persons within the +uil$ing who are occupants as

wners r tenants

or e!ployees or )isitors or

resi$ents

(ype o# HaDar$s<

Electric #ires resulting in loss o# 'roperty an$ loss o# Hu!an li)es in these $i)esting tragic #ires.

Goo$ Earthing<

A10E&2I3 che!ical earthing is li"e an

insurance

#or protection o#

pr perty pe ple an$ e%uip!ents.

Any co!pro!ise on %uality or a+sence o# earthing is will#ul act o# in)iting

electric haDar$s

in the

installation


10/65

WH E1EC(0ICA1 EA0(HI/G?

B: Why Electrical Electronic #ail to per#or! to opti!u! in in$ustry an$ co!!ercial +uil$ings.

(he electrical electronic e%uip!ent e.g. ' syste! Co!puters c#l la!ps Eap+- ac$c *$ pee$ &ri)es

C/C 3achines 'rinting 3achines 3achine tools with electronic controls Wel$ing !achines .1i#ts EO(

cranes an$ all such $e)ices #itte$ with 'CBelectronic car$s ha)e ten$ency to $istort the sine wa)e o# AC

supply there +y causing the resultant un+alance$ )oltage lea$ing to Higher *oltage +etween /eutral an$

earth

which lea$ t higher neutral currents which s !eti! es are ;.F= ti!es # the phase currents.

HaDar$s 're)ente$<

'oor per#or!ance o# the a+o)e e%uip!ent resulting in loss o# pro$uction an$ loss o# !an hours i.e. i$le !anhours $ue to e%uip!ent #ailure or ine##icient operation an$ a$$itional rupee e-pense on !aintenance

3al#unctioning o# e%uip!ents<

Why electronic E%uip!ent 3al#unction pecially in the I( In$ustry e.g. call centers B'OJs an$ si!ilar

in$ustries in particular.

(he electronic circuits in this e%uip!ent are operating at $i##erent switching )oltages as per the $esign o# thein$i)i$ual !anu#acturers there#ore it is essential that )oltages +etween neutral an$ earth are !aintaine$to !ini!u! le)el so that the 'CBJselectr nic car$s are n t $a!age$ $ue t high neutral currents an$un+alance$ ) ltages.


11/65

WH G.I. is +etter than CO''E0?

A. KI/C


12/65

WH G.I. is +etter than CO''E0?

CO''E0<

3etal o-i$es are generally not )ery goo$ con$uctors. In #act !ost are &ielectrics an$ hence non4con$uctors.Certainly Copper an$ alu!inu! are !uch +etter con$uctors than their correspon$ing

O-i$es at any te!perature line!en will encounter.

Copper lea$ an$ alu!inu! o-i$es #or!e$ +y corrosion are $eci$e$ly poor Con$uctors. I a! not an electricalengineer +ut I "now i# I let the ter!inals o# a +attery +eco!e corro$e$ the +attery no longer $eli)erselectricity 9i.e. the corrosion pro$ucts are insulators:.

3ost !etals inclu$ing copper an$ alu!inu! #or! thin !etal o-i$e #il! layers when e-pose$ to air #or e)en a+rie# ti!e 44 this is what !a"es turn $ull a#ter a #ew $ays or wee"s.

Copper is generally use$ as (I//E& CO''E0 to a)oi$ o-i$ation e##ect on the +are copper con$uctors whenuse$.

(he (er!ination is generally $one +y sol$ering the !ulti stran$s o# copper wire #or e##ecti)e ter!ination an$to a)oi$ o-i$ation at the point o# contact.

(he ter!ination at +ul" loa$s is nor!ally $one +y 1G $uly #ille$ with sol$ering co!poun$s or +y )erye##ecti)e Cri!ping.

(he copper o-i$e is poor con$uctor is pro)e$ +y the practice o# cleaning the copper contacts in the witchgear

+y e!ery paper san$ paper perio$ically to !aintain the contact con$ucti)ity. (he copper get $eteriorate $ue to o-i$ation an$ get pitte$ in switchgear contacts $ue to o-i$ation re%uiring

replace!ent o# contacts.

(he a+o)e points pro)e the ine##icacy o# copper con$ucti)ity $ue to o-i$ation an$ it is our $aily e-perience o#electrical engineers.

/ote


13/65


An e-a!ple o# the che!ical earthing as per the #ollowing speci#ication which can +e co!pare$ with the othersyste!s #or your analytical re#erence.

Our specs<

e.g. &ia< >5!!

1ength< =555!!

trip iDe in the 'ipe< 75-!!

(he H ll w pipe is #ille$ with Che! ical< 2n wn as CC3 9(his is use$ t $issipate the heatgenerate$ $ue t 'hase t 'hase an$ 'hase t Earth #ault Which is )ery high an$ cause # all

electrical HaDar$s an$ #ires:

Ge! 92I33OI(:< >5 2ilos which is use$ to !aintain the !oisture in the earthing syste! #or its e##icient

wor"ing.

(he electro$e is installe$ = !tr $eep an$ is surroun$e$ +y the>5 "il s # GE3 in thic" slurry t !aintain the! isture le)el # r l ng peri $ # ti!e.

(H0EE 'A0A3E(E0 O0 CCE O EA0(HI/G55Mc

.

=: (he GBC has a property to a+s r+ water ;> ti!es # its weight an$ $ esn?t $iss l)e in the


14/65


'lease / te<

;. (he 0ight siDe # earthing syste! is necessary an$ will w r" satis#act rily. (he un$ersiDe$ earthing sh ul$+e a) i$e$ # r l ng ter! sa#ety # installati n.

6. Incase the #ault current o# #ull capacity ta"es place then the earthing syste! can #ail +ecause o# ina$e%uate$issipation o# heat which !ay result in t electric #ires an$ ther haDar$s t li#e an$ pr perty.

=. (he earthing is not ta"en as #or!ality +ut as a necessity #or electrical sa#ety.

7. Our price o# 0s. F>>5.554 9E-clusi)e o# *A(: e-clusi)e o# installation an$ transport is worth paying #or sa#etyo# the plant !achinery an$ +uil$ing rather then c !pr !ising with %uality # earthing syste!.

