INTRODUCTION The history of this research started in February 2008, when I decided to participate in a contest called "Historias de Mi Pueblo" ("Histories of My Town"), organized by the "Secretary of Culture" of Brandsen town, after reading the basis of that contest. However, the research took a lot of time. The topic that I have chosen was the story of Colonel Carlos Luis Federico de Brandsen, considering that I was interested in knowing about his life and work, and, definitely, I wanted to know what was the reason why the above mentioned town was named after him. In fact, the search was intense and continuous. I visited libraries, consulted several books and, of course, found reliable sites on the Internet, which, in a given way, brought very precise data, not only about Colonel Brandsen, but also about other relevant people of the Argentine History. Especially, I have to mention the data related to the families Jauregui, Wright and Santa Coloma and the virtual site "Publicaciones" ("Publications"), by Peruvian historian and econo- mist Wilfredo Gameros Castillo, which brought valuable documents about Colonel Brandsen´s life in Peru. Besides, the brief summaries of two articles written for the pa- per "Tribuna" ("Tribune") were published. They were related to the 182 anniversary of Brandsen´s death and the 224 anniversary of his birth. Those summaries were published on February 21 and No- vember, 2009, respectively. In 2009, I had the chance to contact the “Junta de Estudios His- toricos del Partido de Brandsen” ("Joint of Historical Studies of the District of Brandsen"), which not only brought very valuable historical documents, but also allowed me to be part of it. From that year, I have contacted Doctor Tomas Antonio Santa Coloma Señorans, one of Colonel Brandsen´s great-great-great grandson, and Licentiate Gonzalo Ranea Arias, one of Doctor San- ta Coloma´s nephew, who not only sent me very important data through e-mails, but also assisted kindly to the presentation of the book. Between September and October 2010, my research was vir- tually finished. Then, a string of complicating situations happened, especially related to the publication of the book (including a first version that was put aside for different reasons). Fortunately, I talk- ed to Mrs. Lilian Libarona, who supervised an initial printing of fif- ty copies. That first edition was finished in March, 2011. On June 6 that year, this research work was declared of “Muni- cipal Interest” for the “Honorable Town Council” ("Honorable Conce-

jo Deliberante" of Brandsen town. Besides, it was officially present- ed on June 24 in the “Secretary of Culture” of that town. In fact, more copies of the book were made for that event, becoming a quite suc- cessful second edition. Finally, the presentation of the book was divulged by media from Brandsen. The above mentioned articles and this book form a compendium of the vast data I have been compiling during this lapse of time. I hope this could be a contribution to the culture and the people of the district of Brandsen, for the knowledge of information about the Colonel whose name was given to this town. Attentively, Teacher Pablo Martín Aguero, Brandsen, Buenos Aires, July 2012.

DEDICATORIES To my parents, Mariano and Ana Maria. To my sister, Mariana, my brother, Diego, and their respective families. To the “Teacher Training Collage No. 7 Brigadier Estanislao Lopez" (Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe, Argentina). To Doctor Tomas Santa Coloma Brandsen. To Licentiate Gonzalo Ranea Arias. To the colleagues that supported me in this project. To my godfather, Mister Ricardo Cuadriello. To Mister Daniel Saldeña, for his collaboration with the photograph of the house that belonged to Mrs. Rosa Jauregui de Brandsen y de Wright. To Miss Nelida Beatriz Manciola. To "My Good Friends In The Cyber Space Via E-Mail": "Foresight Na- notech Institute"; "NASA World Service"; "Nacional Geographic"; "Dis- covery Channel" and others. To my cousin, Licentiate Mariano Barrionuevo. To Mister Joseph "Joe" Tripician. To the memory of Doctor John Michael Crichton (October 23, 1942 - November 04, 2008).

STORY OF COLONEL CHARLES LOUIS FREDERIC DE BRANDSEN Charles Louis Frédéric de Brandsen was born in Paris, France, on November 28, 1785, under the reign of Louis XVI. Due to his father was a Dutch physician, it is common to find, in some documents, that the surname is recorded as “Brandzen”, or even "Brandtzen". Then, his name was hispanicized, becom- ing Carlos Luis Federico de Brandsen, or just Federico Brand- sen, as it appears in the name of at least two schools in the town that features the Colonel´s surname. By the way, the Colonel´s name is credited as "Carlos Luis Federico Brandsen" in the brief des- criptions of the articles that I wrote for the paper “Tribuna” ("Tri- bune") from the town of Brandsen, Buenos Aires, Argentina, which are mentioned in the Introduction of this work, though I clarified in the original articles that the surname is “de Brandsen”. As regards the Colonel´s background, it is controversial. Al- though the Peruvian historian and writer Wilfredo Gameros Cas- tillo confirms that the Colonel´s origin is noble, Federico Santa Coloma Brandsen admits that Brandsen´s father was a physician. Such data was provided by the French Army to Santa Coloma Brandsen himself, and that is the reason why all the other consult- ed documents about the Colonel coincide with that information. However, Gameros Castillo admits that he was based on the book Biografías Argentinas y Sudamericanas ("Argentine and South American Biographies", written by the Argentine historian Jacinto Yaben, who, at the same time, was a "Commander"), to write not only his work Semblanzas Bibliográficas y Episodios de la Inde- pendencia ("Bibliographical Sketches and Episodes of the Inde- pendence") but also his article written in his web site called Publi- caciones ("Publications"). A data to take into account: Federico Santa Coloma Brandsen was the second chairman of the "Museo Histórico Nacional" ("National Historical Museum") in Argentina. At the same time, he ordered the "Cabildo de Buenos Aires" not to be demolished. Brandsen studied in the French “Imperial Lycée”. Between 1808 and 1811, he was "Adjunct to the Secretary of the Ministery of War". On June 26, 1811, he was named “Ensign of Chivalry of the Imperial Army" (also known as the "Imperial Guard" or “La

Grande Armée”, that is to say, "The Great Army"). In September that year, he was named "Adjunct to the Inspection". Later, he went to Italy in order to take part of the "4th. Regiment of the Ita- lian Line". In June 1812, the so-called "Army of the 20 Nations", lead by Napoleon, invaded Russia. In total, that Army was formed by 400,000 soldiers. At the same year, not only the end of the agree- ment between France and Russia (which Tzar was Alexander I Pa- vlovich) took place, but also an alleged complot anti-Napoleon was held in the French town of Besancon, by Charles Nodier and other people. Nodier was the author of Le Napoleone, a satire in the form of a poem published in 1802. He was also a supposed "Past Maester" of the Prieuré de Sion between 1801 and 1844. The ori- gin of that secret organization is mentioned in the book Holy Blood, Holy Grail, written by Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh and Henry Lincoln, that was originally published in 1982. In 1985, its Spanish version was released with the title "El Enigma Sagrado" ("The Sa- cred Enigma"). That Prieuré was also mentioned by the author Dan Brown in his best-seller The Da Vinci Code (2003). By the way, Brown includes a list of the Supposed Past Masters of the Prieuré de Sion, where Nodier´s name appears, in his book. However, that list was literally copied from the Chapter 6 of Holy Blood, Holy Grail, published, as it can be proved, 21 years before. On March 19 1813, he was a "Field Assistant" of General Baron Charles Martel (also known as Charles Martel or "Marshal Martel") in the "Battle of Koenigswartha", a position he took again on April 25. Meanwhile, Brandsen was a "Field Assistant" of Emperor Napo- leon I Bonaparte from April 1, fighting in the “Battle of Saxe" or "of Germany”. In May, Colonel Brandsen took part of the "Battle of Lutzen" (day 2); the "Campaign of the Pass of Elba" (day 9) and the "Battle of Bautzen”. In fact, Brandsen took the rank of "Lieute- nant" after the "Battle of Koenigswartha". During that battle, Brand- sen was wounded by a saber in his right leg. Between May 20 and 21 1813 the “Battle of Bautzen” took place, Bautzen is a city placed in Dresden, former Eastern Germany, by the river Spree, where Napoleon fought against the forces led by a Russian General known as the Prince Ludwig Adolf Peter von Witt- genstein and a Prussian General named Gebbard Leberecht von Blücher, who had stopped, precisely, in Bautzen at the orders of Tzar Alexander and King Wilhelm Frederic III. Although the Allies had about 100,000 soldiers, the Napoleonic Army included only 115,000 soldiers under the command of the Emperor plus about 185,000 soldiers at the command of the Duke of Elchangen and at

the same time, French Marshal, Michel Ney. The battle started around midday, when the Napoleonic forces defeated the first defensive lines, taking Bautzen in his entirety. But at midnight, Ney got confused and allowed the Allies to get a- way. At the following day, the triumph of the French Army vanish- ed. However, despite another Ney´s mistake, the Allies could get away when they saw the arrival of the "Imperial Guard". Both sides lost 20,000 soldiers, but it was not a great success for Napoleon because Ney could not help the retreat of the Allied Army. During that battle, Brandsen attacked a Prussian base with a bayonet while being in charge of a group of soldiers. For that reason, he was invested as a “Knight of the Italian Order of the Iron Crown". In fact, Brandsen had previously been acknowledged as a "Knight of the Legion of Honor". An interesting data: Brandsen was wound- ed by a cannon ball in his right leg. In August 22 that year, Brandsen took part of the "Taking of Juhnsdorf" and at the following day he stood out in the "Battle of Gross-Beren" and in the "Battle of Dennewitz", being wounded twice by a saber. On October 3, he took part of the "Passage of Elba" and the "Battle of Wartemburg". Precisely, Brandsen was wounded in his back by a howitzer. Between August 16 and 19 the "Battle of the Nations" took place: in fact, it consisted in the battle of Wachau (day 16) and Leipzig (between August 18 and 19). Although the Emperor was defeated in that city, Brandsen was invested as "Lieutenant". According to the historian Emilio Ocampo, Brandsen was the highest ranked militar. The others were Eduardo Trolé (Lieutenant Colonel and Commanding Officer of Engineers); Alejandro Danel (Lieutenant of the "Regiment Nº. 4 de Cavalry") and Captain Michel Brayer´s son, Captain Lucia- no Brayer (Commanding Officer of the "First Squad of the Regi- ment of Cuirassiers"). Finally, the "Battle of Hanau" took place between October 30 and 31. On November 3, 1813, Brandsen was the "Field Assistant" of the Secretary of War, General Count Fontanelli, while on De- cember 26, he succeeded as the "Field Assistant" of the Gene- ral of Division Baron Zucchi. In February 1814, Brandsen took part of the "Battle of Min- cio" (day 8) and the "Taking of Parme" (day 27). An anecdote: in the battle of Mincio, Brandsen was in charge of a company belonging to the "4th. Italian Regiment" while he suceeded on the surrender of two companies of the "Regiment of Infantry Freiherr Reisky" which were captured later. On March 10, 1814, Brandsen was Zucchi`s "Captain of

