Characterizing the Behavior of Metal- Based Systems Used ... Library/Events/2016/fy16 cs...

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2016MasteringtheSubsurfaceThroughTechnologyInnova;onandCollabora;on:CarbonStorageandOilandNaturalGasTechnologiesReviewMee;ng

CharacterizingtheBehaviorofMetal-BasedSystemsUsedforControlDevices

inExtremeEnvironments JeffreyA.Hawk

SMT,ME&M,NETL,Albany,ORAugust16,2016

hIps://edx.netl.doe.gov/udw

WellboreIntegrityDriversResulPngfromMacondo

A.   ImprovingtheSafetyofOffshoreOperaPons1.  TheNeedforaNewApproachtoRiskAssessmentand

ManagementØ  “…neithertheindustry’snorthefederalgovernment’sapproachesto

managingandoverseeingtheleasinganddevelopmentofoffshoreresourceshavekeptpacewithrapidchangesinthetechnology,prac2ces,andrisksassociatedwiththedifferentgeologicalandoceanenvironmentsbeingexploredanddevelopedforoilandgas.”

Ø  “Alsomissinghasbeenanysystema2cupda2ngoftheriskassessmentandriskmanagementtoolsusedasthebasisforregulaNon.”

B.   SafeguardingtheEnvironment2.  TheNeedforGreaterInteragencyConsultaNon

v  AcNonsneededtoimplementtheserecommendaNons:Ø  TheDepartmentofEnergy,NOAA,theU.S.GeologicalSurvey,andother

interestedagenciesshouldestablishajointresearchprogramtosystema2callycollectcri2calscien2ficdata,fillresearchgaps

NaPonalCommissionontheBPDeepwaterHorizonOilSpillOffshoreDrillingRecommendaPons


Post-MacondoTechnologyRe-Focusing:RiskReducPonTechnologies

Post-Katrina Mars Platform Post-Ike: Mad Dog spar

Operations Risk Reduction

Surface Facilities and Subsea Equipment Risk Reduction

TechnologyFocusonSafety&EnvironmentalSustainability

SelectedUltra-DeepwaterTechnologiesRelatedtoDeepwaterChallenges


NETL’sOffshorePorXolio-TargePngPrevenPonofTopOffshoreSpillRisks

Schematic representation of offshore spill risk profile

%ofrecordedspills&drillingphaseintheGOM&NorthSea-Source:SINTEFDatabase

KeyDriversfortheOffshorePorXolio:•  Recentoffshoreevents,suchasKatrina/Rita(2005)&DeepwaterHorizonspill(2010)•  2010ExecuNveOrder13547,InteragencyOceanPolicyTaskForce(IOPTF)

•  ExecuNveagencies(includingDOE)challengedtoenhancenaNonalstewardshipoftheocean,coasts,&GreatLakes•  2012ChallengesIdenNfiedbyDOI’sOESACSpillPrevenNonSubcommibee

•  DeepwaterandoffshorefronNerareasfaceproducNonrisksthatarefundamentallydisNnctfromonshoreoperaNons

-Izonetal.2007

NETLORD’sOffshorePorXolioTargetKeyE&PRisksAssociatedwithExtremeOffshoreHydrocarbons:

•  CemenNngFailures•  Equipment&CasingFailures

•  Higherrisktargets,“exploratory”systems


GoalsandObjecPvesProgrammaNcGoal(s)§  DevelopscienNficbasetobeabletoapplyquanNtaNveriskassessmentformalismto

evaluatetheexploraNonandproducNonofdeepwater(DW)andultra-deepwater(UDW)resourcesastheypertaintodownhole,metal-basedsystems.

Challenges§  Unknown/illdefinedmaterialmechanicalbehaviorandenvironmentalperformance

measuresforultra-deepwellsourservicecondiNons.§  Lackofgoodenvironment-mechanicalperformanceunderstandingforultra-high

strengthsteels&Ni-basealloysasfuncNonsofpH,H2SconcentraNon,chloridecontent,andtemperature(i.e.,ultra-deepwellsourenvironment).

§  KnowledgegapinhowsurfacemodificaNontreatmentscanimprovethecorrosionand/orfaNgueresistanceofvariousmaterialsinultra-deepwellsourenvironments.

ProjectObjecNves§  AssesscurrentmaterialsofconstrucNonfordrilling,compleNonandproducNon

acNviNes,BHA,BOP,etc.,aswellasotherassociatedequipment,toincludeprimaryfailuremechanisms,failurefrequency,rootcauseoffailure,etc.