>. 'lease c nsi$er the 'rice pai$ # r this earthing as insurance # r y ur 'lant 3achinery an$ +uil$ing an$ n t

as an e-pense.

. A g $ Earthing will sa)e y ur $ wn ti!e n repair !aintenance an$ l ss # pr $ucti n h urs.


15/65

WHA( I (E3 O G0I& EA0(HI/G?

0easons o# Gri$ Earthing< 4

;. (o !anage )ery high #ault currents o that the low oh!ic )alue o# earth resistance will re$uce the e##ecti)ewatt loss there+y controlling the heat generate$ in the syste!.

6. (o !aintain )ery low le)el o# oh!ic )alues o# earth resistance li"e 5.; 5.6 etc. so that the sensiti)e electronice%uip!ent $ont !al#unction , there electronics car$s , 'CBs $ont #ail , get $a!age electrically.

yste! at a (ypical 'lant


16/65

WHA( I (E3 O G0I& EA0(HI/G?

When #our earthings are use$ in a G0I&;.F;.6>5.8==

;0N.6>

0N5.; oh!s.

We ha)e gi)en two cases #or each type o# gri$ earthing i.e. three earth syste!s , #our Earth syste!s.

Our reco!!en$ations are #or #our earth syste!s to !aintain a long ter! low oh!ic )alues +ecause o# the

#ollowing #actors5!! in a year which is unli"ely in anygeographical location.

Our reco!!en$ations are +ase$ on the e##ect that the e%uip!ent will wor" through out the year in all cli!aticcon$ition.

CAE4II

0;N5.> 06N5.F 0=N;.5 07N ;.6

;0N;5.>;5.F;;.5;;.6;0N6;.7=;.55.8=;0N>.60N5.; oh!s


17/65

Why Earthing /ear (o the E%uip!ent?

Question


18/65

Why Earthing /ear (o the E%uip!ent?

III: (he a$)antages o# pipe earthing are54=55!! $ia , the $epth o# 6 to = !tr.

+: It is a neat , clean installation.

c: &oesnt spoil the loo" o# the o##ice or #actory.

$: It is con)eniently co)ere$ up which can +e #lagge$ showing the location o# the earthing.

e: (he pipe earthing is a co!pact unit , can +e installe$ )ery near to the e%uip!ent har$ly 64> !tr away #ro!the e%uip!ent.

#: (he closeness o# the earthing has a a$)antage o# pro)i$ing )ery low resistance )alue to the syste! whichre%uires less length o# the wire 9A resistance is $irectly proportional to the length i.e. the s!aller the

length it is +etter #or earthing:g: ince the length o# the earthing is re%uire$ is )ery s!all in the installation o# pipe earthings $ue to nearness

to the e%uip!ent.

h: (he G.I. strip o# cross section area o# ;5-=!! or !ore are use$ #or connecting the pipe electro$e to thee%uip!ent.

I: G.I. wire is not #a)orite o# wire cutters so there are no chances o# $isconnection o# wire cutting or the#t.

P: (he copper wire o# 8;5 swg which was use$ earlier were su+Pecte$ to !ore !echanical $a!ages +ecause o#

)ery low cross section area , the roun$ wire is !ore su+Pecte$ to !ore cross sectional $a!age than therectangular strip o# ;5-= !! or a+o)e.

CO/C1IO/


19/65

WH &ICA0& 'I( ( 'E EA0(HI/G?

(he con)entional copper pit type earthing is out o# $ate +ecause5 !tr.

6. (he co!!only use$ su+stances in pit type earthing were s $iu! Chl ri$e "n wn as c !! n salt s #t c "e, charc al.

=. (he c !! n salt 9s $iu! chl ri$e: is a hygr sc pic su+stan ce , it gets $issol)e$ in water , l sses itshygr sc pic pr perties when +ec !e water itsel#.

7. (he salt is "nown to +e a corrosi)e electrolyte which $ecays the pipe an$ the con$uctor use$ #or earthing.&ue t $ecay ne $ es n t get the c nsistent h!ic )alues.

>. (he s #t c "e , charc al ten$ t +ec !e ash $ue to hea)y heat generate$ +y hea)y electric #ault currentsgenerate$ in the syste! especially at higher )oltages at ;.;") =.=") .") ;;") ==") ") an$ ;==")trans!ission $istri+ution line , at su+station.

. (he heat generate$ is proportional to I60t 9(i!e in secon$s: e.g. i# the #ault current o# ;5555a!ps in thesyste! with an earth resistance 6 oh!s as per!itte$ +y I in 5.; secon$s is gi)en as un$er.

HNI

6

0t

HN;5555-;5 555-6-5.5;N65 55555 cal ries N;5>= MC

(his !uch heat generate$ in one #ault. Assu!ing #aults in a year then in a perio$ o# #our year 467 #aults occureach #ault generating ;5>= MC , a+o)e.

F. Each #ault o# this !agnitu$e will turn the so#t co"e charcoal into ash gra$ually in a perio$ o# =47 years. (heearth syste! will $eteriorate an$ gi)e larger )alue o# oh!ic resistance there+y en$angering the entireinstallation conse%uently people , property .


20/65

WH &ICA0& 'I( ( 'E EA0(HI/G?

8. I# the oh!ic )alues goes up #ro! 6 to = oh!s +ecause o# #aulty earth syste!s heat generate$ will +e=555555 calories 9i.e. ;55 MC :this results that

the pit type earthing is ine##icient n t relia+le , cause

seri us $a!age t li#e , pr perty

in a perio$ o# =47 years .

. It is there#ore o+ser)e$ that separate watering arrange!ent re%uire$ to +e !a$e #or !aintaining !oisturethrough a separate pipe $ug along the earthing syste!.

;5. Instea$ o# water pro$ucing the !oisture in the earth pit the a$$itional %uantity o# water poure$ in with anatural rain #all will wash away the charcoal , the so#t co"e #ro! its !ain position there+y it will #urther$eteriorate the #unctioning o# the earth syste!.


21/65

WH WI(CH (O CHE3ICA1 E1EC(0O&E EA0(HI/G?

