Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The...

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Charles Ziemba – Chevron Corporation

Transcript of Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The...

Page 1: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

Charles Ziemba – Chevron Corporation

Page 2: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

Energy Setting Overview

Page 3: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries —The Energy Setting

The foundation of all economic activity is energy.Affordable, reliable energy is the key to economic development. We’ve seen the greatest advancements in living standards because we have developed abundant, affordable energy. “We will need all forms of energy to meet future needs.”Fossil fuels provide more than 80 percent of our energy.  Oil ispredominant at more than 30%. Global energy demand is projected to rise more than 40 percent by 2035. 

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Page 4: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries—The Energy Setting

Within 10 years the world will need 30 MMBD of additional oil capacity  due to declines – equivalent to nearly all of OPEC’s current productive capacity.

International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates the world needs $37.4 trillion in additional investments to meet its energy needs through 2035. 

Fossil fuels have advantages over other forms of energy, particularly renewables (wind and solar). Can be developed at scale, are energy dense, portable, and stored 

economically.  Massive infrastructure system is in place; it has been built over more 

than a century at a cost in the trillions of dollars.

Fossil fuels can be developed and used responsibly.

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Page 5: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable
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United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries Taxation – Resource Rich/ “Curse of Oil”

When talking about resource extraction, some speak of the “curse of oil”.  Fossil fuels are not a curse. They’re the foundation of economic growth and prosperity.  Former Secretary of State Clinton pointed out that “the true curse is greed in undemocratic countries with poor governance. ...resources can be used to transform a country’s future for the better, but only if they’re used the right way for the right purposes.”

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Page 7: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries Resource Rich/ “Curse of Oil”

Summary:We are encouraged that many leaders we speak with clearly understand the link between affordable energy, wealth creation and, ultimately, better living standards.

Governments and MNCs, through collaborative partnerships, can take action to mitigate the “resource curse”.  MNCs bring far more to countries than resource/profit extraction.  They contribute to economic and human development through deployment of values, social programs, capacity building programs and supply chain spending that has multiplier effects throughout the communities in which they operate.

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Page 8: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries Resource Rich/ “Curse of Oil”

Benefits of Oil/IOC Values

U.S. MNCs take American values abroad and positively influence the development of those nations.  Fair competition, transparency, rule of law and cooperation. 

Chevron in South Africa – Among First Supporters of Sullivan Principles  Supported in 1977, called for equal treatment of all employees.

ACE Award (Award for Corporate Excellence) The U.S. State Dept has recognized Chevron for its efforts in corporate 

citizenship:  “One of the most important U.S. exports is our values.”

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Page 9: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries—Resource Rich/ “Curse of Oil”

Oil Investments

Chevron has invested billions of dollars across Africa over the years.  Chevron estimates total current project costs in Africa of nearly $30 B. Chevron’s 2013 C&E budget of nearly $37 billion includes $9 billion of investments in the U.S.

Stable & transparent environments are necessary to facilitate this massive investment. (fiscal terms are key).

Our investments aren’t just focused on profit extraction – we believe in building sustainable communities wherever we operate.

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Page 10: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries—Resource Rich/ “Curse of Oil”

Social Investment IOCs can also spur development in health, education and the economy through social investment.  Chevron’s social investments total more than $1 B over the past 7 years and include partnerships with international organizations.

Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria; Prevention of Mother‐to‐Child Transmission programs, others

See Chevron’s 2012 Corporate Responsibility Report at http://www.chevron.com/corporateresponsibility/

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Page 11: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries –Resource Rich/ “Curse of Oil”

Supply Chain Spend and Capacity Building

Chevron spent $60 B on goods and services around the globe in 2012. 

Efforts to build local supplier capacity and use local content are among the important contributions Chevron makes in countries where we operate.  In Angola alone, in 2011, $930 MM was spent on local goods and services. 

Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)

Chevron supports the disclosure of revenues received by governments and payments made by extractive industries to governments, as set out in the current EITI process.

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Page 12: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

What Tax Settings and Behaviors Does Business Look For in Terms of a Favorable Investment Climate?

Global Taxes Paid

The worldwide effective tax rates paid by Chevron are as high or as higher than for many other U.S. non‐oil and gas companies.

Between 2005 and 2009, Chevron’s average effective worldwide income tax rate was about 44%. In comparison, various large high tech firms’ tax rates ranged from 22‐31%; pharmaceutical company rates were 18‐30%. 

Over the last five years (2008‐2012), Chevron’s total worldwide income tax expense was over $80.5 billion.  U.S. federal income tax expense was about $10 billion.  The worldwide average effective tax rate for the five‐year period was 42.8%.  

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Page 13: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

Business Climate/Terms of Direct Investment

Page 14: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

Major Competing Considerations for Developing Countries and Investors

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES INVESTORS

Economic growth Maximize employment Transfer technology Human resource development Maximize revenue Control resource Environment and safety

Maximize returns Long term involvement Increase market share Widen experience Reputation Safety and environment New Frontiers Competition

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Page 15: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

What Tax Settings and Behaviors Does Business Look For in Terms of a Favorable Investment Climate?

Unlike manufacturing and other non‐resource related businesses; oil, gas and other extractive industries must invest in countries where the resources are located.

Investment decisions are made globally and on a competitive return basis.  The best investment opportunities are selected. 

Key investment considerations include: anticipated size of the reserves, geological and drilling risks, expected life of the reserves and type (oil or gas?), the amount of required investment, fiscal terms of the investment, the ability to repatriate cash or oil and “above‐ground risks” including political and fiscal risks.

