Charcoal production, ecosystem and wellbeing in Mozambique

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Mansour Mahamane 1 , Frank Vollmer 2 , Sophia Baumert 1 , Ana Luz, Maria Julieta Matediane 3 , James Paterson 2 , Emily Wollen 2 , Genevieve Patenaude 2 , Isilda Nhantumbo 3 , Marc Metzger 2 , Almeida Sitoe 1 , Luis Artur 1 , Romana Bandeira 1 , Mariana Carvahlo 1, Jone Fernando Junior 1 , Janet Fisher 2 , Isla Grundy 4 , Duncan Macqueen 3 , Sa Nogueira Lisboa 1 , Natasha Ribeiro 1 , Casey Ryan 2 , Hemant Tripathi 2 1 University Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique; 2 University of Edinburgh, UK; 3 IIED ; 4 University of Zimbabwe Charcoal production, ecosystem services and wellbeing in Mozambique: searching for winwin scenarios in Mopane woodland Pedro Zorrilla Miras 2 pedro.zorrilla[email protected]

Transcript of Charcoal production, ecosystem and wellbeing in Mozambique

Page 1: Charcoal production, ecosystem and wellbeing in Mozambique

Mansour Mahamane1, Frank Vollmer2, Sophia Baumert1, Ana Luz, Maria Julieta Matediane3, James Paterson2, Emily Wollen2, Genevieve Patenaude2, Isilda Nhantumbo3, Marc Metzger2, Almeida Sitoe1, Luis Artur1, Romana Bandeira1, Mariana Carvahlo1, Jone Fernando Junior1, Janet Fisher2,  Isla Grundy4, Duncan Macqueen3, Sa Nogueira Lisboa1, Natasha Ribeiro1, Casey Ryan2, Hemant Tripathi2

1 University Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique; 2 University of Edinburgh, UK; 3 IIED ; 4 University of Zimbabwe 

Charcoal production, ecosystem services and wellbeing in Mozambique:searching for win‐win scenarios in Mopane woodland

Pedro Zorrilla Miras2pedro.zorrilla‐[email protected]

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‐More than 70% of poor households live in rural areas‐ Only 60% of rural people have access to safe water

Mozambique is undeniably poor 

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High deforestation (0.2‐1.7%/yr, Marzoli 2007) &  degradation rates (2‐3%/yr, Ryan et al. 2012)

Photos: Courtesy of Casey Ryan

https://miomboaces.wordpress.com

Compounded with important ecological changes

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What are the impacts of woodland conversion & degradation and how does this affect the rural poor of MZ

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Three case studies

Niassa ProvinceMarrupa district

Zambezia ProvinceGurue district

Gaza ProvinceMabalane district

Maputo

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7‐10 villages selected along a gradient of land use intensity

< 140 households per village

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Social and Economic approachesBiophysical approaches

Scoping visits

• Participatory mapping• Households list• GIS mapping: village infrastructure, limits, ES availability• Village surveys

• C/N analysis (forests, fields)• Biodiversity• Bird

• Qualitative appraisals‐ wealth ranking ‐ Seasonal calendar‐ Trend analysis

• Household survey (260 hh, 80%)

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Study area

Gaza province has highest number of charcoal licences throughout the country.

Map: Courtesy of Ana Luz 

First land cover change driver in MabalaneDistrict:

Charcoal production

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Importance of charcoal for income in Mabalane

Charcoal production is one of the main economic activities in the Mabalane district to generate cash income (for 67% of sample)

Sources of Income

Figure: Courtesy of Frank Vollmer 

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Mopane woodlands Mabalane district

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Charcoal kilnMabalane district

Photo: Courtesy of Emily Woollen

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Mopane woodland after charcoal production Mabalane district

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Farmlands: dry climate and poor quality soilMabalane district

Photo: Courtesy of Emily Woollen

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Two types of charcoal supply chains identified small‐scale (village)  large‐scale outsider operators 

Figure: Courtesy of Sophia Baumert

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VALUE GENERATION AT VILLAGE LEVEL

1) Local production and selling to wholesalers 

2) Outsider production

MZN/sack MZN/sack20% of licences issued 15 15Licence fee of association  45Contribution to village by outsiders  25Margins for local producers  167Revenues to village  227 40

Margins for wholesaler/outsider 280 490

Total annual % remaining in village  44.8 7.7

8% of the total profit generated remains within the communities.

When local producers and associations are involved the value can increase to 45%.