(he a+o)e points conclu$e that pit type earthing is out o# $ate an$ it is +eing replace$ an$ pre#erre$ o)er

che!ical pipe earthing #or reasons gi)en +elow5 t =55!! $ia , !a-i!u! $epth # =!tr.

6. (he !oisture is !aintaine$ at a s!all $epth o# =!tr +y using groun$ enhance !aterial co!!only "nown as2I33OI( 9Groun$ing Bac" ill Co!poun$:.

=. (he e##iciancy o# the che!ical earthing to !aintain the !oisture which is essential #or low oh!ic )alues o#earthing resistance is $ue to use o# hygroscopic che!ical . which a+sor+ the !oisture +ut $oesnt get$issol)e$ in the water unli"e salt.

7. (he heat generate$ $ue to electric #aults $e)eloping heat o# ;55 MC an$ a+o)e is resiste$ +y CC3

9Crystalline Con$uci)e 3aterial: which can withstan$ upto 6>55MC.

>. (he CC3 is #ille$ in the pipe # appr priate $i!ensi n # 78!! r F!! $ia an$ seale$ at + th en$s. Itinc rp rates the earth c n$uct r # GI strip # suita+le siDe # =5-!! r 75-!! $epen$ing up n the

in$i)i$ual $esign # !anu#acturer.

. (he CC3 #ille$ in the pipe +eing a goo$ con$uctor increases the #ault current capacity o# the syste! +ecausethe pipe is hollow +ut when #ille$ with CC3 it +eha)es li"e al! st s li$ pipe.

F. (he CC3 resists crac"ing warping shrin"ing r $ist rti n e)en when te!perat ure e-cee$ 6>55 MC $ue to

se)ere repeate$ electric #aults which !ay happen in operations o)er the year.

8. (he GI pipe use$ are a$e%uately gal)aniDe$ 9854;55 !icrons: as per I 4=57F ;8F.


22/65

WH WI(CH (O CHE3ICA1 E1EC(0O&E EA0(HI/G?

. Kinc -i$e will +e # r!e$ $uring the use # the earth syste!. Kinc -i$e has # ll wing a$)an tages )er thec n)enti nal earthing which uses the c pper plate r c pper c n$uct rs


23/65

Why Control loating /eutral *oltage?

;. All /eutral shoul$ ha)e Kero 'otential &i##erence.

6. Why /eutral *oltage is /otice$ /ow a &ays.

0easons #or /eutral )oltage<

A. (he use o# electronic e%uip!ent upsco!puters C1 la!pspee$ $ri)es etc. (hese $e)ices on operate at$i##erent cut o## )oltages in the sine wa)e cycle an$ hence the sine wa)e is $istorte$ resulting in the higher'& in the /eutral an$ cause the #low o# currents in the /eutral Circuit which results in the $a!age o#

'CB car$s an$ other sensiti)e co!ponents in the electronic circuite%uip!ents

B: (he In$ustrial loa$s are in general /ot Balance$ 1oa$s an$ there#ore the line )oltages are spill o)er to/eutral which results into stray currents there+y $a!aging the electronic e%uip!ents 'CB car$s

Why /eutral Groun$ing.

A. (o !aintain the KE0O '& +etween the /eutral an$ earth an$ to groun$ the pill o)er )oltages the /eutralis groun$e$.

It is there#ore )ery necessary to i!!e$iately connect /eutral to the Earth +y oli$ 'er!anent contact so thatthere is no possi+ility o# loose connection $isconnection at any stage O O'E0A(IO/ to pre)ent any

electrical !ishaps.

3etho$ o# testing the /ew Earth Electro$e

A: Connect the /ew Electro$e to the /eutral o# upply 1ine +y )ery Goo$ secure Connection Either Bolte$ or

sol$ere$.

B: Connect the *olt !eter as shown in the 'icture 9';: +elow.

C: When the /eutral is properly groun$e$ an$ the earthing is uccess#ul the )olt!eter shoul$ gi)e /earlyKE0O )oltage +etween Earth an$ /eutral


24/65

Why Control loating /eutral *oltage?

A: Electricity #in$s always easier path to #low there#ore the spill o)er )oltage in the neutral will go to the

newly installe$ earth electro$e. In case earthing is not success#ul or has higher oh!ic )alue o# resistance orloose contact $isconnection in the earthing circuit the )olt!eter will show the un$esira+le )oltage. In casethe earthing is o" an$ correctly $one the )olt!eter will show al!ost Kero *olts.

2in$ly #ollow the a+o)e testing !etho$s an$ ensure the testing is properly $one.


25/65

(wo Electrical Acci$ents

;. 'a" $iplo!at electrocute$ +y #aulty hair $ryer in &elhi

F Octo+er 6550ahul (ripathi Q (//

/ew &elhi< An un#ortunate act o# carelessness clai!e$ the li#e o# a 74year4ol$ 'a"istani $iplo!at in thecapital on un$ay straight out o# a +ath 3oha+at 2han A#ri$i ha$ trie$ to use a $e#ecti)e hair $ryerlea$ing to #atal electric shoc".A#ri$i who li)e$ in &Bloc" *asant *ihar in south &elhi was the political counsellor at the 'a"istan HighCo!!ission since 655F. He is sur)i)e$ +y his wi#e an$ three chil$ren. A#ri$i was a nati)e o# 2ohat in'a"istans /orth West rontier 'ro)ince.On un$ay night the $iplo!at went #or a +ath carrying his hair $ryer along. His wi#e tol$ us that the hair

$ryer was $a!age$ an$ use$ to gi)e out electric shoc" a+out which she ha$ warne$ A#ri$i. It appears thata#ter the +ath A#ri$i was using the $ryer when he was electrocute$ aroun$ 8.=5p!. He !ight ha)e trie$ toraise an alar! +ut since the +athroo! $oor was loc"e$ no one hear$ hi! sai$ a police o##icer.(he +o$y was $isco)ere$ aroun$ ;5.=5p! +y A#ri$is wi#e ahi!a an$ other sta## at their groun$ #loorhouse. (hey went to chec" in his +e$roo! when he was not seen #or a long ti!e an$ #oun$ the +athroo!loc"e$ #ro! insi$e . When there was no response on "noc"ing they +ro"e $own the $oor an$ #oun$ hi!lying on the #loor. (hey i!!e$iately too" hi! to ortis hospital sai$ the o##icer. &octors who $eclare$

hi! +rought $ea$ sai$ A#ri$i ha$ $ie$ $ue to electrocution an$ there were no apparent inPuries on his+o$y.


