International Memorial Symposium

“Protecting Lives from Earthquake and Tsunami Disasters”

Tokyo, Japan, June 27, 2012

International Cooperation on International Cooperation on E th k Di t M tE th k Di t M tEarthquake Disaster Management Earthquake Disaster Management

for Vrancea Seismic Eventsfor Vrancea Seismic Eventsfor Vrancea Seismic Eventsfor Vrancea Seismic Events

R. Vacareanu, D. Lungu, A. Aldea, C. Arion

Technical University of Civil Engineering, Bucharest

"Nowhere else in the world is a center of population so exposed toearthquakes originating repeatedly from the same source"earthquakes originating repeatedly from the same source

Charles Richter. 15 March 1977, Letter to the Romanian governmentLetter to the Romanian government

World Map of Natural Hazards prepared by the Münich Re, 1998 i di t f B h t “L it ith M i it ff t”indicates for Bucharest: “Large city with Mexico-city effect”

“The unusual nature of the ground motion and the extent and distribution of the structural damage have important bearing on earthquake engineering efforts in the United States.”on earthquake engineering efforts in the United States.

Jennings & Blume, NRC & EERI Report

Seismicity of Vrancea subcustral source (60-180 km) in Carpathian MountainsCarpathian Mountains

Ukraine

East-Europeanplate

Hungary

Intra-Alpinesubplate

Vrancea R fsubplate source Rep. ofMoldova

Black SeasubplateBucharest

Moesian subplate

subplateBucharest

BlackSea

Yugoslavia

SeaBulgaria

1000 yr catalogue of Vrancea earthquakesy g q

• Major historical events and major earthquakes in the XX centuryj j q y

Event

Epicentral intensity Io

Focus depth.

km

Moment

magnitude Mw

Obs

km 1802, October 26 1829, November 20 1838, June 23

> 9 8 8

7.9 Largest Vrancea event ever occurred

1940, November 10 1977 March 4

9 8/9

150 109

7.7 7 5 Largest seismic losses ever experienced

≥≥

1977, March 4 1986, August 30

8/9 7/8

109 133

7.5 7.2

Largest seismic losses ever experienced

Nov. 10, 1940 earthquake

MGR = 7.4; Mw = 7.7

At least 350 deaths in Romania

Collapse of Carlton Building in Bucharest

- 11 storey, h = 47 m- RC frame

130 d th- 130 death

Important damage in Chisinau Important damage in Chisinau, R. of Moldova

March 4, 1977 earthquake

Mw = 7.7 ; h = 109 km

Killed 1,578 people (1424 in Bucharest)

I j d 11 221 l (7598 i B h )

• Destroyed or seriously damaged 33,000 housing units and

Injured 11,221 people (7598 in Bucharest)

Destroyed or seriously damaged 33,000 housing units and

caused lesser damage to 182,000 other dwellings

• Destroyed 11 hospitals and damaged 448 others hospitals, etc.Destroyed 11 hospitals and damaged 448 others hospitals, etc.

The World Bank estimation of losses (Report 16.P-2240-RO, 1978):

• Total losses in Romania : 2.05 billion USD (100%)Construction losses : 1.42 (70%)( )Building and housing losses : 1.02 (50%)

International lessons unlearnt from the 1977 earthquake

1“A systematic evaluation should be made of all buildings in Bucharest erected prior toA systematic evaluation should be made of all buildings in Bucharest erected prior to

the adoption of earthquake design requirements and a hazard abatement plan shouldbe developed.”

From:

“Observation on the behaviour of buildings in the Romanian earthquake of March 4, 1977” by G. Fattal, E. Simiu and Ch.Cluver. Edited as the NBS Special Publication 490, US Dept of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Sept 1977.

22“Tentative provisions for consolidation solutions would preferably be developed

urgently”.From:From:

“The Romanian earthquake. Survey report by Survey group of experts and specialists dispatched by the Government ofJapan (K. Nakano). Edited by JICA, Japan International Cooperation Agency, June 1977.

