CHC2P Canadian History

CHC2P Canadian HistoryExam ReviewWWI: TopicsGeneral informationAlliance systemsCauses Assassination of Franz FerdinandWar Measures ActLife in the Trenches New technology Important Canadian Battles America entering the warThe Last Hundred DaysTreaty of VersaillesTroubles on the HomefrontWomens rolesConscription crisisGeneral InformationOccurred between August 1914 November 1918Called the Great War first time a war involved many nations across the worldCanada entered the war on August 4, 1914Same day as Britain did we were part of the British Commonwealth and were governed by their rulesAlliance SystemsThere were two alliance systems at the beginning of the war. Other countries joined with these forces throughout the course of the war.Triple EntenteBritainFranceRussiaItalyAustria-HungaryGermanyTriple AllianceMajor CausesNationalism having pride in your own countryArms race trying to have the largest amount and the most powerful weaponry Imperialism fierce competition between nations; many imposed their rule on other countries and claimed them as their coloniesAlliance systems countries who are willing to back one another with military support in times of conflict

Assassination of Franz FerdinandJune 28, 1914Franz Ferdinand (Duke of Austria-Hungary) and his wife Sophie were assassinated in Sarajevo while on a tour of their new coming empire

Responsibility put in the hands of the Black Hand (terrorist group from Serbia)Gavrilo Princip charged with their killings

Serbia would not give up the person in charge of the crime and Austria-Hungary declared warWar Measures ActLimited the civil liberties of citizens in order to ensure support for the warPassed in 1914 because the government needed to come up with fundsSome of the conditions were:Food Board (control supplies at home), Imperial Munitions Board (quality control for weapons), censoring newspapers/media, temporary 3% tax, food rationing, savings bonds, etc.

Life in the TrenchesConditionsDiseases trench foot, trench fever, infections, liceDaily Life ate, slept, worked in trenches

Layout zig-zag pattern so enemies cannot see straight down the line if they invadeReason for building them machine guns and artillery had been developed so needed a place to protect soldiers from fire

New TechnologyArtillery large guns with long rangeMachine guns could be operated by 4 people, could fire bullets quicklyPlanes originally made from wood and canvas, used to photograph troop positions; later had gun mounted on them and used for fightingTanks helped soldiers cross no-mans land, but they were not hugely effective; improved as war went onU-boats German submarines

Important Canadian BattlesYpres April 1915, Belgium; take back from Germans who wanted it for access to the sea (port town); first use of chlorine gas by the Germany; 20,000 killed, 4,000 wounded

The Somme July 1916, France; cross the river to allow cavalry to break through; involved suicide runs into German machine gun fire; NFLD regiment took heavy losses at Beaumont Hamel; 24,000 wounded or killed

Important Canadian BattlesVimy Ridge April 1917, France; take ridge embedded with German trench lines; practiced on mock battlefield before; used creeping barrage technique and leapfrogging technique to move ahead; led by Canadian General Currie; 10,000 killed or wounded

Passchendaele November 1917, Belgium; capture German trenches; huge rain storms that flooded trenches, many soldiers and horses died in mud and water; 16,000 killed or wounded

America Enters the WarGermany declares unrestricted submarine warfare and sinks supply ships crossing the AtlanticAllies used convoys (large groups of ships with military escorts) and Q-ships (decoy military ship posing as supply ship) to try and get across safely

U-boats sink a U.S. passenger ship (Lustania)U.S. cannot ignore the threat and enters the war in support of the Triple Entente (1917)The Last Hundred DaysOnce Americans declare war, Germany sends troops from Eastern Front (Russia) to Western Front to try and defeat the allies before the U.S. arrives

Germans stopped just before Paris

Improvement of tanks and fresh American soldiers help allies push Germany back to borders defeated of German army, 48 000 casualties, including 9 000 dead

Armistice to be signed on November 11, 1918 at 11:00amLast Canadian soldier killed at 10:55am (Private Price)

Treaty of VersaillesSigned at the Palace of Versailles in 1919; Britain, France and U.S. decided Germanys fate

Conditions: accept blame and sign a War Guilt Clause, pay reparations, no submarines or air force (small navy and army allowed), Rhineland occupied by Allied troops, lost all colonies, Austria-Hungary broke up, lost land and industry as it was divided up