§  Evaluateandcharacterizepersistentmaterialsissues,especiallythosewithcatastrophicfailurepotenNal,suchasfaNgue,intypicalDW(sweet&sour)andUDW(sour)environments.


ExpectedBenefits

ExpectedBenefit(s)

§  BeberandmorecompleteunderstandingofmaterialbehaviorinDWandUDWenvironmentsespeciallywithrespecttometal-basedmaterialsrelatedcomponentfailures.

§  AmodelontheeffectofenvironmentonfaNguecrackgrowthrateinsourserviceenvironmentonhighstrengthsteelsusedindeepwelldrillingthatcanbeusedforfaNguelifepredicNon.

§  EvaluaNonoftheeffectofsurfacetreatment(e.g.,hammerpeening,LowPlasNcityBurnishing,orsomeothersurfacemodificaNontechnique)oncorrosionresistanceand/orfaNguestrengthinUDWenvironments.PotenNalforextendingusefullifeofdown-holeassemblyand/ordrillpipe.

§  UnderstandcriNcalaspectsofuncertaintyandriskrelatedtometal-basedsystemsusedinDWandUDWenvironments.


GeneralBackground•  NewlydevelopedsteelDrillPipeprovidessignificantadvantage:

–  Higherstrength–  BeberstrengthtoweightraNo–  ImprovedfaNgueperformance

•  Primaryareasofconcernare–  SulfideStressCorrosionCracking–  FractureToughness–  FaNgueCrackGrowthRates

•  Roleofenvironmentalvariables–  pH,pH2S,Chloride,Temperature

•  QuenchedandTemperedMartensiPcSteelwithanYSof165ksi WiredPipeDistributed

SensorConcept

SignalBoosters&InstrumentaPon

EnablingTechnology:FirstHPHTDPCell:Testedto150psiDP(2XFullScale)withStaPcPressureProtecPonto22,500psi.Accurateto0.5%FullScale–tesPng2psifullscaledevice–tosense0.2ppgchangeoveraonefootinterval


OffshorePipelines–RisersandFlowlines•  Risersandflowlinesareused

inoffshoreoilandgasproducNon.

•  TheyareprimarilyusedfortransporNngoilandgasfluids.

•  TheyexperienceharshenvironmentsandvariousloadingcondiNons.

NewDesignMethodologyandAlgorithmforImprovedPerformanceinHazardousSeaCondiPons


ConceptualFrameworkforUltraDeepWell-HP-HTSourServiceMaterialsPerformance

Exis;ngMaterials

DevelopMaterialsData

DesignCurves&ECAAnalysis FundamentalUnderstanding

&LifePredic;on

NewMaterials&Mi;ga;onStrategies


FacetsofCorrosionFaPgueofImportancetoOil&GasIndustry

CorrosionFa;gueintheOil&Gas

Industry

MaterialsProper;es&ProcessingFactors• YSeffects• Composi;onaleffects• Weldfillers• Weldprocessing• Reelingopera;ons

ModelingEnvironmental&MicromechanicalProper;es

• H2SEffects• pHlimits• Trappedhydrogen• ΔKeffects• da/dNpredic;ons

CRA’s• Ni-basedalloys• CladNi-basedalloys• HSweldableTi-alloys• Duplex/Superduplex• HSLAsteels• Surfacemodifica;on

DevelopmentofRP/Guidelines

• Recommendedprac;ces• IndustryStandards• DesignGuidelines


EnvironmentalAspects:ResistancetoSSC

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

H2S partial pressure (bar)

pH

Region 3

Region 2

Region 1Region 0

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

H2S partial pressure (bar)

pH

Region 3

Region 2

Region 1Region 0

WhatistheeffectofenvironmentalparametersonFCGRandFT?

•  EnvironmentalVariables–  pH–  pH2S,chloridecontent–  Temperature

•  LoadingVariables–  ΔK,R-raNo–  Frequency(f)–  SoakingNme

•  MaterialsofInterest–  UD-165–  S-135–  C-110–  LinePipeSteels(X52/X65/X70/X80)–  Highstrengthnickelsuperalloys

Goalofrela2ngmaterial&mechanicalproper2estotheloadingcondi2onsandenvironmentalvariables.