33“Bucharest had been microzoned as part of UNESCO Balkan Project, with microzones

denoting three levels of risk. The worst destruction occurred in lowest-risk microzone.”From:

“”Earthquake in Romania March 4,1977. An Engineering Report” by G. Berg, B. Bolt, M. Sozen, Ch. Rojahn. Edited byNational Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1980

March 4, 1977seismic station INCERCseismic station INCERC

Bucharest

Station Comp. PGAcm/s

Tcs

INCERC NS 194.9 1.40sO Z

EW105.8162.3

1.20s0.89s

First strong ground motion recorded g gin Romania

3.00

3.50 March 4, 1977, INCERC Station in Bucharest

NS compze

d SA

2.00

2.50

NS comp.N

orm

aliz

1 00

1.50

.00

0.50

1.00

Period, s

0.000.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50

High dynamic amplification at long periods,dangerous for high-rise buildings,

that makes Bucharest thethat makes Bucharest the most dangerous capital city of Europe

32 tall buildings completely collapsed

1977 th k i B h t1977 earthquake in Bucharest

1977 earthquake in BucharestThe recorded maximum peak ground acceleration in Romania p g

during 1977, 1986 and 1990 Vrancea earthquakesROMANIA. Maximum peak ground acceleration PGA, cm/s2 recorded during 1977, 1986 and 1990 VRANCEA earthquakes

#

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

48

Ukraine

Hungary Republic of Moldova

Moldova

Prut#Satu-Mare

Botosani11.5

N

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S

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&

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Cluj-NapocaOradea

Iasi

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132.0

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PGA, cm/s2

Seismic stations with free-field records:

#·

#·

#·

#

%

%

$

%

#

&

#

46

Banat

Mures

#Timisoara

Adjud

Surduc

BarladOnesti

FocsaniVrancioaia

Vid L tMuntele Rosu

TransilvaniaCahul

Ramnicu Sarat1986

1990

1940

86.6

79 1

97.2 297.1

157.2

168.6

136.6

232.1

164 0

Olt

March 4, 1977

free-field records:

& Bulgaria network

$ GEOTEC network&

# INCERC network% INFP network

R. of Moldova network

#·%

%

#

# ###

#

#

$$

#

%

##

##

#

#

45 ValahiaDobrogea

Baia

Peris

Tulcea

Istrita

Otopeni

Pitesti

Campina

Branesti

Carcaliu

Cernavoda

Vidra Lotru

Bolintin Vale

Vidraru Arges

Fetesti

197779.1

45.8

14.3 26.1

90.8

93.6

61.5 109.4

186.9

223.8

164.0

107 1100 4

158.6Valenii de Munte

219.8

Ploiesti#

Mw=7.5h=109 km

Aug.30, 1986

May 30, 1990

Mw=7.2h=133 km

# #

#&

#

#

#

&

&

44

Yugoslavia

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#Craiova Bucuresti

Turnu Magurele Ruse

Varna

Giurgiu

Kavarna

Calarasi

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Constanta

#· Epicenters of strong Vrancea events (Mw > 6.9)

May 30, 1990Mw=7.0h=91 km

Mw - moment magnitudeh - focus depth

&&

VarnaProvadia48.2 33.6

100 0 100 200 Kilometers

ArcView GIS version 3.1, ESRI Inc. CA.

( )

Lungu, Aldea, 1999

World Bank report

“Preventable Losses: Saving Lives and Property through Hazard Risk Management”

Strategic Framework for reducing the Social and Economic Impact of Earthquake, Flood and Landslide Hazards in the Europe and Central Asia

RegionRegionDraft, May 2004

• Romania is regarded as one the most seismically active countries in

Europe

• Bucharest is one of the 10 most vulnerable cities in the world.

Recommendations for Romania:

• Upgrade the legal framework for hazard specific management;Upgrade the legal framework for hazard specific management;

• Review the existing buildings code for the retrofitting of vulnerable

buildings;

• Conduct a comprehensive public awareness campaign for theConduct a comprehensive public awareness campaign for the

earthquake risk;

• Invest in hazard mitigation activities in order to reduce the risks

caused by earthquakes;

• Develop financing strategy for catastrophic events.

