Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar...

58
Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College 1

Transcript of Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar...

Page 1: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 1

Page 2: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 2

Exploring the Heavens

Lunar Phases

Eclipses

History

Page 3: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 3

Outline

Notes Review Lunar Phases; Eclipses (0.3) History (1.1,1.2)

Page 4: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 4

Lab Notes

• No in-class lab this week.• Telescope intro or resources part• Be thinking about those “report” labs.

Page 5: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 5

Your Folder• Full name on the tab• BIG name on the front• Major on upper right• Class on lower left• A comment about yourself on the lower right• Inside - your most recent, or current, math class

(subject, course number, and year taken.)• Include your daily three minute papers! You can

reuse pages, just add the date.• Say something specific.

Page 6: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 6

Review

• What was the most important thing you learned?• The smaller the parallax shift of an

object the further away the object is.• There are 2 radians in a circle.

Page 7: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 7

Radians

• Not just an extra button on your calculator• 2 radians in a circle• Conversion formula

2 rad = 360°

• Conversion practice page on-line!

Page 8: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 8

Small Angle Approximation

• Angle must be in radians• Angle must be small

• (opposite << adjacent)

• Then: sin() tan()

Page 9: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 9

Small Angle Approximation

• For small angles in radians:

angle = baseline/distance

Page 10: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 10

Small Angle Approximation

• For small angles in radians:

angle = baseline/distance

or

distance = baseline/angle

or

baseline = angle*distance

Page 11: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 11

You see your friend in the distance and measure that they “subtend” 1 degree.

How many radians is that?

A) 57

B) 1.6

C) .034

D) .017

E) .012

Page 12: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 12

You know your friend is 1.6m tall, and that they “subtend” 0.017 radians.

How many far away are they?

A) 94m

B) 0.27m

C) 163m

D) 57m

E) 106m

Page 13: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 13

Lunar Phases

Page 14: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 14

Figure 1.1Lunar Phases

Page 15: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 15

Which lunar phase rises at Sunset?

A) New.

B) First quarter.

C) Full.

D) Third quarter.

Page 16: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 16

Which lunar phase rises at Sunset?

A) New.

B) First quarter.

C) Full.

D) Third quarter.

Page 17: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 17

Vocabulary

• phases• new moon• first quarter• full moon• third quarter• crescent moon• gibbous• waxing• waning

Page 18: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 18

Which lunar phase is overhead at sunset?

A) New.

B) First quarter.

C) Full.

D) Third quarter.

Page 19: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 19

Which lunar phase is overhead at sunset?

A) New.

B) First quarter.

C) Full.

D) Third quarter.

Page 20: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 20

Figure 1.1Lunar Phases

Page 21: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 21

Eclipses

Page 22: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 22

• Earth-Moon model

Page 23: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 23

Figure 1.2Lunar Eclipse

Page 24: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 24

Figure 1.3Solar Eclipse

Page 25: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 25

Figure 1.4Solar Eclipse Types

Page 26: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 26

Figure 1.5Eclipse Geometry

Page 27: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 27

Figure 1.6Eclipse Tracks

Page 28: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 28

Discovery 1-1bThe Scientific Method

Page 29: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 29

Review

• The tilt of the ecliptic is 23.5°.• The tilt of the Moon’s orbit compared to the

ecliptic is 5.2°• The tilt is always 5.2°, however, the orbit

precesses (wobbles). Cycle is ~18.6 years.

Page 30: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 30

Where does the full moon rise on June 21?

A) North of east (by more than 5°)

B) Within 5.2° of due east

C) South of east (by more than 5°)

D) Not enough information

Page 31: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 31

Where does the full moon rise on June 21?

A) North of east (by more than 5°)

B) Within 5.2° of due east

C) South of east (by more than 5°)

D) Not enough information

Page 32: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 32

Discussion

• Does the full moon get higher in the sky during summer or winter?

• The tilt of the Moon’s orbit compared to the ecliptic is 5.2°

• How high in the sky does the moon ever get?

• Where on the horizon would it rise then?

Page 33: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 33

Chapter 1

Planets

Page 34: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 34

Planets

• There are five “wanderers” in the sky.• Two are morning/evening stars

• Mercury• Morning or evening star.• Always close to the sun• Very quickly in and out of sight.