ExperiencewithHPHTandDeepWellCondiPons•  SupercriPcalCO2environmentscontainingwater:50°C

(122°F)and15MPa(2176psi)–  Testedabilitytomeasurecorrosionofcarbonsteel

transmissionpipelinesinlowconducNvitysoluNons.•  SodiumchloridesoluPons(brines)withvaryingpHcontaining

H2S:200°C(392°F)and1.5MPa(218psi).–  StudyingkineNcandmechanisNcaspectsofenvironmentally

assistedcracking(hydrogenembriblement,stresscorrosioncracking,corrosionfaNgue)iniNaNonstepfordevelopingbestpracNcesforcorrosionprotecNonofdrillingmaterials(S-135andUD-165).

•  Cement-simulatedporesoluPons:containingCO2:100°C(212°F)and10MPa(1450psi)–  Studyingcorrosionmechanismsofcasingalloys(L-80and

Q-125)forimprovingeffecNvenessofcathodicprotecNon,developmentofcement-basedcorrosioncoaNngs,anddevelopmentofnewalloys.

–  Note:Corrosionstudiesinacement-simulatedporesoluNoncontainingCO2andH2Sareinprogress.

150 µm


SummaryofNETLCollaboraPveResearchonMetalBasedSystems(from2009)

1)  MaterialsPerformanceinExtremeUltra-DeepWell&SourGasEnvironments:EffectofPinngonFaNguePerformanceofDrillStringAlloysOregonStateUniversity(Kruzic&Rozman)&NETL(Ziomek-Moroz&Hawk)

2)  Corrosion-FaNgueofUD-165DrillPipeNETL(Ziomek-Moroz&Hawk)&DNV(Thodla&Gui)

3)  SourServiceFaNgueCrackGrowthRate&FractureToughnessTesNngProgramforHighStrengthSteelsNETL(Ziomek-Moroz&Hawk)&DNV(Thodla&Gui)

4)  Ni-BaseCorrosionResistantAlloysforBobomHoleAssemblies(BHA)inUltra-DeepDrillingWestVirginiaUniversity(Liu&Chen)&NETL(Hawk)

5)  Corrosion-FaNguePerformanceofHigh-StrengthRiserSteelsinSeawater&SourBrineEnvironmentSouthwestResearchIns2tute(Hudak)&NETL(Hawk)

6)  MaterialsPerformanceinHigh-Pressure,High-Temperature(HPHT)Ultra-DeepDrillingEnvironmentsNETL(Ziomek-Moroz&Hawk)


SummaryofNETLCollaboraPveResearchonMetalBasedSystems(from2009)

7)  AssessmentofMaterialsRelatedOffshoreFailuresDNV(PadgeZ&Rollins)&NETL(Hawk)

8)  CatalyNcProperNesofH2SinCorrosionDegradaNonofHighStrengthSteelPennsylvaniaStateUniversity(Lvov)&NETL(Ziomek-Moroz)

9)  ElectrochemicalSensorDevelopmentPennsylvaniaStateUniversity(Lvov)&NETL(Ziomek-Moroz)

10)  EffectofYSontheFCGRofLinePipeSteelsinSourEnvironmentsDNV(Thodla&Gui)&NETL(Ziomek-Moroz&Hawk)

11)  EnvironmentallyAssistedFaNgueandFractureofNi-BasedAlloysforHP/HTApplicaNonsDNV(Thodla&Gui)&NETL(Ziomek-Moroz&Hawk)

12)  MaterialsProperNesforOffshoreDW/UDWEnvironments:PropertyCollaNon,DatabaseDevelopmentandAnalysis&DataTrendsNETL(Hawk,Rozman&Ziomek-Moroz)&DNV(Thodla)


Ultra-DeepWellHP/HTApplicaPons

•  Typicalsubseamaterialsusedarehighstrengthsteels;however,theelevatedtemperature&pressuregenerallyrequirestheuseofhighstrengthnickelbasedalloysand/orcladdedconstrucNon.

•  ModificaNonofdesignphilosophy(Fracture&FaNguevs.StressBased)–  EnvironmentallyAssistedFa2gue&Fracturebecomecri2calindesign

§  HP/HTChallengesinvolveT>350°FandP>15ksi.

§  EnvironmentalCondiNons§  SourProducNon

§  HighH2S/ElementalS§  HighCl-

§  SeawaterwithCP§  LowT(40°F)§  ElevatedT?

§  ChallengesinvolveØ  DesignØ  InstallaNonØ  MaterialsØ  OperaNon


ImplicaPonsofDesignPhilosophyStressBasedvs.FractureMechanicsBased

Temperature

pH

H2S/S0

NaCl

YS

HeatTreatment/Alloying

SCCWindow–BasedonStaNcTests

FaNgueBasedDesign–FCGR/SNBased

FractureMechanicsBasedDesign–FaNgue&Fracture


SelectedAccomplishmentstoDate•  UD-165hasslightlybeberHCFbehaviorthandoesS-135inabsoluteterms.