26/65

6. (he Case o# tray *oltage in a 1a"e

Octo+er ; 655 By &onal$ 0. ohnson '.E. ohnson Engineering

aulty concentric neutrals on high )oltage un$ergroun$ ca+les was the cause o# one $rowning $eath an$+rain inPury to two others while swi!!ing in a la"e.

tray )oltage is a popular ter! resulting #ro! electrical currents #lowing through the earth or othercon$ucti)e sur#aces not nor!ally e-pecte$ to carry electric currents. !all a!ounts o# electric currentstra)elling through the earth are pre)alent throughout the nation pri!arily $ue to electric utilities using the

earth as a groun$ing !e$iu! #or groun$e$ wye $istri+ution syste!s. E)en though these groun$e$ wyesyste!s $o carry a neutral con$uctor return current path since the neutral con$uctor is groun$e$ to theearth at !ultiple locations 9as re%uire$ +y the /EC: the result is the earth is a parallel path #or thesecurrents. (ypically $epen$ing upon the con$ucti)ity o# the earth an$ the a!ount o# return neutralcurrent on the electric $istri+ution syste! the a!ount o# current #lowing through the earth is s!all. Aselectric loa$s across the nation continue to increase these earth currents are also increasing. (hese earthcurrents +eca!e noticea+le !any years ago on $airy #ar!s. (he $airy #ar!ers notice$ a signi#icantly

higher !ortality rate a!ong the $airy cows along with a !aPor loss o# !il" pro$uction. (he culprit was$irectly tie$ to the a!ount o# earth currents #lowing through the $airy #acilities. Electric utilities across thenation ha)e #oun$ out the har$ way 9through !ulti4!illion $ollar lawsuits: that they !ust re$uce theseearth currents to non4$a!aging le)els.

Two Electrical Accidents


27/65

(he cene


28/65

(he Acci$ent<

(he teenagers were swi!!ing near the $oc" #or se)eral !inutes when they +egan to notice electriccurrents #lowing through their +o$ies. One +oy who e-perience$ the pheno!ena at the site $escri+es the

currents as causing hi! to lose !uscle control such that he coul$ no longer swi! an$ he +egan sin"ing inthe water. e)eral o# the teenagers that were on the $oc" saw the swi!!ing teenagers plight an$ calle$to the a$ults in the house #or help. e)eral o# the a$ults ca!e running out calle$ ;; an$ +egan $i)inginto the water trying to retrie)e the teenagers that were un$er the water 9/ote< It was $eter!ine$ $uringlater testing that the currents in the water were inter!ittent thus not causing $a!age to the a$ults.:.A#ter !ultiple $i)es the a$ults were a+le to retrie)e the two +oys an$ one girl that were un$er the water.C'0 was i!!e$iately a$!inistere$ until the para!e$ics arri)e$. A#ter the three were ta"en to thehospital the outco!e was that one +oy $rowne$ an$ the other +oy an$ girl recei)e$ +rain $a!age $ue to

lac" o# o-ygen cause$ +y near4$rowning.

(he In)estigation<

(he #irst thoughts +y those at the scene a#ter the acci$ent was that the $oc" wiring was so!ehow #aultywhich cause$ the electric current to +e in the water. 3y ser)ices as a pro#essional electrical engineer werethen engage$ +y attorneys representing the plainti##s 9who #ile$ suit against the electric utility an$ others:to try to $eter!ine the cause o# the electric currents in the la"e water. A#ter nu!erous in)estigations +y

!e an$ other e-perts it was $eter!ine$ that the $oc" wiring was not the cause o# the electric currents inthe la"e water. I later $eter!ine$ through $isco)ery #ro! the electric utility that they ha$ !aPor corrosionpro+le!s with the +are concentric neutrals o# their high )oltage un$ergroun$ ca+les that were +urie$un$er an$ aroun$ the la"e where the acci$ent occurre$.



29/65

(he electric utility realiDe$ up to nine years prior to the acci$ent through concentric neutral testingproce$ures that the +are concentric neutrals were in a serious state o# $eterioration throughout the la"earea an$ the housing su+$i)ision aroun$ the la"e. E)en though the electric utility realiDe$ the pro+le!s

they were ha)ing with the $eteriorate$ concentric neutrals in the area they $i$nt see! to realiDe thei!portance o# i!!e$iately #i-ing the pro+le!. (hey +egan a !ulti4year progra! o# replacing the +areconcentric neutral ca+les with new Pac"ete$ concentric neutral ca+les in the area. Howe)er $ue to$i##iculty in installing new ca+le in two particular sections o# un$ergroun$ ca+le un$er an$ aroun$ the la"ethese sections were not replace$. It turne$ out that these two particular sections o# un$ergroun$ ca+lethat were not replace$ were the pri!ary paths #or the neutral current return #or the entire la"e areasu+$i)ision +ac" to the electric utility su+station source. (he result was that the electrical loa$ within thesu+$i)ision was essentially on an Rislan$S in ter!s o# an a$e%uate return current path. Because o# this

Rislan$S e##ect the currents too" the least resistant path into the la"e water hea$ing to the $oc" which was!ore than a$e%uately groun$e$ to the electric utility syste! o)erhea$ neutral which was then tie$$irectly to the utility su+station source.

(o )eri#y the a+o)e scenario nu!erous tests were co!plete$ +y !e $uring se)eral site )isits. &uring one)isit a lu"e 3o$el 68 recor$ing !ulti!eter was installe$ at the $oc" where the acci$ent occurre$ an$le#t to recor$ #or eight to ten consecuti)e $ays 9(he wiring to the $oc" was totally $isconnecte$ an$

re!o)e$ at this ti!e.:. (he )oltages were recor$e$ +y placing a groun$ ro$ o## the en$ o# the $oc" intothe la"e water where one !eter pro+e was attache$. (he other !eter pro+e was attache$ to the housegroun$ which was in turn attache$ to the electric utility groun$. A >554oh! shunt resistor was inclu$e$ inthe )oltage !easuring circuit. (he currents were !easure$ using the sa!e techni%ue howe)er the >554oh! resistor was place$ in series with the circuit.