Cavalry" and "Field Assistant". However, the Colonel ceased his colaborations to the "4th. Regiment of the Italian Line" in April that year. In fact, Brandsen returned to France in July, after Napoleon´s first abdication. On December 30, Brandsen was named "Captain of Cavalry". In May 1815, Bonaparte returned from the island of Elba, Italy, and named Brandsen “Captain Associated to the Gene- ral Staff of the First Military Division” on March 11 that year. On March 31, Brandsen was Martel´s "Field Assistant" for the third and last time. On June 18 that year, the famous "Battle of Waterloo" took place, in Belgium. In that fight, Napoleon is defeated by the duke of Wellington, Arthur Wellesley. Though Napoleon is crowned again, he definitely abdicates on June 22, 1815. How- ever, nowadays, certain French historians admit that were the English soldiers who had been the winners of that battle (also known as “the Campaign of the Hundred Days”) who used the name of “Battle of Waterloo” for the first time, because in Ger- many is known as the "Schlacht aus dei schön Allianz” (“the Battle of the Pretty Alliance”), and in France is simply known as “la bataille de Mont-de-Saint-Jean”, that is to say, "the bat- tle of the Mount Saint John”. Those historians had based their work on the bulletin of the battle dictated by Napoleon, in the first telling of General Gaspard, baron of Gourgaud (who pu- blished the book Memories of Napoleon), in testimonies of two Colonels belonging to the "6th. Unit of the Imperial Guard", Combes-Brassard and Janin, and in the "eye witness" of the mysterious "plan of Craan", among other sources. In fact, the bulletin was Napoleon dictated by Napoleon to his secretary, Pierre Alexandre Fleury de Chaboulon, when the Emperor was in Laon, France, on June 20, 1815. There was also Hugues- Bernard Maret, duke of Bassano. That bulletin was published in a extraordinary supplement of "Le Moniteur Universel" ("The Universal Monitor") on June 21, 1815. A translated fragment of that historical document is included here. The translation is mine: News of the Army. (The Universal Monitor, Extraordinary supplement (attached) to the June 21 edition. (1815) (...) Battle of Mont-Saint-Jean.

At nine AM, the rain has diminished a little, the 1st unit starts its march, and situates itself, the left wing on Brussels road, and in front of the village Mont-Saint-Jean, that seems to be the center of the enemy´s position. The second unit places itself on the right onr the Brussels road, and on its left in a small forest at range of the cannon of the English Army. The cuirassiers move towards the reserve from behind, and the guard in reserve on the high points. The 6th unit, with General d´Aumont´s cavalry, under the command of Count Lobau, was destined to led to the rear at our left side, in order to set against a Prussian unit that seemed to have to hide from Marshal Grou- chy, and to try fall over our right side, but we knew about that intention through our reports, and through a letter by the Prus- sian General, who has a resolution of taking by our cuirassiers. The troops are full with heat. It is estimated that the forces of the English army are 80 thousand men; it is supposed that the Prussian unit, that could probably be at the site by the after- noon, could be about 15 thousand men. The enemy forces are more than 90 thousand men. Ours are less numerous . (...) In another fragment of that document, Napoleon admits that "this is the way that another battle ends, another day ends, of false repaired measures, of more great successes secured for the next day, all was lost for a moment of panic. The same service squads, ordered by the Emperor´s side, were over- thrown and disorganized by the disturbing fleet, and there is no other thing to do that go with the flow. (...)" At the same time, Napoleon refers to his troops by the following way: "(...) it is known that is the bravest army of the world, in the moment that it is fight and that its organization no longer exists." Curiously, the battle of Waterloo (or the "Mont-Saint Jean") not only originated several similar books but also songs like Waterloo, from the Swedish group ABBA and Battle of Water- loo, a brief summary of the fight recorded by a German Rock band called Running Wild. In that June, Brandsen took part of the "Combat of Trois Maisons" (day 26); the "Battle of Dannemarie" (the following day); the "Battle of Chavanne" (day 29) and the "Battle of Seve- nans" (the next day). In July, he fought in the combats of Chev- remont (day 1) and Damjustin (day 4) and in the "Battle of Ba- villiers" (the following day). In fact, Brandsen had been a mem-

ber of the "Army of Jura". Another anecdote: during the "Battle of Bavilliers", the Colonel was wounded by a rifle precisely in his right leg. According to Baron Marshal Martel and the Baron General Albe, Brandsen was very well read. Besides, according to Mar- tel, he was a "good Officer of the General Staff" and his beha- viour was "distinguished in every aspect", while Albe wrote "I cannot do anything else than to repeat Mr. Brandsen´s good qualities, of his instruction, of his bravery, he is one of the most distinguished Officers". On December 13,1815, Coronel Brandsen was "discharged from the Military Service". On June,1817, Brandsen was discharged again, but this time from the French Army and under his decision. Later, he met Bernardino Rivadavia, who in May 1816 was named De- puty of the United Provinces of the River Plate (Provincias Uni- das del Rio de La Plata) under the Parissian government. After being convinced that he could colaborate with his knowledge to the "Liberating Battles" ("Batallas Libertadoras") in South Ame- rica, Brandsen decided to travel to Buenos Aires from the Port de Calais (a city placed at the north of France), with other Officers, such as Alejo Bruix and Benjamin Viel and Colonel Am- brosio Cramer, who had fought with Brandsen in the Napoleonic "Imperial Guard", arriving to the Harbor of Buenos Aires in Sep- tember 1817. That month, Brandsen is discharged as "Captain of Cavalry" by Juan Martin de Pueyrredon and joined the “II Squadron of the Regiment of Grenadiers on Horseback” ("Gra- naderos a Caballo"), under the command of General Jose Fran- cisco de San Martin, who was, at that time, in Valparaiso, Chile. According to Argentine historian Pacho O´ Donnell, Brandsen was Captain of "Regiment of Grenadiers on Horseback" since September 19, 1817. Several documents related to the Colonel´s biography include a dialogue between Spanish General Juan Antonio Monet del Ba- rrio (also known as General Monet) and Bonaerense military, po- litician and diplomat Tomás Guido. That dialogue based on the book "The Warrior Eagle, Part II" ("El Águila Guerrera, Parte II"), by Pacho O´ Donnel, is included here: Monet del Barrio: - Tell me, sir General, have you got several Officers like Brandsen? Guido: - No, General, no-one surpasses him in bravery, and as regards knowledge and skill in the art of war, it is not easy to

be like him. Monet del Barrio (smiling): - I am glad, because if it is not for him, we would get confused. Although several sources confirm it, Brandsen did not take part of the "Battle of Cancha Rayada" (Chile) on March 18,1818, where San Martin´s army was defeated. After such battle, the Army Officers met in a town called Chimbarongo, sited on the Southern central part of Chile. In that meeting, Brandsen admit- ted that he did not believe in the triumph, because, according to him, "the Officers of the country were not as worthiest as the enemy´s, who were European and brave". Bonaerense Colonel Pedro Ramos challenged Brandsen replying: "If you want to know how the Argentine Officers are, I wait for your seconds". During that duel, the contenders hold only a saber. Ramos´ sec- ond was Geronimo de Olazabal, while Benjamin Viel was Brand- sen´s second. Ramos was wounded in his nose, near his right eye, while Brandsen received a thrust in his head. Ramos was arrested by San Martin and Brandsen commented the General that he had been hurt by "une argentin". On April 5, 1818, Ramos fought in the "Battle of Maipu" because he could get away. However, San Martin, due to Ramos´s brave- ry during that battle, decided to release the Captain. Curiously, there are at least three contradictions about the topic: according to the Leaf of Services of Colonel Brandsen, he took part in the battles of "Cancha Rayada" and "Maipu"; ac- cording to the Bibliography of Colonel Brandsen, by Argentine historian Carlos I. Salas, Brandsen was in Cancha Rayada but not in Maipu due to the above mentioned duel and according to the article "Federico Brandsen (1785 - 1827)" by the "IESE" ("Institute of Superior Teaching of the Army") based on works such as "Colonel sir Federico Brandsen. Biographical Sketch- es" ("El Coronel don Federico Brandsen. Apuntes Biográficos"), published in "The Buenos Aires Magazine" (La Revista de Bue- nos Aires (1867) and "The Sublime Sacrifice of Colonel Brand- sen" (El Sublime Sacrificio del Cnl. Brandsen, written by Evaris- to Ramirez Juarez, the military did not fought in these two battles, which is supported by Gameros Castillo. Brandsen did participate in the "Combat of the Vine Arbor" (May 27); the "Combat of Cauquenes" (June 2) and the "Taking of Chillan" (December 24). According to Brandsen´s personal diary, he left from Los An- geles to Santiago together with Commander Jose Maria Rivera,