Yieldstresscompensatedbehaviorverysimilarbetweenthetwoalloys.BothS-135andUD-165aresuscepNbletolocalizedcorrosioninsimulatedCaCl2compleNonfluid.AcceleratedcorrosionexperimentsindicateUD-165ismoresuscepNbletolocalizedpinng.AverpinngthesuperiorfaNguestrengthofUD-165relaNvetoS-135isnegated.

•  FaNguecrackgrowthrate(FCGR)ofsteelsinsourenvironmentsishydrogendriven.FCGRiscontrolledbythediffusionofhydrogenthroughthefractureprocesszone&dependsonacriNcalconcentraNonofhydrogen.

•  Roleofyieldstress&microstructureoflinepipesteelsonFCGRbehaviorwasquanNfiedinsourenvironmentsforavarietyofsteelsusedindrilling,compleNon,producNon&transmission.

•  Pinngcorrosion&corrosionfaNguecrackgrowthbehaviorofOGalloy718wereinvesNgatedinNaClsoluNon:§  Determinedtheinfluencingfactorsonthepi]ngcorrosionresistanceofoil-

gradealloy718inNaClsolu2on§  Exploredtheinfluencingfactorsonthecorrosionfa2guecrackgrowthbehavior

ofoil-gradealloy718inNaClsolu2on


SelectedAccomplishmentstoDate•  Effectofmachinehammerpeening&heattreatmentoncorrosion

resistanceofOGalloy718inNaClsoluNonweredetermined:§  Characterizedthesurfacemodifica2onsinducedbymachinehammerpeening&

heattreatment§  Improvedpi]ngcorrosionresistanceofOGalloy718inNaClsolu2onvia

machinehammerpeening§  Improvedunderstandingofdeforma2onmechanism&corrosionmechanismof

OGalloy718abermachinehammerpeening

•  CatalyNcproperNesofH2SincorrosiondegradaNonofhighstrengthsteelsshowthattheincreaseofH2SconcentraNoninthesoluNoncorrelateswithanincreasedamountofSdetectedonthesteelsurfacebyEDS.Withtemperatureincreasefrom85oCto200oC,thesteelsamplescorrodedmoreseverelyduetotheacceleratedcorrosionrate.

•  ThetoughnessofOG718decreasedaschloridecontentinsoluNonincreased,especiallyasthetemperatureincreased.Theeffectonalloy625+waslesspronouncedexceptatthehighesttesttemperature(>200°C).


SynergyOpportunityEvalua2onofBarrierInterfaceIntegrityunderSubsurfaceCondiNons

Evaluatethephysical,chemical,&temporalintegrityofformaNon/cement/casingsystemsusedinextremeoffshoresenngs

atinsitucondiNons

Leadingtothedevelopmentof:•  Cementwithenhancedmechanicalandchemical

stabilitythatprovidescorrosionprotecNontocasing

•  Monitoringdevicesforstabilityofcasing/cement/formaNonsystem

•  MiNgaNonmethodsforprevenNngcasing/cement/formaNondegradaNon

•  BeberfundamentalunderstandingofthewellboreinterfaceinteracNonsaffecNngoverallwellboreintegrity


Summary&KeyFindings

•  KeyFindings–  TheaddiNonofH2SincreasedthecorrosionrateofUD-165atpH7.5

and12.3,butdecreasedthecorrosionrateatpH10.5.–  UnliketheH2Sfreetests,thecorrosionrateswith[H2S]=2.63×10-3

mol/kg(pH2S=1.2psi)werenotlimitedbythemasstransportinthesoluNonatsteadystate.

–  WithH2SconcentraNonof2.63×10-3mol/kg(pH2S=1.2psi),thecorrosionproductschangedfromFe,S-richtooxideswithpHincrease,accordingtoboththePourbaixdiagramandtheEDSsurfaceanalysis.

–  AtpHvaluesof7and9at20°C,FCGRasfuncNonoffrequencyislinearwithapproximatelya-0.5gradient.ThisindicatesthatFCGRiscontrolledbyhydrogendiffusion.

–  AtapHvalueof12at20°C,FCGRasfuncNonoffrequencyisnon-linearindicaNngpossiblecrackclosureduetocorrosionproductformaNonatthecrackNp.