National programs for seismic risk mitigation in Romania

Objectives:

• Strengthening of “seismic risk class I” buildings:Legislation + Construction workLegislation + Construction work

• Upgrading of the code for seismic design of buildings and pg g g g

structures

• Seismic instrumentation

Central Bucharest: 129 buildings built prior to 1945 and listed as having seismic risk class 1 in case of a stronglisted as having seismic risk class 1 in case of a strong

earthquake, Mw7.5

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ArcView GIS 3.2 - ESRI CaliforniaLungu & Arion, 2000

Strengthening of 9 storey residential building in central Bucharest

June 2012, after 15 yr of actions:

26 buildings are fully retrofittedout of which

11 were seismic risk class I

Strengthening of residential buildings in BucharestN f N f T l fl

Catogory No. of.

buildings No. of

apartments Total floor area,

m2 1 26 716 796481 26 716 79648 2 111 3189 395738 3 263 2668 366228 4 299 10732 946944 5 69 1590 182622 6 6 86 125306 6 86 12530 7 1658 5037 753706 8 147 1522 92122

TOTAL 2579 25540 2829538 1. Retrofitted buildings2. Seismic risk class I buildings that represent public danger2. Seismic risk class I buildings that represent public danger3. Seismic risk class I buildings 4. Seismic risk class II buildings 5. Seismic risk class III buildings 6. Seismic risk class IV buildings6. Seismic risk class IV buildings 7. Buildings seismically evaluated according to P100-92

8. Buildings seismically evaluated but not ranked within a seismic risk class.

Fragile tall RC buildings with soft

and weak groundfloor, built

in Bucharest, ,1960-1977

Fragile 7-story RC frame building with soft and weak groundfloor, built i ’60 St f lin ’60s, Stefan cel Mare Boulevard

Fragile 7-story RC frame building with soft and weak groundfloor, after 1977 seismic event, Stefan cel Mare Boulevardcel Mare Boulevard

Upgrading the code for seismic design of buildings and structures

The code for earthquake resistance of new buildings,

P100/1-2006, following EN 1998-1 format, was enforced (Jan 2007)

The code for seismic evaluation and retrofit of existing buildingsThe code for seismic evaluation and retrofit of existing buildings,

P100/3-2008, following EN 1998-3 format, was enforced (2008)

The code for earthquake resistance of new buildings,

P100/1-2006, is under revision

Probabilistic zonation of peak ground acceleration for design P100/1 2006 C d MRI 100P100/1-2006 Code: MRI =100 yr

BucharestBucharestMRI = 475 yrPGA ≥ 0,35 gTp = 1.6

Zonation of control period of response spectrum, TC

P100/1 2006 C dP100/1-2006 Code

Normalised Response Spectra in EC8 formatP100-1/2006

2.5

3

3.5 =2.75 0.7s<Tc < 1.0s

2.5

3

3.5

=2.75 Tc < 0.7s

1

1.5

22.75/T

8.25/T 2

1

1.5

2

5.775/T 2

1.925/T

0

0.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4P i d T

T C =1.0sT B =0.1 T D =3

0

0.5

1

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4P i d T

T B =0.07 T D =3T C =0.7s

Perioada T , sPerioada T , s

3

3.5

4 4/T =2.751.0s<Tc < 1.6s T< TB

T T

1 1 B

0

1 5

2

2.5

8.8/T 2

4.4/T

TB<T TC 0

B

T

0

0.5

1

1.5

T D =2T B =0.16 T C =1.6s

TC<T TD TTC

0

TT 00 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Perioada T , sT> TD 20

TTT DC

Zonation map of Romania in terms of ground acceleration agfor seismic events with MRI = 225 yrfor seismic events with MRI 225 yr

RomaniaSeismic networksSeismic networks

BucharestSeismic networks

2. International projects for seismic risk mitigation in

• JICA P j t R d ti f i i i k f b ildi d t t

Romania

• JICA Project - Reduction of seismic risk for buildings and structuresin Romania