30/65

(he results o# the testing in$icate$ that +oth the )oltage an$ current le)els #ollowe$ the electric loa$s o#the utility in that the loa$ pea"s were at the highest le)els $uring the !orning an$ e)ening hours 9/otethat the acci$ent occurre$ $uring the e)ening hours when electric loa$s were at the highest.:. In a$$ition

the #re%uency o# all )oltage an$ current !easure!ents were !easure$ at 5 HD. (his was a $irectin$ication that the electric utility was the source o# these !easure$ )oltages an$ currents. (he highestcurrents !easure$ $uring this test perio$ reache$ .> a!peres an$ the highest )oltage reache$ .6 )olts.

&uring another )isit to the site with the electric utility present to allow access to their un$ergroun$ ca+le Punction enclosures nu!erous rea$ings were con$ucte$ to !easure the current on +oth the un$ergroun$electric utility energiDe$ phase con$uctors an$ the concentric neutrals. *oltage !easure!ents were also

ta"en #ro! the groun$ syste! in the enclosures to a re!ote groun$. (he results in$icate$ that in$ee$ theconcentric neutrals in the two particular critical sections were li"ely non4e-istent. In one particular sectionright near the la"e the neutral current on the concentric neutral was less than one4tenth o# an a!perewhereas the energiDe$ phase current was in e-cess o# a!peres. O+)iously the re!ain$er o# the returncurrent was #lowing through the earth an$ in this case the la"e water. In a$$ition the )oltage !easure$#ro! these sa!e Punction enclosures was in e-cess o# F )olts to a re!ote groun$ ro$. (hese!easure!ents were a clear in$ication that the concentric neutrals on these un$ergroun$ sections wereli"ely a+sent $ue to corrosion.



31/65

(he Conclusion<

sing an assu!e$ hu!an +o$y resistance o# =55oh!s; when i!!erse$ in #resh water an$ assu!ing acurrent range through the hu!an +o$y where !uscle control is lost in the range o# to =5 !illia!peres6

using Oh!s law the )oltage necessary to cause a $rowning in #resh water is in the range o# ;.8 to )olts5 HD AC. (he a+o)e testing results show that the necessary )oltage an$ current le)els were at a le)el wellwithin the range to cause the $rowning an$ near4$rowning o# the )icti!s o# this case.

(his case went to a trial +y Pury an$ the Pury awar$e$ the plainti##s a total Pu$g!ent o# T6=6>555. /oappeal was #ile$ +y the electric utility $e#en$ant.

(his case shows the $ra!atic e##ects o# stray )oltage especially in an area where people are e-pose$ tostray )oltages when in a wet en)iron!ent. Electric utilities !ust +e )igilant in !aintaining their

$istri+ution syste!s such that stray )oltages are "ept at e-tre!ely low le)els such that hu!ans an$ani!als ali"e are not e-pose$ to these $angers. As electric loa$s continue to increase across the nation!any e-perts are e)en encouraging electric utilities to !o$i#y their $istri+ution syste!s so that the earthis not use$ as a current carrying !e$iu!.



32/65

Why water new earth +ore?

When the pipe earthing che!ical earthing!aintenance #ree earthingGel earthing or whate)er na!e it iscalle$ +y )arious !anu#acturers the watering o# the +ore is necessary #or the #ollowing reasons.

a. nli"e pit earthing where the salt 9/acl: , coal is use$ with copper plate the pit is $ug )ery $eep

appro-i!ately 75#t to F5 #t. $epen$ing on soil con$itions where the $a!pness!oisture is achie)e$ at)arious le)el o# $epth.

+. In case o# the !o$ern type o# earthing which is #ree #ro! #uture !aintenance .(he watering o# the +ore priorto installation is necessary #or the #ollowing reasons.

;. (he $epth o# the +ore is either 6!=! 9#t;5#t: which is !uch less than the nor!al $epth re%uire$ in pitearthing.

6. (he $ia!eter o# the +ore is also li!ite$ to 655=55!! against the pit earthing which is al!ost in s%uare

!eters.=.nli"e salt which is use$ in pit earthing which $issol)es in water an$ salt it sel# +eco!es water in the course o#

ti!e an$ $ries it sel# there+y loosing the con$ucti)ity in surroun$ing o# the pit. alt itsel# reacts withcopper , !a"es copper chlori$e , other corrosi)e che!icals which corro$e the copper plates.

7. (he GE3 use$ +y us a+sor+s the water upto ;= to ;> ti!es its weight , $osent $issol)e in the waterthere#ore it retains its !oisture property upto the li#eti!e o# the electro$e which is !ore than 6> years asit contains soil #rien$ly !aterials.

>. ince there is no nee$ to recharge the pit as the GE3 will re!ains !oist through out the li#e there#ore it is$esira+le an$ a+solutely necessary to "eep watering the +ore #or three to #our $ays continuously +e#oreinstalling the electro$e an$ #illing it with GE3so that the GE3will ha)e !oist +ore a)aila+le with enoughwater soa"e$ in the +ore $ue to continuous watering +e#ore installation.


33/65

Why water new earth +ore?

. A#ter the installation no watering is necessary #or #uture !aintenance in whate)er soil con$ition it has +een

installe$ either in$oor or out$oor installation.F. (he earthing is %uite success#ul in the nor!al cli!atic con$ition where the a)erage rain #all in a year !ay not

e-cee$ 6>5!!. (his will gi)e enough !oisture to the soil.

8. (his earthing is +eing reco!!en$e$ +y !ost o# the consultant in $esert areas where there is scanty rain #allin $esert areas where the water le)el to achie)e the nor!al $a!pness is )ery4)ery $eep.