Major Jorge Beauchef and Captain Geronimo de Olazabal. In the eighteenth day, they stayed in Chillan. The following day, they arrived to the "Vine Arbor" (or "Parral"). Then, on March 2, 1819, they left towards the baths of Cauquenes. In January that year, Brandsen took part in the "Combat of Los Angeles" (day 18); the campaign called of "Biobio”, or Bio Bio (Chile), the following day and the "Taking of the Fortress of Nacimiento" (day 31), during the “Liberating Expedition” ("Ex- pedición Libertadora"), being invested with the "Medal of the Supreme Government". According to the Professor and former agent of the House of Deputies of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, Daniel Chiarenza, Brandsen fought under the com- mand of General Antonio Gonzalez Balcarce, who was also Governor Intendent of Buenos Aires. In March that year, Brand- sen received the Medal of Honor from a Colonel from Salta (a Northern Argentine province) Rudecindo Alvarado. According, once again, to Chiarenza, Brandsen also fought under the com- mand of Jose Matias Zapiola (a friend of Jose de San Martin and member of the "Lautaro Lodge", which supposedly belong- ed, according to several sources, to the secret society related to the "free masons") and of the Chilean militar Ramon Freire. Besides, Brandsen was named "Captain of Cavalry of Line of the Republic of Chile" on August 19. On January 23, 1820, according to the "School of Cavalry of the National Army" of Colombia (based on Bogota), the "Re- giment Nº 1 of Cavalry" was founded at the command of "Colo- nel Sir Federico Brandsen". On September 8 that day, the "Li- berating Expedition" arrived to Peru, after departing from Val- paraiso on August 20. Juan Gualberto Gregorio de Las Heras, arrived to Paracas (nowadays it is the coastal department of Ica, at the South of Peru) being at the command of a batallion, and laid siege to Pisco (capital city of the homonymous pro- vince precisely placed in that departament). On October 8, a part of the army under the command of the Spanish-Argentine militar Juan Antonio Alvarez de Arenales decided to reembark in order toexaminate the site, arriving to Ancon (a town placed in the Bay of Ancon of Sardinas, near the Colombian coast) on October 30. Meanwhile, on October 14, Brandsen, Spanish Lieutenant Ma- nuel Rojas, Captain Juan Galo Lavalle and Lieutenant Juan Vi- cente Suarez, both from Buenos Aires, were crucial in the “Battle of Nazca”, or “Nasca”, according to other documents, defeating Colonel Manuel Quimper, whose troops were three

times more imponent than the cavalry belonging to Rojas, Brandsen and Suarez. In fact, the "Sanmartinian Institute of Peru” presented a do- cument to the Congress of that republic based on Lima, stating that the first "Battle of Independence” was not, as it is thought, held in Changuillo, but in Nazca. That document is on the File of Law Nº 11,634, belonging to the "Archive of the Congress of the Republica of Peru" dated on December 1, 1950. In that document, you can read the name of “Federico Brandzen”. However, according to the Colonel´s "Leaf of Services", a combat called "of Palpa" took place on October 7. Besides, it admits that the “Battle of Nasca” took place on October 15, not on October 14, as it is stated by Peruvian historians. Notwithstanding, according to another source based on a research done by a group of historians, Juan Antonio Alva- rez de Arenales, Juan Galo Lavalle and Federico Brandsen lead the so-called "First Campaign of the Sierra" in October, 1820. After leaving Pisco with a troop of 1,200 soldiers, they could lay siege to the town of Ica, while on October 16 they arrived to Nazca and on October 31, they won a battle held in the city of Huamanga (nowadays, its name is Ayacucho), at the South of Peru. Finally, on November 6, they could lay siege to the town of Jauja (placed on the Peruvian depart- ment of Junin) and on December 6, they took the city of Pas- co (central part of Peru). On November 3, 1820, San Martin and his soldiers dis- embark at the harbor of Ancon, Lima. On November 8, Brandsen fought in the "Battle of Chancay" with only thirty six Hunters against a cavalry of a hundred fifty men (although other sources mention only two hundred soldiers), defeating Colonel Jeronimo Valdes. Besides, he managed to stop the advance of two thousand more soldiers. Due to that act, Brandsen is promoted as “Sergeant Major”. However, certain differences appear: while some sources confirm that Brand- sen is promoted to "Sergeant Major" after the "Battle of Chan- cay", other writers state that Brandsen is promoted after the "Battle of Ancón" (I could say that it is the first time that this name is used, because it seems to me that no other author mentions that battle in that way). An interesting data: Brand- sen got involved in another duel during that fight, but this time he won by killing the Spanish Commander Bermejo with a sin- gle shot. Precisely, according to his "Leaf of Services", Brandsen

fought in the "Combat of Casablanca" that took place the day before mentioned. Curiously, according to data from the "Argentine Army", Brandsen (who appears credited in that document as "Cap- tain Federico Brandsen") defeated the above mentioned Co- lonel Valdes in the "Battle of the White Tower" on November 11. Apparently, the "Royalist" enemy army was "superior to the battalion commanded by Brandsen" who defeated Val- des on the way to Huacho (a city placed on the Peruvian departamento of Lima). The following day, the soldiers arrived to Huacho. Precisely, in Peru, Brandsen met a lady named Rosa Jáuregui, granddaughter of Agustin Jauregui y Aldecoa, who was Viceroy of that republic between 1780 and 1784 and daughter of Tomas de Jauregui. On April 28, 1821, Brandsen and Jauregui got married in the church "Saint Mary" ("Santa Maria"), placed in Huaura, being Jose de San Martin the best man of that wedding. On May 22, 1822, a son was born in Lima. He was baptized with the name of Jose Luis Benjamin Gerardo de Brandsen y Jau- regui. Years later, the twins Luisa and Trinidad de Brand- sen y Jauregui were born during their stay in Santiago de Chile. It has to be mentioned that the respect and the admira- tion from Brandsen towards San Martin appears notably in his books, among them, the abobe mentioned "diary" and the "Sketches For the History of the Campaigns of Peru" ("Apuntaciones Para la Historia de las Campañas del Perú"). In those books, the Colonel considers San Martin as a "man of an extraordinary mind" who "came from the margins of the Plata to break the chains of the Peruvians and to reestablish the freedom in the empire of the magni- ficent Incas." About San Martin´s exile, Brandsen admitted that "his re- treat was the sign of the unruliness of all the passions." Using the figurated sense, the Colonel wrote: "in the mid- dle of his glory, the black envy threw against that great man its hellish poison, the perfidy made its daggers, the ingratitude with a heart of bronze disturbed the hero´s soul." Besides, Brandsen compares San Martin´s uncom- parable nobility with the ability to play Orpheus´ lyre, cha- racter of the Greek mithology and the "freedom of the soul" with the nymph Eurydice, and at the same time, he

considers that the "Sword could be an instrument of the crime when it is moved by the selfishness", but it could be "God´s flaming iron in the right hand of the Archangel", that is why San Martin is an "armed angel", like a kind of "Gabriel", that means "God´s force"." In fact, Brandsen refers to the "Angel" or "Archangel Gabriel" who appears in the “Book of Gabriel” (chapter 8, 16 and chapter 9, 21 – 27, from the “Old Testament”). Later, he reappears in the “Gospel of Saint Luke”, (chapter 1, 19 and chapter 1, 26 - 37, of the “New Testament”), announcing Zachary the birth of John the Baptist and Mary the birth of "Emmanuel" (a Hebrew term that means "God is with us") or "Christo" (from the Latin word “Christus” and the Greek term “Khris- tos”, meaning “anointed”), also mentioned también as "Je- sus” (from the Latin word “Iesus” and the Hebrew term “Ye- hosuá”, meaning "Saviour"). Besides, Brandsen said that San Martin was "more sen- sitive than ambitious". On May 17, 1821, Brandsen was promoted as a "Lieute- nant Colonel of the Army of the Andes". On July 9, the "Tak- ing of the City of Lima" took place, while on July 28, Brand- sen took part of the declaration of the Peruvian Independen- ce. On July 29, General Juan Gualberto Gregorio de Las Heras ordered to take El Callao by assault and then to take the "Fortress" ("Fortaleza"), placed on a Peruvian coastal consitutional province. Notwithstanding, in Brandsen´s "Leaf of Services" the taking to the Callao is dated on August 14 and its surrender on September 21. On August 18 the same year, the "Peruvian Legion of the Guard" was formed. It was at the command of the Marquis of Torre Tagle, whose real name was Jose Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero. In fact, Brandsen lead two squadrons called "Hussars", a name taken from the Hungarian soldiers of Light Cavalry. At the same time, the "Battalion of Infantry" was at the command of Colonel William Miller and the "Company of Light Field Artillery" was at the command of Captain Alvarez de Arena- les (though several sources admit that his name was Juan Antonio Alvarez de Arenales, the Peruvian Army mentions him as "Captain Jose Alvarez de Arenales"). In January, 1822, Brandsen received the diploma of the "Order of the Sun of Peru" and in September, San Martin, after being named “Protector of Peru”, designated to Brandsen as a "Graduate Colonel" and "Commanding

Officer of the Regiment of Hussars of the Peruvian Legion of the Guard", under the rank of "Lieutenant Colonel". Be- sides, he took part of the “Second Campaign of the Inter- mediate Harbors" as the "General Commander of the South Coast", under the command of the Bolivian General Andres Santa Cruz. The string of victories in 1822 came to an end on December 30, when Captain José Correa, from Mendo- za, another Argentine province, won the "Battle of Chun- changa" to the Royal enemies who were even more numer- ous than troops lead by Brandsen. On May, 1823, Brandsen was promoted as "Chief Com- mander of the Vanguard of the Expeditionary Army to In- termediate Harbors". Nine days later, the expedition to those harbors took place. On July, 6, due to his act, the Indepen- dence of Moquegua was declared. Moquegua was the capi- tal city of a Peruvian departament. On August 25, the Colo- nel was prominent in the “Battle of Zepita”, leading the left wing of the "Patriot Army". Between September 18 y 19, Brandsen stood out in the battles of Sica Sica and Ayoayo (or Ayo Ayo). On February 8, 1824, Brandsen was invested as "Ge- neral Commander of the Cavalry and Commanding Officer of the Vanguard of the Troops of Peru". Two days later, General Jose de San Martin made a comment about his de- parture to Europe in the ship "Le Boyonnais" (though other sources mention it as "Le Bayonnais"), in particular, to Southampton (England). Later, he would go to London with the purpose to accompany Mercedes, his daughter, so she could study in a college. In that letter, San Martin sends “a million of things to my lady his wife and many other kisses to my godson.” In fact, Jose Francisco de San Martín y Matorras and Charles Louis Frédéric de Brandsen were comperes, that is to say, General San Martin was the god- father of the Colonel´s son. Precisely, in a dialogue with Juan Galo Lavalle, Brandsen said: "See, Commander, with Commander Officers like Napoleon I or like my compere San Martin, you can go to the sacrifice". After the "Independing Battles", Brandsen was acknow- ledged due to his ability to detect ignote zones. Meanwhile, he was promoted as “General of Brigate" for the Peruvian president, Jose Mariano de la Riva Aguero, after being transfered to the town of Trujillo. But the president was de- posed, that is why Brandsen decided to form an army in