• CRC 461 Project – Vrancea Earthquakes. Tectonics, Hazard and RiskMitigation

• RISK-UE - An advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarios withapplications to different European town

• PROHITECH - Earthquake Protection of Historical Buildings byReversible Mixed Technologies

• World Bank Hazard and risk mitigation in Romania- Component B: Earthquake Risk Reduction

• NATO Project- Harmonization of Seismic Hazard Risk andReduction in Countries Influenced by Vrancea Earthquakes

JICA PROJECT - Reduction of seismic risk for buildings and structures in Romania

P j t i d i 2002 h 100 f di l ti l ti b t• Project signed in 2002, when 100 years of diplomatic relations between Japan and Romania were celebrated

Partnership of 3 institutions:

NCSRR National Center for Seismic Risk ReductionNCSRR, National Center for Seismic Risk Reduction

UTCB, Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest

INCERC, National Institute for Building Research, Bucharest

under the authority of:under the authority of:

MDLPL, Ministry of Development, Public Works and Housing

• Project duration: 5.5 yr

Total cost of the projectp j

7 mil. USD – Donation from JICA

• Equipment cost 3 mil. USD:

- Soil testing laboratory

- Structure testing laboratory

- Seismic instrumentation network in Bucharest and Romania

(free field, borehole, buildings)

• 29 Romanian young students/engineer trained in Japan

• 46 Japanese short term and long term experts in Romania

Structural testing equipment - Reaction frame

Maximum weight of tested specimens - 7t

Maximum dimensions of the tested specimens - 2.5m by 3 m

Reaction frame 9.7m x 7.6m

JICA Project – structural testing

Specimen σ0

Armare “grinda”

Armare “stalp”

Armare inima

Mod de cedare Forta

W1 0.13 da sporita - Forta taietoare

W2 0.26 da sporita - Forta taietoaretaietoare

W3 0.13 - sporita - Forta taietoare

W4 0.13 da normala - IncovoiereW4 0.13 da normala Incovoiere W5 0.13 da normala da Incovoiere

Force - Displacement

20

30

40

-20

-10

0

10

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Forc

e ( t

onf)W1

-40

-30

Displacement (mm)

JICA Project – structural testingZ2 – σ0=0.6MPa Z6 – σ0=0.6MPa

Equipments for soil investigationTriaxial testing equipment

JICA Project – soil investigation

Results from triaxial testing equipment for

Civil Protection siteCivil Protection site

Results from triaxial testingtriaxial testing equipment for

UTCB Plevnei site

PS logging, downhole method results

Adancime Sit V T V Tforaj, m Site Vs,30 Tg Vs,51 Tg

140 INCERC 271 0.449 301 0.677

69 SPITAL 246 0.495 279 0.731

110 Victoriei 285 0.427 309 0.660

78 UTCB 310 0.393 325 0.627

66 INSTALATII 289 0.421 317 0.643

68 PRC 294 0.414 308 0.662

51 P i i 224 0 544 264 0 77251 Primarie 224 0.544 264 0.772

JICA Project – seismic networkjETNA-Kinemetrics and Geosig accelerometers (3channels) - placed in free field outside Bucharestchannels) placed in free field outside Bucharest

ALTUS K2-Kinemetrics and Geosig accelerometers (12h l ) i ll d i b h l d b ildi i id

Seismic network

channels) – installed in boreholes and buildings insideBucharest

Seismic network

F fi ld B h l B ildiFree fieldoutside Bucharest

ETNA & Geo

BoreholeBucharestK2&Geo

BuildingBucharestK2&GeoETNA & Geo

8 sites6 - JICA

K2&Geo8 sites

7 - JICA

K2&Geo5 sites

4 - JICA2 - MTCT 1 - MTCT 1 - MTCT

Bldg.110 &11

Bldg.2

10th&11th

Bldg.2

5th Free field top

B1

5th

B1B1 B1

Typical RC frame str ct reframe structure

residentialBuildings

1 - after 1977 (11 storeys)2 - before 1977 (7 storeys)

14th &15th

National Romanian Television.National Romanian Television.RC frame structure built before