The above items are factored into developing relative projected after‐tax returns on invested capital.  The net present value of after‐tax cash flows and after‐tax ROIs metrics are key investment considerations.  Projects also consider “above‐ground risks”.  

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Page 16: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

Objectives of IOCs with Respect to Tax Policy

It is not all about tax rates.

Tax objectives of IOCs: Balance risk with governments Avoid double tax Tax deduction for expenditures

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Page 17: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

Tax Regime DesignObjective Description

Capture an appropriate share of rent

The regime should ensure the state receives a sufficient share of the benefit realized from its resources

Neutral Should not distort investment decisions (neither over‐burdensome nor subsidizing)

Stable The state and investors should be able to plan ahead and rely on the terms being adhered to

Responsive The regime should respond in a progressive manner to changes in the economic conditions

Administratively simple It should be clear, and enforceable, and non‐discriminatory

Competitive It should be competitive with other countries’ terms, given the attractiveness of the geology and other factors

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Page 18: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

Principles guiding public policy with respect to taxation of the extractive industries

Promote efficient development of natural resources Profit‐based tax is preferred:

Balanced risk More likely to be available as foreign tax credit (reduce double tax)

More neutral Promotes revenue transparency‐reporting By aligning interests, increases stability

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Page 19: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

Key Tax Considerations for Investors

Certainty Simplicity Clear rules and regulations Stability Transparent and impartial resolution of issues Efficient tax administration Competitive fiscal regime (tax rate, incentives) Tax treaties

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Page 20: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

Key Tax Considerations for Investors

As U.S. oil and gas companies compete based on local income tax rates with non‐U.S. companies that have territorial tax systems and with foreign governments, the U.S. maintaining a fully functioning U.S. foreign tax credit is critical to U.S. companies being competitive outside the U.S.  U.S. moving to an effective territorial tax system would also keep U.S. companies competitive. 

High withholding taxes on dividends, branch remittances, and interest and services can greatly reduce the attractiveness of an investment.

Countries with favorable tax treaty networks is a significant plus bringing reduced withholding tax rates, providing greater tax law clarity and additional avenues to prevent and address tax disputes and help to prevent double taxation.

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Page 21: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

Production Sharing Agreement Considerations for Foreign Investments

PSA Considerations:  1) PSA stability provisions, 2) PSA arbitration rights, 3) bilateral investment treaty considerations, 4) royalty rates, 5) cost oil recovery terms, 6) overall government takes.

General Indirect Tax Incentives: 1) initial duty & VAT free zones (or reduced tax rates on imports for stated period), 2) VAT is usually recoverable but may not get it due to inability to pay.  Upfront agreements on VAT refund process are helpful, 3) reduced withholding tax on services during construction and start‐up.

Potential Income Tax Incentives:  a) reduced hydrocarbon tax rates for deep water, heavy oil, b) pay on behalf of taxes or tax holidays, c) deductions or cost recovery for abandonment accruals, d) accelerated write‐offs of drilling and equipment costs, e) investment uplifts, f) depletion/recovery of lease bonus cost, g) limit ring fencing for cost oil and income tax, h) offset of downstream investments against higher taxed and first in line oil income.

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Page 22: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

Role of Fiscal Incentives• Should encourage investments in targeted sectors.

• The costs and benefits are not easy to evaluate.

Tax incentives may be a poor response to economic or political problems, and cannot compensate for deficiencies in the tax system design, or inadequate physical, legal, financial or institutional infrastructure.

Could be unintended consequences – benefits transferred to the home countries, competitive distortions between existing and newfirms, leakage of untaxed goods into domestic markets.

Our general view is they work if properly designed and implemented.

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Page 23: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

What Tax Settings and Behaviors Does Business Look For in Terms of a Favorable Investment Climate?

Tax Administration

Good tax administration implements tax laws consistently and impartially, thereby increasing predictability.

Tax systems that reduce tax compliance burdens and minimize tax disputes are favored.

Countries that administer their tax system fairly and have well established and impartial avenues to address tax disputes such as an effective level of administrative appeals and an independent judiciary are favored. 

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Page 24: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

Taxation of Extractive Industries Summary/Suggestions• A good fiscal regime may not rectify an unattractive investment climate for foreign investors, but 

it can worsen it.  Therefore, enhancing the investment climate should be the primary consideration and tax should be a key enabler.

• Ad hoc discretionary fiscal regimes should be avoided, as they are not transparent and can lead to distortions.

• Pursue a simple and predictable tax system, with competitive tax rates for all investors.  Avoid complexity and uncertainty.

• Investment allowances (as incentives) may work better for capital intensive projects in targeted sectors.

• Avoid frequent changes to fiscal and tax policy.

• Have a wide tax treaty network, to enable greater certainty and mitigate double taxation concerns.

• International oil companies like Chevron, working in partnership with governments and non‐government organizations, can ensure tax policies enable investment and economic expansion which promotes growth, economic security and stability. 

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Page 25: Charles Ziemba –Chevron Corporation · United Nations Meeting on Extractive Industries — The Energy Setting The foundation of all economic activity is energy. Affordable, reliable

What Tax Settings and Behaviors Does Business Look For in Terms of a Favorable Investment Climate?

Tax Reform

Chevron supports comprehensive U.S. tax reform, including corporate tax reform that enhances the global competiveness of U.S.‐based companies, stimulates investment, and spurs job growth.

All existing tax provisions should be on the table, with an eye toward lowering tax rates, broadening the tax base, and tax simplification, conditioned upon other companies/industries putting their tax provisions on the table as well.

We need to ensure:  Equitable treatment for all sectors, Non‐discriminatory treatment among different energy sources,  Adequate capital cost recovery, and  A fully functioning foreign tax credit provision, unless it is replaced with a 

territorial tax system.

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