order to try to get Riva Aguero back to his position. How- ver, the result was negative, because the first Peruvian president was arrested and transfered later to Guayaquil; the army was dissolved and Brandsen was also arrested after a trial held by a "Council of War". The Colonel men- tioned that incident in a letter written to his wife, Rosa Jau- regui, from Trujillo and dated on March 25, 1824, stating his condition of “arrested, confused and desesperate”, blaming on "a traitor”. This is the way Brandsen refers to Simon Bolivar, who founded the ”Republic of the Great Colombia” in 1819. He was also its president to 1830. In fact, the Colonels who fought with Napoleon I Bonaparte critized the “lack of aptitude for war” from Bolivar, who was also known as "The Liberator" ("El Libertador"). Be- sides, Brandsen himself made a comment about it in his "Diary of the Campaign of the South of Chile" (Diario de la Campaña del Sur de Chile): “Alvear es el pacha de Bolivar” ("Alvear is Bolivar´s pasha"). The term “pacha” or "pasha" (that can also be found as “pachá” o “bajá”) derives from the Arabian word “bascha” and from the Turkish term “paschá” and refers to the title that the Turk- ish Governors of Province receive. By the way, the ex- pression “to live like a pasha” means "to live with luxury or ostentation”. On April 14, 1824, Brandsen sends another letter to his wife mentioning his freedom. At the same time, on A- pril 14 the same year, in another letter, the Colonel admit- ted that "the Liberator" ordered the exiles of him and an- other French Colonel, Peter Raulet, also known as Pedro Raulet, who was at command of the "Squadron Hussars of the Escort", that was formed in January 1821, towards Chile. In other letter, in this case dated on May 8, 1824, Brandsen stated that "the Liberator" allowed him to choose between the embark to Chile or his stay in Trujillo, in spite of having ordered his exile to Chile. However, according to the Bibliography of Colonel Brandsen, by Salas, the incident happened this way: Brandsen met Riva Aguero in the brig "Catalina" in 1823. Brandsen asked for a passport to Trujillo in order to meet his family again. That passport was given in October that year. On October 27, Brandsen went to the "Palace of Government" to greet San Martin. At the same time, the Colonel asked for the confirmation of his passports. How-

ever, Brandsen was welcomed by Simon Bolivar, who suggested the Colonel not to take part of Riva Aguero´s army. Brandsen replied that he was in Trujillo because his family lived near that town and, at the same time, he did not know anything about the existence of that army. In fact, Brandsen felt a great affection for Riva Agüero. But there was a great antagonism between him and San Martin, because Riva Agüero took part of the mutiny that motivated Bernardo de Monteagudo´s resign in 1822. Monteagudo was one of San Martin´s Ministers. Later, Riva Agüero had an argument with San Martin. Besides, there was a chance to achieve a Royalist alliance in or- der to expel Bolivar from Peru. Precisely, that alliance was proposed by Riva Aguero. After the Peruvian president was arrested by Colonel Antonio Gutierrez de la Torre, Brandsen was welcomed by the Marquis of Torre Tagle. Then, Minister Juan Berin- doaga asked Brandsen if he was interested in replacing him as "Brigadier". Curiously, Brandsen replied by ask- ing permission to go to a town called Mazo for a month due to "family reasons", which was accepted. At that mo- ment, San Martin was very ill in the Peruvian valley of Pativilca. Despite the seven leagues that separated Mazo with Pativilca, San Martin forbade Brandsen´s visit, be- cause "he was very upset against him". Meanwhile, Tomas de Heres (who had been named Governor and Prefect of Trujillo) communicated Brand- sen that he had to go to Chile. On February 2, 1825, after the "Battle of Ayacucho", Brandsen went to Lima in order to greet Jose de San Martin´s Secretary, known as "Colonel Perez", and He- res. Paradoxically, Brandsen was arrested and obliged to name a Defender (he was the Peruvian Colonel Do- mingo Tristan y Moscoso). The "Council of War" was presided by the Brigadier Jo- se Rivadeneyra. On February 4, Brandsen appears be- fore that Council being charged of "breaking his word of honor about not taking part on anything on Riva Aguero´s side" and "having returned to Peru without the Govern- ment´s permission". Though the Colonel defended himself by showing reliable documents, Simon Bolivar approved the verdict through a Decree on February 6, 1825. A curious data: among the witnesses who declared during

the trial were Captain D.N. John Tooker Spry and Lieute- nant Colonel Antonio Medina, who at the same time was San Martin´s First Field Assistant. Both were present du- ring the interview between Brandsen and Bolivar. How- ever, the "Colonel Perez" and Tomas de Heres declined to make a statement. In a letter to Rosa Jauregui, without an established date, written on the harbor of Callao while Brandsen was aboard an English ship called "HSM Tartar", the Colonel made clear that Bolivar no longer obliged Brandsen to leave Peru, that is why the Brandsen family could live in that country without being obliged to taking asylum "in strange lands". Notwithstanding, the Colonel wrote his last letter to his wife (at least, the Santa Coloma Brand- sen family has, in his documents, letters from Brandsen to Jauregui from 1821 (year of his wedding) to March 5, 1825, the date of his trip to Chile aboard the ship "Livo- nia"). In fact, in Santiago of Chile not only the two daugh- ters of the marriage Brandsen-Jauregui (as it was men- tioned before) but also Brandsen criticized Venezuelan Brigadier Tomas de Heres, who, after trying to join the Sanmartinian forces, he was expelled for San Martin in 1820. After deciding to fight against Antonio Jose de Sucre´s army during the battle of Guayaquil. Besides, he fought with Bolivar in the campaign of Peru. In fact, he and Sucre had argued before de la Riva Aguero be- ing deposed. But Brandsen had been chosen to replace the Peruvian politician in that event. Precisely, it was To- mas de Heres himself who showed an article written by Brandsen published in Santiago of Chile in which the Co- lonel made the statements before mentioned. That docu- ment id found in the book "History of the American Inde- pendence" (Historia de la Independencia Americana...), written by General Daniel Florencio O` Leary (also known as D.F. O` Leary) and published in 1919. The chapter is titled "Exposition that the Brigadier Tomas de Heres Shows to the Public About the Accusations that Mr. Federico Brandsen in an Article published in Santiago of Chile" (Exposicion que el General de Brigada Tomas de Heres presenta al publico sobre las acusaciones que le hace D. Federico Brandsen en un impreso publicado en San- tiago de Chile.

According to Yaben, Brandsen was also criticized by the Spanish Colonel (settled in Lima) Antonio Teran Gon- zalez, who wrote and edited a pamphlet named "Refuta- tion of the Paper Published in Chile and Titled Appeal to the Peruvian Nation, written by Federico de Brandsen" (Refutacion del Papel Publicado en Chile con el Titulo de Apelacion a la Nacion Peruana, escrito por Federico de Brandsen. The Colonel replied through a paper dated in August 1825 and distributed by the "National Printing House of Santiago of Chile". Notwithstanding, Brandsen is notified that his rank of “Graduate Colonel of Cavalry" would be taken into account by Juan Gualberto Gregorio de Las Heras, who was the Governor of Buenos Aires. Besides, Brandsen had been promoted to "Colonel of Cavalry of the United Provinces of the River Plate", on November 30, 1825. Later, Brandsen returned to Buenos Aires on January 20, 1826. From that moment, he took part of the "Army of Observation", at the command of General Martin Rodriguez, with whom he fought against the Brazilian empire. Precise- ly, an article titled "The Colonel sir Federico de Brandsen" was included in the copy of that day of the newspaper "The Araucanian Decade" ("La Decada Araucana"). That article was related to his arrival from Chile. However, the same e- vent has been notified by the newspaper "The National" ("El Nacional") in the article "Arrival of Colonel Brandsen to Buenos Aires" ("Arribo del Coronel Brandsen a Buenos Ai- res") dated on January 12,1826. At the same time, that text would be transcripted in "The Araucanian Decade" on "Fe- bruary 16" that year. Three days later, Brandsen was at the command of the “Regiment of Cavalry of Tanks 1” with the rank of "Comman- ding Officer of the First Regiment of Cavalry of the United Provinces of the River Plate". He also took part of the war against Brazil at the command of that squadron. On Decem- ber 26, the General Carlos Maria de Alvear, at the same time Chief Commander, promoted Brandsen with the rank of "Chief Lieutenant of the Second Division of the Second Unit of the Argentine Army of Operations Against Brazil". On February 20, 1827, Alvear ordered Colonel Brandsen to attackt against a powerful Brazilian defense during the re- membered "Battle of Ituzaingo" (also mentioned in several documents as "Pass of the Rosary" or "Paso del Rosario").