1977 earthquake(14 )(14 storeys)

B1

20th

BRD - Société Généralebank headquartersq

RC structure, 2002

Free fieldborehole

19 storeysborehole

Acceleration

-70

0

70

Acc

. (cm

/s/s

) Top - transv. (peak:- 69.4 cm/s/s)

70

s) Basement - transv (peak: 36 9 cm/s/s)

-70

0

Acc

. (cm

/s/s

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150Time (sec)

Basement - transv. (peak: 36.9 cm/s/s)

27 October, 2004 seismic event

B3

JICA Project for Seismic Risk Reduction in Romania

JICA International Seminar Bucharest

International Symposium on Seismic Risk Reduction – The JICA Seminar, Bucharest,

Nov. 23-24, 2000 Technical Cooperation Project, Bucharest, April 26-27, 2007

JICA Project for Seismic Risk Reduction in Romania

Even the NCSRR was created for building a capacity toEven the NCSRR was created for building a capacity tolast even after the termination of JICA Project inRomania in August 2010 the Romanian authoritiesRomania, in August 2010 the Romanian authoritiesdecided to dismantle the Center and to relocate theequipments to the former partner INCERC The wholeequipments to the former partner, INCERC. The wholestaff of NCSRR from UTCB (almost 90% of the staff ofNCSRR) stayed with the UniversityNCSRR) stayed with the University.

It is like a computer with the software (highly trainedIt is like a computer with the software (highly trainedengineers) in one place and the hardware (equipment)in some other place – not operationalin some other place not operational.

CRC 461, Collaborative Research Center - Strong

Earthquakes: A Challenge for Geosciences and Civil

E i iEngineering

University of Karlsruhe, Germany

Starting Date: 1996Starting Date: 1996Ending Date: 2007

FutureExtension of seismic cooperation

?

P ti i tParticipants

• Collaborative Research Center (CRC) 461: “Strong Earthquakes:A Ch ll f G i d Ci il E i i ” U i i fA Challenge for Geosciences and Civil Engineering”, University ofKarlsruhe, Germany

and

• Romanian Group for Strong Vrancea Earthquakes (RGVE)p g q ( )

- INFP, National Institute for Earth Physics

- UTCB, Technical University of Civil EngineeringUTCB, Technical University of Civil Engineering- INCERC, National Institute for Building Research- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics- GEOTEC, Institute for Geotechnical and Geophysical Studiesand others

A l: Deep Seismic Sounding of the Vrancea Zone

Project planningA l: Deep Seismic Sounding of the Vrancea Zone

A 6: Stress Field and Geodynamics

A 7: Strong Ground Motion Assessment

B 1: Three-Dimensional Plate Kinematics in Romania

B 3: Seismogenic Potential of the Vrancea Subduction Zone - Quantification of Source- and Site-Effects from Strong EarthquakesSource and Site Effects from Strong Earthquakes

B 4: Non-Linear Wave Phenomena in Fine and Soft Soils

B 6: Geotechnical and Seismic Microzoning of Bucharest

B 7: Hydrogeology and Site Effects by Earthquakes in Bucharest

C 2: Methods for the Retrofitting of Damaged Buildings

C 3 Di t M t M d l d Si l tiC 3: Disaster Management - Models and Simulation

C 5: Image Analysis in Geosciences and Civil Engineering

C 6: Knowledge Representation for Disasters with a Technical Information Systemg p y

C 7: Novel Rescue and Restoration Technologies

C 9: Vulnerability Analysis of Existing Structures

Z 1: Central Geographical Information System (GIS)

Z 2: SFB Management

The contribution of engineers from RC departments in both UTCB & Univ of Karlsruhe to the CRC461 seismic instrumentation& Univ. of Karlsruhe to the CRC461 seismic instrumentation project in Romania was focusing on conversion of the original pattern of CRC461 instrumentation initially planned outside Bucharest into finally dense seismic instrumentation inside

Bucharest.

That new pattern of the CRC461 network in Bucharest was theThat new pattern of the CRC461 network in Bucharest was the basis for the future microzonation studies as well as for dynamic characterization of site conditions in the capital city of Romania.