League of Nations formed to keep world peace Troubles on the HomefrontWinnipeg General Strike 1919, workers in Winnipeg went on strike to fight for better conditions/wages; ended in June when strikers took to the streets to protest the arrest of their leaders, called Bloody Saturday because several people were killed or woundedSpanish flu influenza carried back from war by soldiers; more than 20 million people worldwide died; hit small/isolated communities hard; Stanley Cup finals were even cancelledConscientious objectors object to war as a matter of conscience or religious beliefs; many farming communities on Prairies didnt want to go to war because they thought they were needed to contribute supplies; however, would fight if attackedTroubles on the HomefrontPacifists would prefer peaceful negotiations to solve problems; wouldnt fight if attacked; often paid heavy price for not supporting war effortsHalifax explosion December 1916; two ships (Mont Blanc [carrying explosives] & Imo) collided in Halifax harbor caught fire and exploded; many people came out to see boats on fire and explosion killed 1600+ and wounded 9000+Enemy aliens people from enemy countries; given ID cards and had to report to police and some put in internment camps or deported once war broke outWomens RolesReceived separation allowance ($20/month) to cover costsBarely enough to get essentials, often had to rely on family members;Charities set up to help cover additional costs upper-middle class women often ran them, called nosy parkers because they would check to see if people were spending money properly

Did a lot of volunteering made socks, bandages, bake salesWorked in munitions factories making bombs and artillery shellsAdministrative jobs for the militaryNurses at home and on the front lines; also ambulance driversTook over many jobs for the men who were gone to warWith the help of suffragists like Nellie McClung, this helped women earn the right to vote starting with Manitoba in 1916Conscription Crisis of 1917PM Borden thought war would continue longer after meeting in 1917Already had 1 in 16 in uniform and needed more introduce conscription (military service required by law) to get more troopsDivided country Quebec, farmers in Prairies, Objectors/Pacifists, Liberals all objected to it; was important because there was an election coming up and this could make or break the current governmentPassed in the summer of 1917, but troops never actually saw any combat actionInterwar Years: TopicsImmigration BoomChanges in education and employmentConsumerism and popular cultureProhibitionWomen in politicsThe EconomyThe Great DepressionOn-to-Ottawa TrekThe New Deal and new political partiesImmigration BoomCanada was removed from the war, economy was booming (natural resources) and opportunity for a new life Pull FactorsWanted: people from Britain, U.S., Western EuropeUnwanted: Chinese (1923 Exclusion Act), JapaneseEmployment & EducationHigher levels of education for everyoneRural up to gr. 8 was averageUrban up to end of high school was averageBoys and girls gender specific courses that were geared toward typical careers

EmploymentMen most in factories (3/4), doctors, lawyersWomen department stores, secretaries, clerksConsumerism & Popular CultureLow energy costs = increased production & jobsNew inventions (car, radio, home appliances) were symbols of status; gave people more leisure timePeople went into debt to buy these things!

New type of women was born flapper, dressed and acted unconventionally (smoked, danced, drove, new clothing style)Prohibition also put in placeBanning of the sale of alcohol except for religious or medical reasons

We were highly influenced by American cultureRadios, gangs, musicWomen in PoliticsFamous Five fought for womens rights in 1920sNellie McClung was one of them

Went to Supreme Court in Persons Case so women could legally be called people and therefore could run for Senate won the caseThe EconomyStock market many people invested in stocks with loans from brokers (buying on margin)American influences companies were opening up factories in Canada (branch plants) to avoid tariffs (taxes) for importing goodsDownside: smaller Canadian companies got shut down, all the profit and management went back to the U.S.Upside: more jobs were being created in Canada and we had a greater variety of goods available

The Great DepressionStarted with the stock market crash on October 29, 1929 (Black Tuesday)Line up to get jobs at factoriesStand in bread lines or collect relief money to get foodWages cut if jobs were keptLost homes, possessions and all their money

Men 16 and over were forced to go into labour campspaid very little, difficult jobs, but were fed and clothed

There was a drought on the Prairies and farmers could barely grow any crops (Dust Bowl)

On-To-Ottawa TrekUnion workers were rallying to get better working conditionsThis was a bad time because companies didnt have money to increase wages for workers because of the Depression

Unemployed people & men from labour camps went across the country by train to protest in OttawaTrains were stopped in Regina where a riot beganDid result in work camps being shut downBennetts New DealNeeded to put a plan in place to get the country our of the Depression. This included:government control of industry, more jobs, cut down work week to 48 hours from 60 hours, unemployment insurance

Didnt win upcoming election to put this all in place, but Liberals, who did, kept many of these provisionsNew Political PartiesRural areas thought they werent being represented by the current parties because they were centered in large cities; made their own parties:Social Credit Party prosperity certificates to increase buying power of the people ($25/month)

Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) government should take over industry; unemployment insurance, free medical care, pensions, family care also part of platform

Union Nationale people in Quebec should have power over its own industries

WWII: TopicsFascism, Anti-Semitism and Racism around the worldHitlers rise to power in GermanyPropagandaFundraising efforts on the homefrontTechnology advancementsCauses of WWIIBattles of WWIIHiroshima & NagasakiThe Holocaust Kristallnacht, ghettos, concentration & death campsInternment of Japanese CanadiansConscriptionWomens roles in the warFascism, Anti-Semitism & RacismFascism: governmental system led by someone who has complete power, opposes criticism or opposition of their ways, controls industry and economy, and emphasizes extreme nationalism and racismItaly, USSR & Germany used this system

Hitler believed that Germans were of a higher race; blonde hair, blue eyes, slender and tall were the characteristics of the Aryan peopleNamed Jewish and other races who had darker features of a lesser race (anti-semitism)Most other countries also discriminated against Jews

Hitlers Rise to PowerEconomy after WWI was unstable and people turned to extreme parties because they had a strong messageNazi Party why were they popular?Supported dictatorshipWanted to stop paying reparations to other nationsInvest in Germanys industries to create economic growthBuild up Germanys military forcesEnd unemployment

Bullied people into voting for himFire at Parliament, storm troopers threatened people

When he won, disbanded Parliament as soon as they gave him permission to deal with enemies of GermanyHitlers word was now LAW!

Alliance SystemsALLIED SIDECOUNTRIESYEAR OF ENTRYBritain1939France1939Canada1939Other Commonwealths (NFLD incl.)1939United States1941Soviet Union1941AXIS SIDEGermany1939Italy1940Japan1941PropagandaGovernment used posters, radio ads, newspaper articlesAll controlled with censorship (only published what they wanted people to read about)Wanted people to support the war by giving money, enlisting or volunteering

Fundraising EffortsGovernment didn't have enough money to support the war because we were just coming out of a recession; looked to citizens to help outChinese Canadian communities raised over $5 million for the war efforts"One Percent Scheme (in NFLD)Scrap drivesVictory GardensPacking Boxes of suppliesRationingVictory BondsTechnology & Training AdvancementsAir ForceBritish Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP)Pilots, bombers, navigators, gunners, paratroopers, etc. trained in Canada

Camp XIntelligence service to gather information about the enemy; based in CanadaMany agents went under cover into Nazi-occupied Europe

Project ManhattanCanadian scientists helped develop the atomic bombUranium sourced from Deep River, ON

Radar & SonarCould detect enemy aircraft (radar) and enemy submarines (sonar)This could be used to plan a counter-attack against the enemy forcesHitlers Road to War & Causes of WWIIBetween 1936 and 1939, Hitler took over more and more territory in Europe and no one reacted to his actionsMarch 1936: troops sent into Rhineland; supposed to be no troops were allowedMarch 1938: takes over Austria for GermanyOctober 1938: allowed to take over Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia (mostly German speaking); Hitler promises no more demands for territoryMarch 1939: take over the rest of CzechoslovakiaSeptember 1939: invades Poland

START OF WWIIBattles of WWIIBattle of Britain 1940, Britain; prevented Germany from invading Britain (last unconquered country in Europe) with Blitzkrieg; planes mostly foughtBattle of the Atlantic 1939-1945, Atlantic Ocean; fought to maintain supply route; used convoys and corvette ships to avoid German wolf packsBattle of Hong Kong 1941, Hong Kong; helped to fight against Japan, but Hong Kong lost in 17 days, Canadians put in POW campsDieppe 1942, France; massacred by Germany forces on the beach; tanks useless on sandy/rocky groundItalian Campaign 1943-1945, Italy; fought hand-to-hand to liberate ItalyD-Day 1945, Normandy; planned for 2 years after Dieppe failure, pushed Germans back (beginning of the end); Canadians in charge of Juno beachLiberation of Netherlands 1945, Netherlands; pushed Germans out and provided starving Dutch people with supplies (formed special relationship with Dutch people)

Atomic Bombings in JapanFirst bomb dropped on August 6, 1945 in HiroshimaDropped bomb little boy at 8:15 am90,000 166,000 killed or died of injuries/radiation

Second bomb dropped in August 9, 1945 in NagasakiDropped bomb fat man at 11:01 am60,000 80,000 killed or died of injuries/radiation

Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945

Internment of Japanese CanadiansAfter Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Japanese Canadians were sent to internment campsOf the 21,000 sent, 17,000 were Canadian citizensForced to live in cramped conditions with little food, no running water, no flushing toilets under armed guard