However, the field was not apt for the "Regiment of Cavalry of Tanks 1", because there was, apparently, a "deep ravine". According to certain documents, Alvear and Brandsen had the following dialogue: - Alvear: Colonel, would you not say this to the Empe- ror, or do you feel any fear? - Brandsen: No fear, my General, the order will be ful- filled, as it is your order. But I will not be in the next meeting of this General Staff. However, according to the book "City of Angels" ("Ciudad de Angeles"), written by Daniel Omar Lopez Mato, this was the dialogue: - Alvear: Colonel Brandsen. When the Emperor Napo- leon gave an order on the battlefield, none of his Chief Com- manders observed it, though he knew he was going to die. - Brandsen: General, that is all right, I know I am going to die, but I will execute your order. Later, the Colonel gave his final order: ¡First of Cavalry, charge!. Brandsen and General Juan Galo Lavalle´s brother, Lieutenant Ignacio Lavalle (that is the name which appears in the list of deceased in the "Battle of Ituzaingo", though Pa- cho O´ Donnell admits that his name was Simon Lavalle and, according to Lopez Mato, he was the Ensign Joaquin Lava- lle), were shot down, together with several other soldiers. The "Imperialist" soldiers had slaughtered Brandsen´s horse (according to Salas, it was a Chilean chestnut colour- ed horse, but according to the Argentine historian Jose Pa- cifico Otero, it was a dapple-gray horse that was a present from San Martin). Then, Brandsen was shot while he was laying on the ground. Later, the "Imperialist" soldiers took his medals and clothes. His naked and mutilated remains were found by a General from Cuyo, Argentina, named Gre- gorio Espejo, and buried in the battlefield. However, his widow, Rosa Jauregui de Brandsen, asks for the body of her husband to the government of Brazil, that was in charge of Peter I, which was granted. But there is another controversy, because according to Lopez Mato it was Juan Galo Lavalle who found Brandsen and his as- sistant´s remains (as I mentioned before, the later was La-

valle´s brother). At the same time, he gave the objects that he had found near the Colonel´s corpse to his widow, Rosa Jauregui. Those objects were Brandsen´s diary of memo- ries, his clock and his medals. However, according to Ya- ben and other authors, it was the "Lieutenant of Engineers Sir Jose Estanislao Vial" who wanted to rescue Brandsen´s corpse, that is why he was arrested by the Imperialist sol- diers, while, according to Lopez Mato, Vial only wanted to repatriate Brandsen´s remains. Finally, the author Bernardo Gonzalez Arrili mentions that it was Colonel Jose Maria Paz who found Brandsen´s naked remains "at the light of the fire". Precisely, it is Gonzalez Arrili who gave an interesting view of the "Battle of Ituzaingo" in his book "History of Argen- tina According to the Biographies of Its Men and Women" ("Historia de la Argentina Segun Las Biografias de Sus Hom- bres y Mujeres"). In the chapter titled "Ituzaingo", the writer mentions the Colonel as "Chief Commander of the division formed by the 1st. and the 3rd. (Unit) of cavalry". Brandsen, while watching a big ravine, made a comment to Alvear. Then, there was a dialogue similar to the one that was mentioned by Lopez Mato, but with some variations: - Alvear: Colonel Brandsen. When Napoleon gave an order on the battlefield, none of his Chief Commanders ob- served it, although they knew they were going to die. I will fo- llow you. - Brandsen: That is all right, my General; I know how to fulfill my duty. In the military jargon, the expression "to observe an order" means "to correct" or "to amend an order". The Colonel, who bore his medals in the front part of his medals and had his sword in a hand, had lost his belongings (according to Francisco Agustin Wright, in his biography a- bout Brandsen, he only had, at that moment, some of his me- dals and not "all" of them, as many authors admit). Then, he gave an order and watches Alvear galloping beside him. Brandsen shouted: "General. I see with grief that you took a place that I believed I could take with honor". Alvear under- stood that the Colonel was feeling that he was despised, be- cause Brandsen himself thought he was the one who deserved the General´s place, because the Colonel had the emblem of

the Napoleonic "Legion of Honor". According to Gonzalez A- rrili, Brandsen had given General Angel Pacheco "his clock and his wallet for the future widow", contradicting the other authors who affirm that it was Juan Galo Lavalle who found "Brandsen´s clock" and gave it to the Colonel´s widow, as it was mentioned above. According to General Pacheco´s per- sonal diary, Brandsen had told the later to take to his corpse his wallet, because it had "reserved family notes". Precisely, those notes were in that wallet, but not his diary (as it is ad- mitted by several authors), that was in the pocket of the Colo- nel´s uniform. Then, the squadrons fought "crashing, swirling and disorga- nizing themselves in the ravine". Brandsen, who had been hurt, decided to retreat in order to reorganize his Squadron a the edge of that ravine. At that moment, the Colonel was shot and fell over his assistant, Lieutenant Ignacio Lavalle. Brandsen gave his final order laying on the ground: "Charge!". The soldiers were defeated after retreating. Finally, the Impe- rial army decided to flee when they saw Lavalle and his troop. According to the same source, Juan Galo Lavalle and his men passed through the battlefield during the night of that Fe- bruary 20. Apparently, and it was mentioned before, Colonel Paz found Brandsen´s dead body. But there is another controversy: Brandsen was defeated in the site known as "ravine" on the battlefield. According to Gonzalez Arrili, the Colonel decided to fight from the most complex area of the site, while the Imperial soldiers were at forty meters on the opposite side. In fact, Brandsen had or- dered to march in an echeloned way and by squadrons, be- cause he was accustomed to fight that way. However, Alvear had suggested Brandsen to attack "in line". According to Pa- checo, that was the reason why Alvear and Brandsen argued strongly. However, Alvear did not make any comment about that argument in his "War Dispatch", there he admits that "the divisions Brandzen and Paz stayed in reserve, a little on the rear side between the first and 3rd. unit". When the enemy marched towards the left and the central side, "I had to use the divisions Paz and Brandzen; the later, who had been call- ed for breaking an Infantry mass, laid gloriously on the battle- field." The day after the "Battle of Ituzaingo" (February 21, 1827), Alvear ordered Bernardino Rivadavia, who was at that time President of the Argentine Republic, that the Colonel had to be

remmbered. On March 19 the same year, Rivadavia decided through a decree that Brandsen had to "appear as being pre- sent in the Regiment 1st. of Cavalry, answering for him his Colonel". Another curious data: the Brigadier Francisco Burdett O` Connor, who was Colonel of the Armies of Colombia and Bri- gadier of the Armies of Peru and General of Division of the Armies of Bolivia, while talking about the "Battle of Ituzaingo", mentioned an "English Chief Commander" named "George Brandsen" who was the "Colonel of a Regiment of Cavalry". Perhaps, O` Connor confused Brandsen with the Colonel "George Beauchef", who was one of Brandsen´s brothers in arms, believing, perhaps, that he was English due to the Dutch origin of the Colonel´s surname. After the War Dispatch being published, Tomas Guido sent a letter to San Martin making a comment about that do- cument. Besides, Guido wrote that one of the most distin- guished losses was Colonel Brandsen, losing the Country "a brilliant Chief Commander, and San Martin a true friend." In fact, the General replied, during his stay in Brussels, Belgium: "I have been lamenting a lot about Brandsen´s death, it is very difficult to replace his lost." Precisely, there is another controversy, because the histo- rian Carlos I. Salas admits that General San Martin called Brand- sen to the Colonel. Besides, according to the same source, that is the way the surname is written in his Act of Baptism. However, according to other reliable documents, among them, the "War Dispatch" published with the title of "Official Documents about the Battle of Ituzaingo, existing in the General National Archive" (Do- cumentos Oficiales acerca de la Batalla de Ituzaingo, existente en el Archivo General de la Nacion) and a text titled "Long, Long, Long Live the Country!" (¡Viva, Viva, Viva la Patria!), published on February 21, 1827, which is found in the "National Historical Museum", Alvear named to the Colonel Brandzen. In fact, in the above mentioned paper, Alvear wrote this paragraph: "The lost of the army of the Republic does not reach to 400 men between wounded and dead; being sensitive, among them, the intrepid Colonel Brandzen, who fell in the charge in front of his regiment." Besides, while reading the list of dead, wounded y dispersed mili- tars during that battle, I found in the part of "Dead" belonging to the "Regiment Nro. 1st. of Cavalry" (sic), the name of the Colo- nel Mr. Federico Brandzen ("Coronel D. Federico Brandzen"). Even the Decree in which it is stated that a "Ribbon of Honor"

had to be given to the Victors of Ituzaingo and that the memories of Brandsen and Besares had to be respected, written by the Mi- nister Secretary of War and Navy, mister Francisco de la Cruz and datedon March 19, 1827, it is declared in the Fourth Article that "the Colonel of the First Line Regiment, Mister Federico Brandzen, and the Commander of Squadron of the Second, Mr. Manuel Bezares, who gloriously died on the battlefield, shall call the roll in presence in those units answering for the first the Co- lonel, and for the second the Lieutenant Colonel and perpetuat- ing in that way their meritorious memory". However, according to Lopez Mato, the practice of "call the roll in absence", as a kind of homage to Brandsen and Besares, is no longer done. Again, the author makes another controversial remark, because he mentions to "Brandsen and the Commander Bogares", when they really are "Brandsen and the Commander Besares". Then, I made a parallel research and found a lot of informa- tion related to the surname Brandsen, taking into account that the Colonel´s father was, as it was mentioned above, Dutch. I found that the surname is German and dates from before the 5th Century. It derives from the word brinnan and it means flash. It also may refer to someone who lives near a brant, that is to say, an agricultural area that was cleaned with fire, a very com- mon practice in former times. Besides, there are "more than fifty different ways recorded of the surname Brandsen, among them, Brandzen, Brandtzen and Brandtsen, which it could ex- plain why the surname is written in several forms. Besides, Al- vear and other militars who met the Colonel should have had reliable information as to call him Brandzen. Apart from that, in the book Latin America`s Wars: The Age of The Caudillo, 1791-1899, written by Robert L. Scheina, he is mentioned as Col. Hollander Brandsen in the chapter titled Battle of Ituzain- go (Paso del Rosario). In fact, the term Hollander is used to mention people from the Netherlands. Besides, the real surname is de Brandsen and not only Brandsen, as many people think. Another data: in many portraits of the Colonel, he signed Fede- rico de Brandsen. On February 21, 1828, Brandsen´s remains were buried in the “Recoleta Cemetery”. According to the same sources, Juan Manuel de Rosas (who was Governor of Buenos Aires) honored the memory of the Coronel in several times, especially between 1829 and 1834. Precisely, Rosas ordered a Decree by which a monument to Brandsen was erected in the "Northern Cemete- ry" of Buenos Aires. In fact, Eduardo Trole (a French Colonel be-