Test building at INCERC site andALGA rubber bearings HDRB 250x164.5

Fi I i l W k hFirst International Workshop on Vrancea Earthquakes,Bucharest Nov 1-4 1997Bucharest, Nov. 1-4, 1997

RISK-UE - An advanced approach to earthquake risk

scenarios with applications to different European towns

Contract n° EVK4-CT-2000-00014 with European Commission, p ,Research Directorate General

Amount: 2 477 643 €Funding: EC : 66 %

ti i t 34 %participants: 34 %Starting Date: 2001Ending Date: 2004d g ate 00

RISK U.E. Project

A d d h t th kAn advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarios with applications to

different European townsdifferent European towns

Project planningProject planning

WP 1: Evaluation of European distinctive features

WP 2: Earthquake hazard assessmentWP 2: Earthquake hazard assessment

WP 3: Urban system analysis

WP 4: Vulnerability assessment of current buildingsWP 4: Vulnerability assessment of current buildings

WP 5: Vulnerability assessment of historical and monumental buildings

WP 6: Vulnerability assessment of lifelines and essential structures

WP 7: Earthquake risk scenarios

Participants

Workpackage 1 of RISK-UEE di ti ti f t i t d t b d t l

Objective 1 - Distinctive features of European towns

European distinctive features, inventory database and typology

j p

• Town identity

• Population characteristics

• Urbanised area and elements at risk

• Impact of past earthquakes on elements at risk

• Strong motion data in the city and seismic hazard

• Geological geophysical and geotechnical information• Geological, geophysical and geotechnical information

• Evolution of earthquake resistant design codes• Earthquake risk management efforts

References

Objective 2 - Europe inventory database and typologyClassification of buildings occupancy

Importance & exposurecategory

Code Occupancy category

1 2 31 2 3B GENERAL BUILDING STOCKB1

1.11.2

Residential Single family dwelling (house) Multi family dwelling (apartment bldg.)

x

1.31.41.51.6

y g ( p g ) Low-rise (1-2) Mid-rise (3-7) High-rise (8+) Institutional dormitory

x1)

x1)

xxxx

B2 Commercial2.12.22.32.42.5

Co e cial Supermarkets, Malls Offices Services Hotels, Motels

Restaurants, Bars

x2)

x2)

x2)

xxxxx2.5

2.62.7

Restaurants, Bars Parking Warehouse

xxx

B33.13 2

Cultural Museums

Theatres Cinemasx3)

x2)xx3.2

3.33.4

Theatres, Cinemas Public event buildings Stadiums

xx2)

x2)

xxx

)1) Buildings with capacity greater than 150 people2) Buildings with capacity greater than 300 people or where more than 300 people

congregate in one area

Building typology matrix, BTMLabel Building type description Height description Code level*Label Building type description Height description Code level

Name No. ofstories

Height h,m

N L M H

RC Reinforced concrete structures

RC1 Concrete moment frames Low-rise 1 - 3 h 9RC1 Concrete moment frames Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise

1 - 34 - 78+

h 99 < h 21

h > 21RC2 Concrete shear walls Low-rise

Mid-riseHigh-rise

1 - 34 - 78+

h 99 < h 21

h > 21g h 21RC3

3.1

Concrete frames with unreinforced masonryinfill walls

Regularly infilled frames Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise

1 - 34 - 78+

h 99 < h 21

h > 21

3.2 Irregularly frames (i.e., irregular structuralsystem, irregular infills, soft/weak story)

Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise

1 - 34 - 78+

h 99 < h 21

h > 21RC4 RC Dual systems (RC frames and walls) Low-rise

Mid i1 - 34 7

h 99 h 21Mid-rise

High-rise4 - 78+

9 < h 21h > 21

RC5 Precast Concrete Tilt-Up Walls Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise

1 - 34 - 78+

h 99 < h 21

h > 21RC6 Precast Concrete Frames with Concrete Low rise 1 3 h 9RC6 Precast Concrete Frames with Concrete

shear wallsLow-riseMid-riseHigh-rise

1 - 34 - 78+

h 99 < h 21

h > 21

*Code level N - no code;L - low-code (designed with unique arbitrary base shear seismic coefficient);M - moderate-code;H - high-code (code comparable with Eurocode 8)