All of their possessions were claimed and sold to pay for the internment campsSome were deported back to JapanMany had never actually been to Japan in their lives!Womens Roles in the WarCouldnt have any combat roles, but had positions in every division of the military serviceAir Transportation Auxiliary Ferry Service transported planes to Britain, worked in ground crewCanadian Women's Army Corps secretaries, mechanics & cooks, went through basic trainingWomen's Royal Canadian Naval Service got the best of the best!, trained on all womens shipRoyal Canadian Army Medical Corps nursingConscription of 1943PM Mackenzie King didnt want to enforce conscriptionHad a negative effect on the country in 1917Needed to do something, volunteer rates were dropping off

Held a plebiscite (voters asked to answer a yes or no question; government may choose to adopt of ignore the result)Divided country again, but it passedConscripts drafted and trained, but were never sent overseasLeft a bad feeling with the nationThe HolocaustDiscrimination against the Jews started long before the war1933 first concentration camp opened in Dachau for political prisoners and other unwanteds

1935 Nuremburg Laws (couldnt attend university, teach in any school or university, marry a person who was not of the Jewish faith, hold a government job, be the author of a book, be a lawyer or doctor)

1938 Kristallnacht where 1000s of business were destroyed and Jews were attacked in the streets

Ghettos parts of cities turned into Jewish-only slums; extremely poor conditions, close to rail lines for evacuation

The HolocaustFinal Solutionplan to exterminate Jews and other undesirable races in EuropeJews, Romas, handicapped, mentally-ill, homosexual and others sent to:Concentration camps forced manual labour to support Germanys war effortsDeath camps large scale mass-murder by gas/poison; six camps existed

When these camps were finally liberated, Nazis tried to run away (with prisoners) or burn them down to hide the evidenceSome intact because they had to leave without warningAllies were horrified at what they saw malnutrition, disease, torture, medical experimentation

Nuremburg Trials (1945-1949) held to put those in charge of the Holocaust and other war crimes to justice

Post War Era: TopicsUnited NationsCold WarKorean WarSuez CrisisPopulation explosion immigration and baby boomPopular CultureUnited NationsCreated after WWII because League of Nations had failedWanted to be able to protect people after the horrors of the HolocaustPermanent members all had to agree for any actions to take placeHad veto power if they didnt agree; action would not be undertaken unless everyone was on the same page

Major contribution was the creation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by Canadian John Peters Humphrey (law expert)

The Cold WarSoviet Union wanted to spread communism around the worldIron Curtain divided communist Eastern Europe/Soviet Union from capitalist Western Europe/North AmericaFormation of NATO and Warsaw Pact alliances for protection

Nuclear bombings in Japan started nuclear age and a new arms raceMostly in the form of threats, spies and intelligence gathering

Soviet Union also launched a satellite (Sputnik) into spaceRockets could carry missiles and get to N.A. fasterHad also developed the hydrogen bomb, more powerfulPeople created nuclear fallout shelters to protect from nuclear war

Canada and the U.S. pooled their resources and decided to cooperate with each other to defend against a potential attackNORAD set up radar stations, joined military equipmentKorean War & Suez CrisisKOREAN WARSUEZ CRISIS North Korea (communist; backed by China & Soviet Union) invaded South Korea (capitalist, backed by UN nations)

End of fighting = truce and the border being drawn almost where it was at the beginning of the war

DMZ still in place at the border of the two countries

Was Canadas first involvement in peacemaking activities

Shipping canal created in 1800s by Britain & France

Egypt now independent and wanted control of land

Britain, France & Israel against Egypt & Soviet Union

Lester B. Pearson (Canadian) came up with negotiation plan; UN sent in UNEF to provide peacekeeping

Egypt paid for the canal, Pearson given a Nobel Peace Prize

First time Canada went against Britains wishesPopulation BoomImmigrationagain, Canada was attractive place to go after the warSoldiers brought back war brides and childrenCanada changed its immigration laws to allow for refugees of the war and political situations to enter the country (Holocaust, Hungarian revolution)2 million immigrated

Baby boomGood economic timesCouples wed early and started families9 million children born between 1945 1960

Popular Culture1950s saw the creation of a teenage cultureHad part-time jobs, allowances (buying power)

Created their own style of dress (bobby-soxers, greasers), acted rebelliously, listened to R & B and rock n rollparents and conservative society disapproved (religion was important factor)

Things like movies, products, businesses were focused on this market for huge profits