fore mentioned) had made a speech during the funeral rites done in that place. Besides, Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear had probably ordered to replace the monument that Rosas had ordenered to e- rect before. Regarding the mausoleum of Brandsen found in the "Recole- ta Cemetery", it consists of a base of 2 meters by 2 meters high and a column of 5 meters high with the bust of the Colonel made of white Carrara by the Italian artist Camilo Romairone and dates from 1905. It is found near the mausoleum of General Carlos Ma- ria de Alvear. However, the portrait of the Colonel was made by Bardas de la Serna and it is a representation of "The Glory". The Colonel´s widow, Rosa Jauregui de Brandsen, got ma- rried with Agustin Wright (according to other sources, his name was Francisco Agustin Wright, although Gonzalez Arrili mentions him as Agustin Francisco Wright). Both decided to move to Mon- tevideo, Uruguay during the government of Juan Manuel de Ro- sas. Precisely, Jauregui, who had been a seamstress after Agus- tin Wright´s death, returned to Buenos Aires after a mediation from General Tomas Guido (who has been mentioned before). As a consequence, Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas allowed Jau- regui´s return and gave her a pension. Wright and Jauregui were also the parents of Francisca Varela Wright (also known with the pseudonym of "Pepa") who would get married with Rufino Varela Cane. After Brandsen´s death, Jose, his son, decided to change his name for Federico de Brandsen y Jauregui, as it appears in se- veral documents. He worked as the "Treasurer of Customs" and got married with Justa Pagola Araujo. Their children were Rosa de Brandsen y Pagola and Federico de Brandsen y Pagola. Ro- sa got married with the National deputy Tomas Santa Coloma Mo- ron on June 11,1874. However, Federico de Brandsen y Pagola is mentioned as belonging to the "Degree Nº 3" (that equals to Master) of the "Lodge Dawn2 (Aurora), related to the "Lodge Con- solation of the Misfortune" ("Consuelo del Infortunio"), that also in- cluded the Engineer Pedro Benoit (son), who was also the design- er of the medal of that Lodge and the shield of La Plata (the capi- tal city of the province of Buenos Aires), which are very similar; the lawyer, writer and politician Jose Pedro Crisologo Marmol, au- thor of the famous novel "Amalia", published in 1855; the architect and painter Prilidiano Pueyrredon; the physician and pharmaceu- tical Ignacio Pirovano, who was honoured with the naming of the "Hospital Pirovano", in Coghlan, Buenos Aires, among others. In several consulted documents during my research, I only

took notice of the existence of the Colonel´s granddaughter, Rosa de Brandsen y Pagola, but I had not found any mention to a milita- ry´s grandson until the founding of the Lodge above mentioned. In fact, there is a long list where these data appear in Number 23: "Brandsen, Federico, Public Employee, born in 1825 and initiated on August 19,1863". In the section called "Reference Marks" (Lla- madas), included as a footnote, this information is included: (4) Federico Brandsen (G.S.). Grandson of the homonymous mason and militar of the War of the Independence. Finally, in the section called "Descendants of the Warriors of the Independence" (Des- cendientes de Guerreros de la Independencia), this information appears: "Cnel. Federico BRANDSEN (1785-1827): Federico BRANDSEN: Grandson. He was the son of the Treasurer of Cus- toms, of the same name, died in 1871." Precisely, Jose (or Fede- rico) de Brandsen y Jauregui died on October 17, 1871 in Capi- tal Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Though it is a little probable tha Brandsen and Jauregui, who got married in 1821, had become grandparents in 1825, both data could be reliable. In fact, that in- formation appears in notes, magazine articles, such as the publica- tion number 67 of "Symbol" (Simbolo), books (for example, "Ency- clopedic Dictionary of Freemasonry" (Diccionario Enciclopedico de la Masoneria), written by Lorenzo Frau Abrines, and in files be- longing to the Great Lodge of Argentina. At the same time, Colonel Brandsen, Bernardo O` Higgins, Juan Gualberto Gregorio de Las Heras, Jose de San Martin and other "Founding Fathers" ("Proce- res") are mentioned in documents recently found in Peru which are related to the "Lautaro Lodge" and his connection with the Freemasonry. In several sources, it is confirmed that the Lautaro Lodge was Mirandist, referring to Sebastian Francisco de Miranda Rodriguez, a Colombian "Founding Father". Previously, the Lauta- ro Lodge had names such as Society of Lautaro and Lodge of the Rational Knights. According to those data, their motif was Union, Faith and Victory. In June, 1827, Vicente Casares decided to buy an American merchant ship called "Sylph" that was owned by Captain Thomas Farrin. On June 7,1828, that ship was inscribed as a "Corsair Brig" and rebaptized with the name "General Brandsen". That ship was at the command of the American Marine Sergeant Major George de Kay (also known as Jorge de Kay). On June 17, that brig arrived to the estuary placed in the River Plate. Despite be- ing attacked by cannons from a ship called "Niger" (although it was an Argentine ship, it belonged to the Brazilian empire after its capture) and from a schooner, the crew went on attacking un-

til it sank. Finally, on April 27, 2001, members of the "Argentine Navy" and an archeological subaquatic institution found the re- mains of a ship that could have been the "Corsair Brig General Brandsen". That founding took place in the River Plate. In 1829 Luisa de Brandsen y Jauregui died in the city of Bue- nos Aires. In 1871, her twin sister Trinidad also died in the city above mentioned. Rosa Jauregui de Brandsen y de Wright died on April 14, 1881, also in Buenos Aires. On October 21, 1875, the Decree that originated a new Dis- trict and its capital city, which received the naming of Brandsen, was approved. That denomination was chosen as an homage to the Colonel (In fact, several people admit that the District is called "Colonel Brandsen", that the town is called "Brandsen" and that its name derives from the "Railway Station Colonel Brandsen"). How- ever, according to the researcher Carlos Marcelo Vignola, it was Carlos Casares (Governor of Buenos Aires) who approved the "Proposed Law 994", by which a new District was formed. Mean- while, Vignola admits that the name chosen for that District was "Brandzen", in reference to a town that "by a Provincial Law would take place in Tres Arroyos" in 1868 and that it "was never concreted beyond the papers". On November 20, 1885, the Intendant of Brandsen town, Ru- fino A. Martinez, ordered to erect the cornerstone of the monu- ment to the memory of the Colonel, being Doctor Luis Saenz Pe- ña the best man of that evento. Then, a "Tedeum" took place in the church "Santa Rita" of that town. After that, the above mention- ed cornerstone was uncovered. Finally, some relevant people, such as Doctors Saenz Peña and Angel Justiniano Carranza, gave their speeches. El 6 de noviembre de 1917 se realizaron varios homenajes en honor a Brandsen recordando los cien años de su reclutamiento en el "Ejercito Argentino". Precisamente, se publico su Foja de Servicios titulada Coronel Federico de Brandsen: Conmemora- cion del Primer Centenario de su Ingreso al Ejercito Argentino. On February 20, 1927, the remembrance of the "Centennial of the Battle of Ituzaingo" took place during Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear´s Presidency. The Muncipal Intendant of Brandsen town, mister Juan Bautista Chabagno, refered to the "Colonel Federi- co de Brandsen" as a distinguished warrior. At the same time, Chabagno considered the Colonel as being Argentine for the i- dea that brought him to these lands and a symbol, something

that we own, something that belongs to the inhabitants of Brand- sen. At the same time, monsieur George Picot, the French Ple- nipotentiary Minister at that time, said: "A great and grateful Ar- gentine population holds a wake over your tomb. And from that tomb, a beautiful flower blooms: the French-Argentine friend- ship. Cultivate it, Gentlemen." From May 12, 1931, the above mentioned "Regiment of Ca- valry of Tanks 1" bears the name of "Colonel Brandsen". Now- adays, it is a part of the "Garrison of the Army of Villaguay", in the Argentine province of Entre Ríos, together with the "Regi- ment of Mechanized Infantry 5". On January 31, 1946, the mausoleum of the Colonel was de- clared as a National Historical Monument according to the De- cree Number 3039, being General Edelmiro Julian Farrell the President of the Argentine Republic. In 2002, that mausoleum was repaired. In 2003, a Spanish journalist named Roberto Bardini revealed a series researches done about the controversial "Sect of the Re- verend Sun Myung Moon". In a paragraph titled "The "Good Fe- llas" of the Southern Cone" ("Los "Buenos Muchachos" del Cono Sur") included in the article "Moon (III) At the Conquer of Latin America" ("Moon (III) En la Conquista de America Latina), it is mentioned that the sect bought in 1985 "the representation of a castle built on a field of 130 acres in Lobos, at 100 kilometers from Buenos Aires" and "a farm of 23 acres in the outskirts of Brandsen town." According to some obtained data, that "castle" is part of the "Estancia La Candelaria", placed in Lobos, a town in the province of Buenos Aires. That building was designed by the architect Alberto Fabre probably in the year 1900. Meanwhile, the above mentioned farm is still unknown. Of course, it is widely known that the sect of Moon has contacts with several media and politicians worldwide. On Friday, August 22, 2008, the "Proposed Law Number 1.227", by which the house belonging to Rosa Jauregui, sited in 1,368 Bolivar Street, in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, deserved to be declared a "Historical Site", because it had been "a place connected to past events that had a distinguished, historical and social value." In that document, it was mentioned that Rosa Jaure- gui was nicknamed as "the bride of Huaura" (in reference to his wedding with the Colonel Brandsen in that Peruvian town); "the just married woman of Lima"; "the proscript mother of Santiago de Chile" (in reference to the stay of the Colonel and his family in that city after Brandsen´s release from prison in Peru) and "the widow

of Buenos Aires". In a series of photographs gently sent by mister Daniel Saldeña, that house is placed nowadays between an ice- cream shop and a branch of "Correo Argentino" ("Argentine Mail") and "Western Union. Finally, I include a sentence belonging to Colonel Charles Louis Frederic de Brandsen, which was included in a research organized by Patrick Jacques Puigmal in 2004 by the "CONICYT" ("National Committee of Scientific and Technological Research"), placed in Santiago de Chile, with the purpose of researching in which way the French militia was relevant in the independence of Chile, Argentina and Peru between 1810 and 1830: "I came from France as a volun- teer in order to look for adventure, but that adventure had the inde- pendence of this great region of the world as a goal".