Population density in the 7 towns

25,000

p y

20,000 WP1. UTCB

15,000Population

density,

10,000persons/km2

5,000

Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki

0

Number of housing units for 7 towns

900,000

700,000

800,000

WP1. UTCB

500,000

600,000

Number of

300,000

400,000Number of

housing units

100,000

200,000

0

,

Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki

Vulnerability and typology of European buildings stock

Building stock age in the 7 towns versus

Vulnerability and typology of European buildings stock

Building stock age in the 7 towns versus Seismic codes inter-benchmark periods

Seismic codes inter-benchmark periodsTown

Pre-code Low-code M oderate codePre-code Low-code M oderate code

Barcelona 79% 21% --

Bitola 48% 29% 23%

Bucharest 30% 30% 40%

Catania 92% - 8%

Nice 75% 25%

Sofia Data not available

Thessaloniki 20% 50% 30%

PROHITECH - Earthquake Protection of Historical

Buildings by Reversible Mixed Technologies

Contract n° INCO – CT-2004 - 509119 with European Commission, R h Di G lResearch Directorate General

Amo nt 2 400 000€Amount: 2 400 000€Funding: EC: 88 %,

participants : 12 %Starting Date: 2004Ending Date: 2007

Project planningProject planning

WP 1: Overview of existing techniquesWP 1: Overview of existing techniquesWP 2: Damage assessmentWP 3: Risk AnalysisWP 3: Risk AnalysisWP 4: Intervention strategiesWP 5: Innovative materials and techniquesqWP 6: Reversible mixed technologiesWP 7: Experimental analysisWP 8: Numerical analysesWP 9: Calculation modelsWP 10: Validation of innovative solutions and proceduresWP 11: Study casesWP 12 D i id liWP 12: Design guidelines

ParticipantsParticipants World Bank Project in Romania

Component A:

Strengthening of disaster management capacity

Component B:

Earthquake Risk Reduction - 71.2 million US$

Subcomponents:

•Strengthening of high priority buildings and lifelines

•Design & supervision

•Building code review and study of code enforcementg y

•Professional training in cost effective retrofitting

Components C, D&E: Flood, Pollution & Project Management

Distribution of buildings with occupancyDistribution of buildings with occupancy

Emergency facilities

30%

Public12%

Educational

Communication26% Emergency

facilities30%Educational18%

39%

Public4%Educational

11%Hospitals

40%Hospitals

20%

O h i iBucharest Other cities

Distribution of number of buildings to be retrofitted

Distribution of cost for buildings to be retrofitted

Other cities

Other cities62%

Bucharest38%

Other cities33%

Bucharest67%62% 67%

Conclusions

Impediments in Earthquake Disaster Management

1. Weak political support – results pay off later2 L bli ti b t th k l2. Low public awareness – time between earthquakes longer

than the vivid memories of the public – as consequences:- Disaster relief – OKDisaster relief OK- Preparedness – low

3. Retrofitting of residential buildings – hard process because of social issues: multiple owners, lack of awareness, poverty, juridical issues on property

4 I t ti l fi i b di f t fitti4. International financing bodies of retrofitting programs –focus on public buildings and structures

ConclusionsFurther actions

1. Prepare and endorse a manual for post-earthquake investigation to be used within IPRED missions; manualinvestigation to be used within IPRED missions; manual shall include very clear rules and very precise criteria for making the decision on the damage state of the buildingsmaking the decision on the damage state of the buildings

2. The post-earthquake investigation information on the damage on buildings, structures and lifelines shall be valuable in two directions:- lessons learnt on the vulnerability of different building

typologies and/or construction techniques and details;typologies and/or construction techniques and details; this information shall be used to improve the seismic design regulations;g g ;

- statistical information for different building typologies and different seismic demands; this information might be used for both seismic design regulations and for fragility/vulnerability and risk analysis.