. ince we are a+le to achie)e re%uire$ $a!pness in a $epth o# 6 to =!eters with continuous watering o# the+ore ,a$e%uate %uantity o# the GE3 #ille$ at the ti!e o# earthing which re!ains !oist #or the rest o# li#e ,

!aintains the goo$ oh!ic )alues o# earth resistance.;5.(o conclu$e the ol$ copper pit type earthing is out o# $ate , !aintenance #ree earthing is easy to install

occupies less space , econo!ical in the long run.


34/65

HOW (O E1EC( , I/(A11 A10E&2I3 EA0(HGI/G (E3?

(he che!ical earthing syste! is pro)i$e$ in the #or! o# electro$e o# G.I 'ipes o# $i##erent lengths , $ia!etero# the pipe.

(he anne-ure A B C an$ & are attache$ on page no.84;; gi)ing the $i!ensional $etails.

(he selection o# earthing syste!<Earthing will +e selecte$ on the +asis o# e-pecte$ #ault current in the installation that is $epen$ing upon

#ollowing #actors4

;: Connecte$ loa$

6: Capacity o# &.G. et

=: Capacity o# (rans#or!er

7: actor o# sa#ety ta"en into consi$eration +y $esign engineers , proPect !anagers han$ling the proPect

>: Calculation o# #ault current is $one as un$er on the type o# #aults !entione$ +elow


35/65

HOW (O E1EC( , I/(A11 A10E&2I3 EA0(HGI/G (E3?

Installation proce$ure to ;.> oh!s $epen$ing upon the soil con$itions 90esisti)ity o# oil: o#the location

(he test certi#icate is pro)i$e$ +y the !anu#actures certi#ying the )alues o+taine$.

(he a+o)e $ata shoul$ su##ice #or clients.


36/65

A CO/C1IO/ Why Che!ical Earthing is !ore &0AB1E A/& 0E1IAB1E?

;. 1IE O EA0(HI/G ( E3


37/65


B. Che!ical Electro$e earthing55Mc an$ unli"e coal it will not +urn into ashes un$er highte!peratures o# ;>55Mc un$er high #ault currents occurring $ue to phase to phase or phase to earth #ault.

$: (he hu!i$ity #actor 9(he !oisture le)el: is !aintaine$ +y 2I33OI( 9GE3:surroun$ing the electro$e in aslurry #or!. (he 2I33OI( has a property o# a+sor+ing water ;> ti!es its weight an$ $oesnt $issol)e inthe water. It re!ains !oist an$ so#t through out the li#e. A !ini!u! rain #all o# 6.> c! in a year !a"es the2I33OI( !oist an$ hu!i$ #or ne-t one year an$ there#ore the cycle "eeps on repeating year o# year.(here#ore +ecause o# %uality o# 2I33OI( no a$$itional watering is $one whether in su!!er winter orrainy season i.e. un$er any cli!atic con$ition.

e: In In$ia the technology is only ;; years ol$ an$ the #ailure recor$ is al!ost negligi+le. (he earthing syste!

properly installe$ un$er the gui$ance o# !anu#acturers can sa#ely )ouch #or !ini!u! ten years.Conclusion years

with no #ailure recor$s. o!e co!pany in A guarantees li#e o# =5 year or !ay +e a+o)e. (hey #ear that!etal !ay ero$e $ue to chlori$e an$ o-i$es are #or!e$ $ue to un$er groun$ che!icals.


38/65


6. G0A'HICA1 0E'0EE/(A(IO/


39/65


=. Cost o# !aintenance


40/65

A. Co!plete Au$it o# the syste!


41/65

(he earthing electro$e woul$ +e $esigne$ an$ selecte$ on the +asis o# e-pecte$ #ault currents

in the installation. We shall $epen$ on either on the $ata pro)i$e$ +y you on thei!pe$ance o# the trans#or!ers an$ 2*A rating o# the e%uip!ent Or we shall assu!e as a!atter o# thu!+ rule an i!pe$ance o# >U #or the trans#or!ers an$ wor" out the #aultcurrents in the worst case o# phase to neutral or phase to phase #aults. E.g. our assu!ptiono# #ault current #or ;555")a trans#or!er is 68 2A.

On the +asis o# #ault current we shall $esign a syste! to with stan$ the #ollowing para!eters

;. Current Carrying Capacity #or the #ull #ault #or the $uration o# the #ault so that the ACBs#unction an$ trip an$ $isconnect the syste! #ro! the situation.

6. (he appropriate $issipation o# heat thus generate$ #or the $uration o# #ault so that thee%uip!ent an$ electro$es are sa#e.

=. (he use o# che!icals 9proper !i-ture: i.e. GE3to pro)i$e a$e%uate hu!i$ity to theearthing electro$e to groun$ the #aults without any !aintenance an$ watering o# the earth+ore.

7. (he electro$e syste! $esigne$ +y us is totally che!ical +ase$ an$ not +ase$ on use o#

charcoal an$ salt an$ is totally !aintenance #ree.>. (he typical e-a!ple is o# the electro$e !anu#acture$ +y us 85!! - =!trs which is teste$

+y C'0I #or F2a #or ; sec. It !eans that #or worst #ault o# 752A #or 7 !s appro-. it will notgenerate enough heat to puncture the earthing electro$e. Because the ACBs an$ otherprotecti)e e%uip!ents will trip o# earlier on the +asis o# in)erse ti!e characteristics.

Date: 18t !an" #$1$

!" T#e Selection o$ Eart#in% electrodes &'


42/65

. In case o# the higher capacity o# trans#or!er an$ su+station we generally pro)i$e !ore nos.

o# earthing in gri$ !ay 8 or ;6 in parallel or in case o# nee$ we $esign special electro$ewith larger $ia!eter an$ lager the cross section o# strip. (he length o# the electro$e isli!ite$ to !a-i!u! three !eter which is !uch +elow the #rost le)el in In$ian cli!ate.

F. In a+solute roc"y or stony areas where we cannot go three !eter $eep we$esign an 14shape electro$e with the s!aller ar! o# the 1 will !e 55!!!ini!u!. In case 55!! !ay not +e possi+le in certain !ountainous areasthen we !ay go $eep as !uch as possi+le a+out =55!! an$ a+o)e an$ raise

the groun$ +y putting a$$itional agricultural soil.8. (he installation proce$ure is illustrate$ in /e-t li$e.