• Venus• Morning or evening star.• Brightest object next to the Sun and the Moon.• Can see it in broad daylight.

Page 35: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 35

Planets

• Three are seen any time of night.• Brightest during retrograde (westward) motion

• Mars• Very red• Seen about every two years

• Jupiter• Brightest object next to Venus• Seen about every year(+)

• Saturn• Brighter than most stars• Seen about every year(+)

Page 36: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 36

Figure 1.7Planetary Motions

Page 37: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 37

Geocentric Universe

• Must explain both motion and brightness.• Epicycles used to explain motion and

brightness.• Deferent is the larger circle on which the

epicycle moves.• Ptolomy (~A.D. 140) constructed the best

of the geocentric models.• Eventually had to add epicycles onto the

epicycles.

Page 38: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 38

Figure 1.8Geocentric Model

Page 39: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 39

Figure 1.9Ptolemy’s Model

Page 40: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 40

Figure 1.10Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)

Page 41: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 41

Helioentric Universe

• Sun centered model.• The Copernican Revolution.• Much simpler (recall Occam’s razor).• But no more accurate.• Epicycles still needed to explain all

motion.• Retrograde motion is just from

perspective.

Page 42: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 42

Figure 1.11Retrograde Motion

Page 43: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 43

Figure 1.12Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

Page 44: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 44

Galileo’s Observations

• First to use a telescope to look at objects in the sky.• Moon mountains, craters.• Sunspots.• Jupiter’s moons.• Venus phases.

• Supported the view that the Earth was not the center of things.

Page 45: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 45

Figure 1.13Galilean Moons

Page 46: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 46

Figure 1.14aVenus Phases

Page 47: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 47

Figure 1.14bVenus Phases

Page 48: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 48

Summary

• Simpler models are better.• The Earth is not the center of things.

Page 49: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 49

Review

• What was the most important thing you learned?• The further north you go, the lower the sun

gets. The opposite is true for the north star.• The sun is always higher in Durango than GJ (Grand Junction) at noon.

• It’s a lot easier to find out the answer the (PRS) questions when you discuss it thoroughly with your classmates.

Page 50: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 50

Review

• What questions do you still have about today?• If you did the Durango/Grand Junction thing in

the tropics, would the results vary?• Yes, because the sun could be either North or South

of your position.

Page 51: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 51

How high does the sun ever get in the Durango (37° N latitude) sky?

A) 37° above the Southern horizon

B) 53° above the Southern horizon

C) 76.5° above the Southern horizon

D) 90° straight up

Page 52: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 52

How high does the sun ever get in the Durango (37° N latitude) sky?

A) 37° above the Southern horizon

B) 53° above the Southern horizon

C) 76.5° above the Southern horizon

D) 90° straight up

Page 53: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 53

Figure P.11Parallax

Page 54: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 54

Distances to Stars

• The biggest baseline is the best.• Use the diameter of the Earth’s orbit.

(distance = baseline/angle)• A Parsec is the distance of an object when

the observed parallax shift is one arc second when the baseline is one average radius of the Earth’s orbit (1 Astronomical Unit = 1 AU).

1 pc = 3.09x1013km = 3.3ly

Page 55: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 55

Figure 10.1Stellar Parallax

Page 56: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 56

You observe identical twins in the distance and measure their angular height. Joe appears 0.8 degrees tall and Bob appears 0.3 degrees tall.

A) Joe is a little farther away than Bob

B) Joe is more than twice as far away as Bob

C) Bob is a little farther away than Joe

D) Bob is more than twice as far away as Joe

E) Not enough information

Page 57: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 57

You observe identical twins in the distance and measure their angular height. Joe appears 0.8 degrees tall and Bob appears 0.3 degrees tall.

A) Joe is a little farther away than Bob

B) Joe is more than twice as far away as Bob

C) Bob is a little farther away than Joe

D) Bob is more than twice as far away as Joe

E) Not enough information

Page 58: Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Exploring the Heavens Lunar Phases Eclipses History.

Charles HakesFort Lewis College 58

Three Minute Paper

• Write 1-3 sentences.• What was the most important thing

you learned today?• What questions do you still have

about today’s topics?