Profit distribution

Table: Courtesy of Sophia Baumert

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Income distribution

Unequal production pattern

Unequal income distribution (Gini = 0.48; official rural Gini = 0.37)

Lorenz Curve Income

80% of households producing charcoal of the sampled total60% of hhs <= the mean production 

Figure and Table: Courtesy of Frank Vollmer 

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Conceptualization of multidimensional well‐being

• Alkire‐Foster method for well‐being aggregation (decomposability; focus on acute well‐being) 

List of well‐being dimensions, Indicators, cut‐off lines and weightingsDimensions Indicators Deprived if… Nested weighting scale 

Human capital 

1. Sanitation

2. Water

1. Health 1 (under‐five mortality)

1. Health 2 (access to health care)

1. Formal Education (illiteracy, highest qualification achieved)

1. The household´s sanitation facility is not improved (according to the MDG guidelines), or it is improved but shared with other households 

2. The household does not have all‐year long access to clean drinking water (according to the MDG guidelines) or clean water is more than 30 minutes walking from home

3. Any child has died in the household 

4. Illnesses remain undiagnosed and untreated by professional health specialists 

5. No household member is able to read and write and no household member achieved at a minimum EP1 or attended the Portuguese colonial school system . 

0.66 (6.7)

0.66 (6.7)

0.66 (6.7)

0.66 (6.7)

0.66 (6.7)

Social capital

1. Food security 

2. Access to services, associations and credit

1. Household did experience a food shortage in the past

2. The household did not receive advice from an extension agent during the last 12 months, and did not receive a credit in the last 12 months, and is currently not a member in an agricultural or forestry association.

1.665 (16.6)

1.665 (16.6)

Economic capital

1. Assets owned

1. Housing (floor, roof, walls)

1. If do not own more than one of: radio, TV, telephone, bicycle, bed, motorbike or refrigerator and do not own a car or truck 

2. The household has sand or smoothed mud floor, the household has grass or poles roof; the household has sand, mud, grass or poles walls 

1.665 (16.6)

1.665 (16.6)

Table: Courtesy of Frank Vollmer 

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Integrating tools approach

Current land cover map

Land cover map in 2035Ecosystem services

Rural wellbeing

Bayesian belief networks

QUICKScan

Scen

arios o

f the

 future m

aps

Ecosystem services map in 2035

Cenário A                 Cenário B             Cenário CScenarios of the future

GIS

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Scenarios approach

Identification of  main land use change drivers in Mozambique

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Scenarios approach

Identification of  main land use change drivers in Mozambique

Construction of scenarios narratives

Evaluation of the narratives

Final construction of scenarios at national and 

provincial scale

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Cenário A

Public policies stronger promoting international and large scale private sector as the main development motor and a reduced local voice (participation) accompanied with low implementation of social and environmental policy provisions.

Resulting scenarios: 

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Empowered citizens improve the      organization of civil society

Cenário B

There is also a real commitment of the government for improving education and training and for practicing of a more open and transparent governance.

The proliferation of internet‐based technologies, increases the voice of local organizations

Local organizations push the government to increase the public involvement in rural 

development an improvement of the public services. 

Resulting scenarios: 

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Cenário C

At the same time an improvement in education, empowerment and environmental stewardship allows some communities to self‐organise and improve their well‐being. 

Large parts of Mozambique’s land are in long term private leases or concessions 

Resulting scenarios: 

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BBN approach

video

First internal BBN draft

Workshops for construction of 

BBN

Workhops at 3 scales

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BBN workshops at village scale

video

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BBN workshops at province scale

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BBN approach

video

First internal BBN draft

Workshops for construction of 

BBN

Analysis of results: 

first version of the BBN

Adaptation to data availability

Population with data

Evaluation and corrections

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Mabalane‐Charcoal BBN

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Interventionse.g. Adapt charcoal licensing process to communities

Outsider drivers of changee.g. Charcoal demand

Land use/land cover changee.g. farmland, type of forest (mopane, simbiri, etc)

Ecosystem servicese.g. firewood, wild animals, grazing, 

Well‐being componentse.g. firewood collection time, food security

Access processes and barriers

Resulting BBN

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Scenario A

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Scenario A

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Scenario B

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Scenario C

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Scenario B

POOREST HH

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Scenario B

POOREST HH

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Scenario B

POOR HH

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Scenario B

BETTER OFF HH

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Scenario B Land use map in 2035

Current mapCurrent Land use map Scenario A Land use map in 2035

Resulting maps from the modelling 

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Comparison of future charcoal availability maps

Scenario B ‐ Charcoal availability map in 2035

Current Charcoal availability map Scenario A ‐ Charcoal availability map in 2035

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Thank you

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Mansour Mahamane1, Frank Vollmer2, Sophia Baumert1, Ana Luz, Maria Julieta Matediane3, James Paterson2, Emily Wollen2, Genevieve Patenaude2, Isilda Nhantumbo3, Marc Metzger2, Almeida Sitoe1, Luis Artur1, Romana Bandeira1, Mariana Carvahlo1, Jone Fernando Junior1, Janet Fisher2,  Isla Grundy4, Duncan Macqueen3, Sa Nogueira Lisboa1, Natasha Ribeiro1, Casey Ryan2, Hemant Tripathi2

1 University Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique; 2 University of Edinburgh, UK; 3 IIED ; 4 University of Zimbabwe 

Charcoal production, ecosystem services and wellbeing in Mozambique:searching for win‐win scenarios in Mopane woodland

Pedro Zorrilla Miras2pedro.zorrilla‐[email protected]