Date: 18t !an" #$1$

!" T#e Selection o$ Eart#in% electrodes &'


43/65

&etail che$ule o# Installation5 !! &ia!eter.

%(he +ore will +e watere$ #or 78 hours in case the soil con$ition is goo$ then watering

will +e carrie$ out #or 67 hours at the $iscussion o# our technical support engineer an$

sta##.

%A#ter the appropriate watering is $one an$ the +ore is cleare$ o## !u$ etc. #or!e$

their in the +ore then the electro$e will +e inserte$ at the centre o# the +ore.

%(he GE3 co!poun$ which is supplie$ in the pac"s o# =>2g. each will +e !i-e$ with the

water o# appropriate %uantity to !a"e thic" slurry o# the co!poun$ an$ pour it aroun$

the si$es o# the electro$e gra$ually to reach upto the groun$ le)el. (he slurry o# the

GE3 poure$ in the +ore aroun$ the electro$e will ta"e curing ti!e o# se)en $ays to !i-

up with the soil an$ attain the natural properties o# surroun$ing soil.

Date: 18t !an" #$1$

W#at is t#e installation (roced)re * instr)ctions


44/65

F. (he #irst testing o# oh!ic )alues #or preli!inary result will +e carrie$ out on the $ay o#

installation an$ the #inal results are ta"en a#ter the se)en $ays o# installation.

8. (he earthing electro$e can +e connecte$ a#ter the preli!inary test an$ sa#ety o# the

e%uip!ent can +e insure$.

. In certain cases o# roc"y an$ stony areas where it is not possi+le to go = !eter &eep then

the !anu#acturers reco!!en$ation #or or to install horiDontal electro$e o# 14shape

where the s!all ar! o# the 1 will +e o# 55!!.In such cases the GE3 co!poun$ will

+e >5U !ore than the )ertical installation.

A$$itional 'recautions to +e #ollowe$


45/65

Date: 18t !an" #$1$



46/65


&. 3O&E14 A2E5=F 9F!! - =555!!:

;: (ype o# Earthing


47/65


&. 3O&E14 A2E5=F 9F!! - =555!!:

;5: 2I33OI(9Groun$ Bac" ill Co!poun$:


48/65

CO'E O WO02


49/65

CO'E O WO0255.55

(han"ing You


50/65

/EW ''0O&C(4

1ightning4protection syste!

% A lightning protection syste! is a syste! $esigne$to protect a structure #ro! $a!age $ue to lightningstri"es +y intercepting such stri"es an$ sa#ely

passing their e-tre!ely high )oltage currents toXgroun$X. 3ost lightning protection syste!s inclu$ea networ" o# lightning ro$s !etal con$uctors an$groun$ electro$es $esigne$ to pro)i$e a lowresistance path to groun$ #or potential stri"es.

http://directory.microsoft.com/mprd/PartnerProfile.aspx?RowKey=5d109f16-18d5-4f56-b1c1-4a044fa25742


51/65

1ightning arrestor?

li%#tnin% arrester is a de&ice used on

electrical po'er s(stems to protect te

insulation on te s(stem from te

dama)in) effect of li)tnin)

Wen a li)tnin) sur)e or s'itcin) sur)e

tra&els do'n te po'er s(stem to te

arrester" te current from te sur)e is

di&erted around te protected insulation inmost cases to eart

http://directory.microsoft.com/mprd/PartnerProfile.aspx?RowKey=5d109f16-18d5-4f56-b1c1-4a044fa25742


52/65

Who Are Our I!portant Custo!er?

ari$a+a$5 (ype4A HII&C ec4=; ari$a+a$

>. onePa Bright teel ')t 1t$ 'lot /o.6=,677 sec467 ari$a+a$

. *iPay Engineering , 3etal Wor"s

'lot no.;> ec467 ari$a+a$

F. wasti"a Auto!atics

.G.3 /agar ari$a+a$

8. Asha (eleco! ')t lt$

;F= 3athura 0oa$ ari$a+a$

. 'ri!e Electronics

;7= 3athura 0oa$ ari$a+a$

;5. ine (urn 675 ector 467 ari$a+a$

;;. . 0. EngineersA4;>5 ector4=; ari$a+a$

;6. araswati ishu chool(egoan Balla+garh ari$a+a$

;=. &e) tech 'rinters ;7= 3athura 0oa$ ari$a+a$ ;7. Is"an In$ia

Gan$hi Colony 0ailway 0oa$ ari$a+a$ ;>. 'C' In$ustries A4>5 ;> 3athura 0oa$ 2a"hana+ag ari$a+a$16. Malhotra Shaving Products Pvt Ltd

Factory-23/7, Sec-!, "alla#garh, Farida#ad-121$$%

17. La&hani 'ardan (rou) *L'(+

Plot o.131, Sec-2%, "alla#garh, Farida#ad


53/65


;8. 2rishna Gra)ure 'ri)ate 1i!ite$

;=F Insi$e G.&.In$ustries 3athura 0oa$ari$a+a$4;6;55= Haryana

;. uper 1a!nicote 'ri)ate 1i!ite$ ;=F G.&. In$ustrial Engineers Co!poun$

3athura 0oa$ ari$a+a$4;6;55=

65. Heena O##4set 'rinters

'lot /o.77 ec4>8 Balla+garh ari$a+a$

6;. .'. In$ustries 'lot /o.85 ec46> Balla+garh ari$a+a$

66. 0esi$ential Earthing

House /o.6576 Housing Boar$ ector4= Balla+garh

6=. 0eliance a+ricators an$ Engineers

&1 In$ustrial Area 'hase4I ari$a+a$

67. Haryana (e-prints O)erseas 1i!ite$

'lot /o.4= ector46> Balla+garh ari$a+a$

6>. (he Y3CA Institute o# Engineering ector4 3athura 0oa$ ari$a+a$

6. *arun 'recision Co!ponents ')t. 1t$.

he$ /o. 6;4B 6654& HI&C IE ec4> ari$a+a$

6F. 'lasser In$ia ')t. 1t$.