Facade of Rosa Jauregui´s house in Bolivar 1368, Autonomous City of Bue- nos Aires. (Photo: Courtesy of Mr. Daniel Saldeña)

Tomas Santa Coloma Moron, Rosa de Brandsen y Pagola Araujo, Rosa de Brandsen y Pagola Colonel Brandsen and Rosa Jauregui´s Araujo´s husband. granddaughter and Tomas Santa Colo- (Photo: Courtesy of Santa ma Moron´s wife. (Photo: Courtesy of Coloma family) the web site "Genealogia Familiar" ("Familiar Genalogy")

Rosa Jauregui, Colonel Brand- Portrait in miniature of Colonel Charles sen´s widow (Photo: Courtesy Louis Frederic de Brandsen. (Photo: of Licentiate Gonzalo Ranea A- Courtesy of Gonzalo Ranea Arias) rias)

Facade of Rosa Jauregui´s house in Bolivar 1368, Autonomous City of Bue- nos Aires. (Photo: Courtesy of Mr. Daniel Saldeña)

Tomas Santa Coloma Moron, Rosa de Brandsen y Pagola Araujo, Rosa de Brandsen y Pagola Colonel Brandsen and Rosa Jauregui´s Araujo´s husband. granddaughter and Tomas Santa Colo- (Photo: Courtesy of Santa ma Moron´s wife. (Photo: Courtesy of Coloma family) the web site "Genealogia Familiar" ("Familiar Genalogy")

Rosa Jauregui, Colonel Brand- Portrait in miniature of Colonel Charles sen´s widow (Photo: Courtesy Louis Frederic de Brandsen. (Photo: of Licentiate Gonzalo Ranea A- Courtesy of Gonzalo Ranea Arias) rias)

Doctor Tomas Antonio Santa Coloma Señorans, teacher Pablo Martin Aguero and Licen- tiate Gonzalo Ranea Arias in the “Secretary of Culture” in Brandsen, Buenos Aires, Ar- gentina, on June 24, 2011. (Photo: Mariana Alejandra Aguero).

Pablo Martin Aguero during the presentation of the book “Charles Louis Frederic de Brandsen: His Biography” in the “Secretary of Culture” in Brandsen, Buenos Aires, Argentina, on June 24, 2011 (Source: Article “El Coronel Tiene Quien le Escriba” ("Someone Writes to The Colonel"), “Semanario Tribuna” (paper "Tribune"), on-line version, published on June 28, 2011.

MEDALS AND RANKS The Colonel Charles Louis Frédéric de Brandsen received several recog- nitions due to his valuable action in the battles where he fought. In the following list, some of Brandsen´s most relevant medals and ranks are included. Although this data is based on the work of Argentine historian Carlos I. Salas (and which appears almost in all the articles pu- blished about Brandsen), I have decided to make a distinction between the "Napeolonic Era" and the "Sanmartinian Era" in order to bring a more specific historical view: NAPOLEONIC ERA 1. Captain of Cavalry of the "French Army". 2. Knight of the "Légion d´Honneur" ("Legion of Honor"). 3. Knight of the "Italian Royal Order of the Iron Curtain". SANMARTINIAN ERA 1. Captain of Cavalry of Chile. 2. Commmander of the "Peruvian Legion of the Hussars of the Guard". 3. General Commander of Cavalry and Commanding Chief of the "Van- guard of the Troops of Peru". 4. Brigadier of the Peruvian Army. 5. Coronel de Caballería de la República Argentina. 6. Awarded with the "Meritorious Legion of Chile with the Ribbons and the Medal of Maipu" and with the "Golden Medal with Diamonds of the Liberating Army of Peru". 7. Meritorious Member of the "Golden Order of Peru".

CONSULTED SOURCES 1. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia (Artículo: Federico de Brand- sen. Autor: Dr. Tomás Antonio Santa Coloma). 2. Artículo Héroes (Fuente: Cementerio de la Recoleta). 3. Articulo La Educación de Mercedes (Autor: Profesor Enrique Mario Mayochi. Libro: José de San Martín Libertador de Améri- ca. Edición: Instituto Nacional Sanmartiniano) (Fuente: San Martín - Los Documentos del Cruce. Sitio: Clarín Digital). 4. Libro El Águila Guerrera Parte II (Autor: Pacho O´ Donnell) ("Editorial Sudamericana") (versión on-line). 5. Artículos Documentos que avalan la batalla de Nasca, El Ins- tituto Sanmartiniano opina en 1950 al Congreso que la primera batalla de la independencia fue en Nasca y Federico Brandsen Heroe de la Batalla de Nasca) (Autor: Wilfredo Gameros Casti- llo) (Fuente: Publicaciones). 6. Artículo Reseña Histórica (Fuente: Regimiento de Caballería de Tanques 1 "Cnel. Brandsen" ). 7. Diccionario Enciclopédico Quillet" ("Promotora Editorial, S.A. de C.V.", 1990). 8. Libro El Santo de la Espada (Autor: Ricardo Rojas) (90º Millar, "Editorial Losada, S.A.", Buenos Aires). 9. Artículo Emilio Ocampo y una nueva visión de Alvear ante la historia) (Fuente: Sitio al Márgen). 10. Diccionario Básico Espasa Quince ("Editorial Espasa-Cal- pe, S.A.", Madrid, 1984). 11. Artículo Waterloo... 1815-2004 (Autor: Bernard Coppens) (Fuente: 1789-1825, Waterloo). 12. Artículo Bautzen 20-12 May 1813 (Autor: Richard Moore) (Fuente: Napoleonic Guide). 13. Artículo San Martín y la Cultura (Autor: Julio César Gance- do) (Fuente: Instituto Nacional Sanmartiniano). 14. Artículo Pedro Ramos (Fuente: Libros Iconografía de Rosas y de la Federación. Autor: Fermín Chávez y Efemérides Histó- ricas. Autores: Oscar J. Planell Zanone y Oscar A. Turrone. Fuen- te: Metapedia). 15. Artículo Rosa Jáuregui de Brandsen y de Wright. (Fuente: Gendering Latin American Independence Project of the Univer- sity of Nottingham). 16. Artículo Biografía de Francisco Agustín Wright (Fuente: A- puntes Biográficos de Autores, Oradores y Hombres de Estado de la República. Autor: Juan María Gutiérrez) (Sitio: Wikisource, la Biblioteca Libre).

17. Artículo La Controvertida Misiva de San Martín a Bolívar del 29 de Agosto de 1822 (Autor: Jorge G. Paredes M., Profesor de Historia y Geografía, Lima, Perú). 18. Encarta 2006 Biblioteca Premium. 19. Artículo 30 de Diciembre – Hace tiempo, un día como hoy o- curría… (Fuente: Ministerio de Cultura y Educación – República del Paraguay). 20. Artículo Efemérides Junio (Fuente: Armada Argentina – Sitio Oficial). 21. Artículo Efemérides del Mes Febrero, Efemérides del Mes Octubre y Efemérides del Mes Noviembre (Fuente: Tradition). 22. Artículo Cronología de San Martín) (Autor: José Luis Busani- che) (Fuente: Foro Sanmartiniano). 23. Artículo La Orden de la Corona de Hierro (1805-1814) (Autor: Doctor Stewart Addington Saint-David) (Fuente: Instituto Napo- leónico México-Francia). 24. Diccionario Alemán Español/Spanisch Deutsch (Autor: E. Ma. Martínez Amador, Editorial Cuyás Hymsa, 20ª. Edición, 1986). 25. Dictionaire Moderne Français – Espagnol Larousse (Auto- res: Ramón García Pelayo y Gross y Jean Testas) (Editorial Librairie Larousse, 1967). 26. Libro La Santa Biblia (14ª. Edición) (Ediciones Paulinas - 1964). 27. Juventud PPR (Partido Popular para la Reconstrucción) (si- tio web oficial). 28. Sitio de Internet GeneaNet (Autor: Marcos Juan Belgrano La- pache). 29. Libro Holy Blood, Holy Grail (Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh y Henry Lincoln) (1982) (versión española titulada El Enigma Sa- grado - Editorial Martínez Roca, 1985). 30. Libro Consuelo del Infortunio - Capítulo 1 (Autor: Alcibiades Lappas) (versión on-line). 31. Artículo Moon (III) A la conquista de América Latina) (Autor: Roberto Bardini) (Fuente: Sun Myung Moon, El Reverendo Moon (detractores)). 32. Proyecto de Ley Nº. 1227, fechado el 22 de Agosto de 2008. 33. Artículo Las Logias Libertadoras (Autor: Roberto Castillo Se- morille). 34. Artículo Le Bulletin du 20 juin 1815 (Autor: Bernard Coppens) (Fuente: 1789-1815 Bulletin de Waterloo). 35. Artículo El Señor Almirante D. Guillermo Brown. Campaña de la Guerra con el Brasil (Autor: Dr. Juan Carlos Arellano Nasso). 36. Artículo En Ese Entonces (Conclusión: Pueblito de Ferrari, Estación Ferrari, Brandsen, Historia de Brandsen) (Autor: Profe- sor Daniel Chiarenza). 37. Artículo Enjoy Argentina Argentina Tours, Hotel, Viajes y Tu-

rismo Alrededores en Buenos Aires Lobos. 38. Libro virtual Patrimonio Cultural en Cementerios y Rituales de la Muerte Tomo II (Compiladora: Lic. Leticia Maronese, "Co- misión para la Preservación del Patrimonio Histórico Cultural de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires", "Secretaría de Gobierno de Buenos Aires"). 39. www.seedwiki.com (Artículo Santa Coloma). 40. Artículo Ejército Argentino (Fuente: Gourt Home). 41. FONDECYT ("Concurso Nacional de Proyectos FONDECYT Regular 2004") (Fuente: CONDECYT: Comisión Nacional de In- vestigación Científica y Tecnológica, Santiago, Chile). 42. Libro The Da Vinci Code (Autor: Dan Brown) (edición 2003) ("Editorial Anchor Books" - año 2006). 43. Sitio de Internet www.mp3lyrics.org (Apartado: Running Wild Lyrics - Battle of Waterloo). 44. Artículo Creator Fleury de Chaboulon, Pierre Alexandre (Fuen- te: Internet Archive Search). 45. Libro Ciudad de Ángeles - Historia de La Recoleta (Autor: Daniel Omar López Mato) (Ediciones del Autor - Bs. As., 2001) (versión en Internet). 46. Artículo Concepto Histórico de la Caballería y Su Actual Sig- nificado (Fuente: "Escuela de Caballería - Ejército Nacional", Bo- gota, Colombia). 47. Artículo La Influencia del Barón de Jómini Sobre la Estrategia Adoptada por el General Alvear en la Guerra con el Imperio del Brasil (Autor: Emilio Ocampo) (Fuente: "VIII Seminario Argentino- Chileno", "II Seminario Cono Sur de Ciencias Sociales, Humanida- des y Relaciones Internacionales", Mendoza, 8 al 11 de Marzo de 2006). 48. Artículo La Independencia del Perú - La Guía de Historia (Au- tores: Abogada y Profesora Hilda Fingermann; Licenciado Joa- quín Montaño Luengo; Licenciada Malena Lede; Licenciado San- tiago Pastrana y Licenciada Chus Meaños). 49. Artículo Unidades Históricas (Fuente: "Ejército Militar Perua- no"). 50. Artículo Brandsen (Fuente: Heráldica Argentina). 51. Artículo Surname: Brandsen - Surname Scroll (Fuente: Name Origin Research). 52. Libro Historia de Un Pueblo - Brandsen y Su Gente 1745 - 1900 (Autor: Doctor Frutos Enrique Ortíz, "Editorial Dunken", año 2000). 53. Artículo Junio (Fuente: Efemérides069). 54. Artículo Jáuregui de Brandsen y de Wright, Rosa (Fuente: Li- bro Diccionario Biográfico de Mujeres Argentinas (Aumentado y Actualizado) (Autora: Lily Sosa de Newton) (3era. Edición: 1986 - "Editorial Plus Ultra"). 55. Libro Grandes Hombres de Nuestra Patria - Tomo 1 (Aparta-