;=

th

3ile stone 3athura 0oa$Guru"ul In$raprastha Estate ari$a+a$ 68. A0 0otoprints he$ /o. = u+ha$ra Estate0'1 Co!poun$ ec4>8 Balla+garh ari$a+a$ 6. A0*I/& In$ustrial 'ro$uct Corporation A46./eela!4Bata 0oa$ /ehru Groun$ ari$a+a$

=5. A*E0Y In$ia 1i!ite$ >54> ec46> Balla+garh 9ari$a+a$:

Gurgaon


54/65


&E1HI

;.(ata 'ower E&

2astur+a Gan$hi !arg /ew &elhi

6. Control , witchgear 'ri)ate 1i!ite$9or Installation at outh Bloc":

666 O"hla In$ustrial area 'hase4III /ew&elhi4;;5565

= . 3other $airy 'lant

'atparganP &elhi

7. A&E' BIO4(EC In$ustry 1i!ite$

6;> *illage4'in$wala 2hur$ /aPa#garh 0oa$ /ew &elhi

>. 0esi$ential Earthing

House /o.; 3ini ar! *asant 2unP /ew &elhi

((A0 'A0&EH

/oi$a8 /oi$a

6. 2eiDer ')t lt$

&4=68 ector = /oi$a

=. le- In$ustries 1t$ 'lot /o.4; sector 5 /oi$a 7. &altronics In$ia 1t$. A488 ec >F /oi$a >. &altronics In$ia 1t$. E4= ec4> /oi$a . upertech &iesel 'ower Engineers C48 ector477 /oi$a465;=5;GhaDia+a$


55/65

WHA( A0E &Os an$ &O/(s 4 GE/E0A1 '0ECA(IO/

&oYs

;. Engage 1icense$ Go)ern!ent appro)e$ wire!an electricians #or all repairs !aintenance o# electricalwiring plugs switch +oar$s.

6. Carry out all electricals wor"s a#ter switching o## the electrical supply.

=. Change i!!e$iately ol$ an$ $a!age$ wiring where insulation has +een $a!age$.7. A)oi$ Points in the wiring. All necessary Points shoul$ ha)e proper taps insulation.>. 1oose wiring results in spar"ing. Ensure that wires are tightene$ at +oth en$s.. All on o## switches o# electrical appliances shoul$ ha)e easy access. 0e!o)e o+structions i# any in their way.F. elect appropriate siDe o# #use wire 3CBs #or !ain #use an$ circuit #use.8. In case o# #ire #ro! electrical circuits switch o## the supply i!!e$iately an$ use san$ car+on $io-i$e or $ry

pow$er e-tinguishers. &o not use water.

. E##ecti)e earthing shoul$ +e pro)i$e$ to all electrical appliances. Install Earth 1ea"age Circuit Brea"ers on theelectric line will pre)ent shoc"s. Earthing shoul$ not +e $one on water stea! pipes iron ro$s o# the sla+.;5. Insall an in$icator light #or an electric heater an$ an auto te!perature control switch.;;. se properly earthe$ = pin plugs #or all electrical appliances. Electrical appliances shoul$ +e "ept away #ro!

$a!p an$ hot sur#ace an$ #ro! #la!!a+le goo$s. &i! or #lic"ering lights spar"s +uDDing soun$ #ro!electrical appliances are signs o# potential haDar$s contact %uali#ie$ electrician i!!e$iately.

;6. Insall a switches an$ plugs at a heights out o# reach o# chil$ren.;=. se ru++er !ats near #ri$ge heater electric coo"ing range etc.

;. 3ain switch+oar$ an$ !eter shoul$ +e sa#e an$ protecte$ #ro! rain win$ $ust. 3eter Bo- shoul$ pre#era+ly+e woo$en an$ at height o# ;.> !eters.

6. "eep away #ro! o)erhea$ lines an$ $o not touch +ro"en wires.;. &on turn o## appliances when you lea)e ho!e.6. &o wear ru++er sole$ shoes when operating power tools.;. Out$oor electrical outlets shoul$ +e co)ere$ with weatherproo# co)ers.

& t


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WHA( A0E &Os an$ &O/(s 4 GE/E0A1 '0ECA(IO/&onts;.&ont go near to any place where $anger caution +oar$ is place$.6.&ont ta!per with electric !eter ta!pering !ay lan$ you in Pail.=.&ont use +ro"en #ittingsL replace +ro"en switches #ittings i!!e$iately.7.&ont use !etallic wire near electric lines #or hanging wet clothes.

>.&ont carry out construction in pro-i!ity o# electric lines..&ont touch switches plugs with wet han$s.F.&ont $ry clothes on electric wires.8.&ont insert !ore than one plug in soc"et. While re!o)ing pin #ro! plug soc"et pull the plug top an$ not the wire..&ont o)erloa$ outlets.;5.&ont ignore #lic"ering lights +lown #uses or spar"s.;;.&ont use ol$er e-tension cor$s withou inspecting the! #irst.

;6.&ont assu!e that your house is wire$ sa#ely.;=.&ont ignore switches or outlets that $ont wor".;7.&ont use electrical appliance or tal" on the phone $uring an electric stor!.;>.&ont !i- water an$ electricity.;.&ont insert wire $irectly into the plug soc"et without a !atching plug pin to use any electical appliances e)en on te!porary +asis.;F.&ont touch a +are wire i.e. without insulation it !ay +e li)e.;8.&ont !a"e any te!porary Points in the wiring without proper insulation.

;.&ont pro)i$e #use on neutral circuit.65.&ont use any appliance heater electric iron cooler without proper earthing.6;.&ont pro)i$e higher siDe #use wire than the prescri+e$ siDe.66.&ont use wet han$ to switch On an$ switch O the eletcricity.6=.&ont $isconnect a plug +y pulling the wires when switch in O/.67.&ont switch On the soc"et switch unless the plug is co!pletely inserte$.;.&ont connect earthing wire with water taps this !ay +e haDar$ous.

6.&ont use water on the electrical e%uip!ent to e-tinguish the #ire switch O the supply.=.&ont allow chil$ren to play with soc"ets plug wire an$ other electrical appliances.


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Chem Earth Points

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