do Federico de Brandsen) (Colaboradores: Enrique Udaondo, Ricardo Piccirilli, Capitán de Navío Humberto F. Burzio y otros) ("Editorial Pleamar", Buenos Aires). 56. Libro Coronel Federico de Brandsen: Conmemoración del Primer Centenario de su Ingreso al Ejercito Argentino - Su Foja de Servicios ("Talleres Gráficos J. Weiss y Presuche" - 1917). 57. Libro Documentos Oficiales Acerca de la Batalla de Ituzain- gó, Existente en el Archivo General de la Nación. 58. Libro La Campaña del Brasil y La Batalla de Ituzaingó (Autor: Carlos Correa Luna)/Documentos Oficiales/Notas Biográficas (Autor: Enrique Udaondo) ("Talleres Gráficos del Instituto Geográ- fico Militar" - 1927). 59. Libro Discursos Pronunciados en los Actos de Conmemora- ción del Centenario de Ituzaingo. 60. Cuaderno de Divulgación Anecdotario Histórico de Brandsen (Autor: Carlos A. Garma). 61. Libro Biografias Argentinas y Sudamericanas (Autor: Capitán de Fragata (R) D. Jacinto Yabén). 62. Plano del Campo de Batalla de Ituzaingó (20 Febrero de 1827) Tomado de la Carta General del Brasil. 63. Cuaderno de Divulgación Una Figura Singular en la Guerra de la Independencia: Coronel Carlos Luis Federico de Brandsen (Au- tor: Guillermo Ramon Díaz) (Fuente: "Junta de Estudios Históricos del Partido de Brandsen" - Octubre de 2007). 64. Libro Historia Argentina y Americana - Tomo II (Introducción del Dr. Joaquín Vicente González) (Autores: Ricardo Levene y Ri- cardo Levene (h.) ("Bibliográfica Omeba" - "Editorial Bibliográfica Argentina", 1970). 65. Libro Bibliografía del Coronel Don Federico de Brandsen (Au- tor: Carlos I. Salas) (2a. Edición Considerablemente Aumentada) (Buenos Aires, "Compañía Sud-Americana de Billetes de Banco", 1910). 66. Artículo Federico Brandsen (1785-1827) (Fuente: "IESE" - "Ins- tituto de Enseñanza Superior del Ejército"). 67. Artículo A 182 Años del Fallecimiento del Coronel Carlos Luis Federico Brandsen (Autor: Pablo Martín Agüero) (Fuente: Semana- rio Tribuna, Brandsen, 21 de febrero de 2009). 68. Libro Memoirs of General Miller, In The Service of The Repu- blic of Peru In Two Volumes (Volume 1) (Autor: John Miller) (Impre- so para Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Oreen) (Editorial "Pa- ternoster-Bow", Londres, 1828). 69. Artículo Subordinados Europeos del Gral. San Martín. Aparta- do Federico de Brandsen (Autor: Diego Alejandro Soria) (Fuente "Instituto Nacional Sanmartiniano"). 70. Libro Latin America´s Wars: The Age of The Caudillo, 1791- 1899 Volume 1 (Autor: Robert L. Scheina) (Editorial Brassey´s Inc.).

71. Artículo José de San Martín, 1ra. Parte (Fuente: Gazeta de Montserrat - Junta de Estudios Históricos de Montserrat). 72. Artículo A 224 Años del Nacimiento del Coronel Brandsen (Autor: Pablo Agüero) (Fuente: Semanario Tribuna, Brandsen, 28 de noviembre de 2009). 73. E-mails enviados por el Dr. Tomás Antonio Santa Coloma a Pablo Martín Agüero. 74. Libro Historia de la Argentina Según las Biografías de sus Hombres y Mujeres (Autor: Bernardo González Arrili) (Editorial Nobis, Buenos Aires, 1966). 75. Artículo El Combate del Bergantín General Brandsen (Autor: Profesor Julio Luqi Lagleyze) (Fuente: Historia y Arqueología Marítima). 76. Artículos Un Bergantín que Guarda el Valor de los Primeros Marinos y Creen que ya Encontraron el Barco Corsario (Fuente: Diario El Día (Edición Internet), La Plata, Buenos Aires, fecha 27 de abril de 2001). 77. Libro Historia de San Martín y de la Emancipación Sudame- ricana (Autor: Bartolomé Mitre) ("Editorial Anaconda", 1950). 78. Cuaderno de Divulgación Origen, Formación y Afianzamien- to del Partido y Pueblo de Brandsen (Autor: Carlos Marcelo Vig- nola) ("Junta de Estudios Históricos del Partido de Brandsen", Octubre de 2007). 79. Libro Historia del Libertador Don José de San Martín (8 To- mos) (Autor: José Pacífico Otero) ("Círculo Militar", diciembre de 1978). 80. Lista Masones Ilustres Argentinos - La Masonería Argentina y Sus Hombres (Fuente: Logia Mazzini 118). 81. Artículos Bolívar y su Vinculación a la Orden (Autor: Álvaro Fernández Mejía, Maestre) y The Masonic Concept of Liberty Freemasonry and the Enlightenment (Autor: W. Bro Alex David- son, Past Master) (Fuente: Pietre-Stones - Review of Freema- sonry). 82. Sitio de Internet Salida Campestre Brandsen - Buenos Aires. 83. Artículo El Gran Amor de Brandsen, Héroe de Ituzaingó (Au- tor: Dardo Corvalán Mendilaharsu. Publicado el 8 de mayo de 1942. Gentileza: Gonzalo Ranea Arias vía e-mail enviado a Pa- blo Martín Agüero el 10 de mayo de 2011). 84. E-Mail Brandsen & Vermeer enviado desde Rotterdam, Paí- ses Bajos, por Rendert Vermeer a Pablo Martín Agüero el 19 de julio de 2011.

85. Artículo Declararon de Interés Libro Sobre el Coronel Brand- sen (Fuente: Semanario “Tribuna”, Brandsen, 15 de junio de 2011. 86. Reseña Libro Sobre Brandsen (Fuente: Sección Cosas de la Semana del Semanario “Tribuna”, Brandsen, 22 de junio de 2011). 86. Artículo El Coronel Tiene Quien Le Escriba (Fuente: Semana-

rio “Tribuna”, Brandsen, 28 de junio de 2011). 87. Artículo Nuevo Libro Sobre El Coronel Brandsen (Fuente: Re- vista “Noti Sur” (Brandsen, junio de 2011).

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Pablo Martin Aguero was born in Rafaela, province of Santa Fe, Ar- gentina, on June 16, 1978. His parents, Mariano Esteban Aguero and Ana Maria Gastaldo, are retired teachers. His older sister, Mariana Alejandra Aguero, is a secretary and his older brother, Diego Domingo Aguero, is a Licen- tiate on Political Sciences. He initiated his Primary Education in the "School Nº 6079 - Mar- cos Sastre" in Sancti Spiritu, in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina. In 1990, he finished his Primary Education in the "School Nº 1295" in Venado Tuerto, in the above mentioned province. In 1991, he started his Secondary Education in the "Institute Sanc- ti Spiritu" (nowadays, "E.E.M.P.I. Nº 1196") and finished it in 1999 in the "E.E.M.P.A Nº 1195" of the above mentioned town. At the following year, he initiated his Universitary Education in the "Instituto de Profesorado Nº 7 Brigadier Estanislao Lopez", in Vena- do Tuerto. In 2004, he obtained the degree of "Teacher of English". In 2005, he started working in several Primary and Secondary schools. In 2006, he decided to move to Brandsen, Buenos Aires. In that year, he collaborated with the "Microcosmos Foundation" and became interested in "Nanotechnology", achieving a personal contact with "Fore- sight Nanotech Institute", placed in Palo Alto, California, U.S.A. From that year, the author also worked as a "Teacher of English" in several Primary, Secondary and Terciary schools. In February, 2008, Aguero has started researching about the Co- lonel Brandsen´s biography. At the same time, he translated some documents for the enterprise "DyP Gestión Ambiental", in Brandsen, and initiated contacts through e-mail with "Nanowerk.com" (Germany); "NASA World Service"; "National Geographic" and "Discovery Channel" (the United States), among other institutions. He is also suscribed to the official web sites of the musicians Paul McCartney, Mike Oldfield and Carlos Santana. In 2011, his first book, "Charles Louis Frederic de Brandsen: His Biography" ("Charles Louis Frederic de Brandsen: Su Biografía") was published and declared of "Municipal Interest" by the "Honorable Town Council" ("Honorable Concejo Deliberante") of Brandsen. Between August 2011 and October 2012, he has worked in the third unpublished edition of that research. Nowadays, Pablo Martin Aguero still lives in Brandsen working in schools as a Teacher of English. Besides, he does researches and makes translations independently. He is also a free-lance musician.