Summary&KeyFindings

•  KeyFindings(cont.)–  ScanningelectronmicroscopyinvesNgaNonsofexposedspecimens

averFCGRexperimentsinpH=7and9soluNonsat20°CrevealedthepresenceofFeandS-richcorrosionproductsthat,inthiscase,didnotserveasadiffusionbarriertoSandHspeciesatthecrackNp.

–  ScanningelectronmicroscopyinvesNgaNonsofexposedspecimensaverFCGRexperimentsinpH=12soluNonsat20°CrevealedthepresenceofcorrosionproductsatthecrackNp,effecNvelypluggingit.

–  Hammerpeeningalters(improves)faNguebehaviorofOG718.Effectofhammerpeening&subsequentheattreatmentalsoinfluencecorrosionbehaviorofOG718insomeinstances.

–  CrackgrowthbehaviorandfracturetoughnessofOG718islessrobustthanthatofalloy625+(IN725)inavarietyofDWandUDWsourcondiNons.Increasingtemperaturechangesmodeoffailurefromtransgranulartointragranular.


Summary&KeyFindings(cont.)

•  LessonsLearned–  CollaboraNonessenNalformakingsustainedprogressin

understandingtheinterrelaNonshipsbetweenmetal-basedsystemsandvariablesfoundinDWandUDWenvironments.NoonelaboratorypossessesallrequisitetestcapabiliNesandexperNseforunderstandingmetal-basedmaterialsresponsetoDWandUDWenvironmentalcondiNons.

•  FuturePlans–  TestdrillpipesteelsasfuncNonoftemperatureunderquasi-staNcand

dynamiccondiNons–  TestprecipitaNonstrengthenednickelsuperalloysusedinoilpatch

applicaNonsunderdynamiccondiNonsasfuncNonoftemperature–  CollectmechanicalpropertyinformaNonavailableintheliteraturefor

condiNonsapplicabletoDWandUDWcondiNons–  Developdatabaseframeworkforhousingmechanicalproperty

informaNon;notegapsininformaNon


PeerReviewedPublicaPons1)  RamgopalThodla,FengGui,JeffreyA.Hawk,andMargaretZiomek-Moroz,“CorrosionFaNguePerformance

ofHighStrengthDrillPipeinSourEnvironments,”CORROSION2011,PaperNo11108,(2011),10pages.

2)  KyleA.Rozman,“CorrosionandFaNgueofOilWellDrillingSteels,”M.S.Thesis,March2011,OregonStateUniversity.

3)  MargaretZiomek-Moroz,SophieBullard,KyleA.Rozman,andJamieJ.Kruzic,“EffectsofInclusionsinHSLACarbonSteelonPinngCorrosioninCaCl2,”ECSTransac2ons,Vol.35,2011,p.11.

4)  MargaretZiomek-Moroz“EnvironmentallyAssistedCrackingofDrillpipesinDeepDrillingOilandNaturalGasWell,”JournalofMaterialsEngineeringandPerformance,Vol.61,2012,p.1061.

5)  MargaretZiomek-Moroz,JeffreyA.Hawk,RamgopalThodla,andFengGui,“EnvironmentallyAssistedCrackingofUltraStrengthLowAlloySteelinSourEnvironments,”CORROSION2014,PaperNo.3912,(2014),10pages.

6)  JusNnBeck,RuishuFeng,SergueiN.Lvov,andMargaretZiomek-Moroz,“StudyoftheCatalyNcBehaviorofH2SontheCorrosionofHighStrengthCarbonSteelinDeaeratedMarineEnvironments,”CORROSION2014,PaperNo.4191,(2014),12pages.

7)  KyleA.Rozman,MargaretZiomek-Moroz,SophieBullard,JamieJ.Kruzic,andJeffreyA.Hawk,“LocalizedCorrosionandFaNgueBehaviorofUltra-deepDrillingAlloys,”NETL-TRS-1-2014;U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,NaNonalEnergyTechnologyLaboratory:Morgantown,WV,2014;28pages.

8)  MargaretZiomek-Moroz,JeffreyA.Hawk,W.KeithCollins,RamgopalThodla,andFengGui“TheConsequenceofStressIntensityonFaNgueCrackPropagaNoninHigh-StrengthSteelsinSourEnvironment”ECSTransac2ons,Vol.61,2014,p37.

9)  RuishuFeng,JusNnBeck,SergueiN.Lvov,andMargaretZiomek-Moroz,“EffectsofHydrogenSulfideontheCorrosionBehaviorofHighStrengthSteelinAlkalineSoluNons””ECSTransac2ons,Vol.61,2014,p.97.


PeerReviewedPublicaPons10)  JaredS.Nuber,“CorrosionFaNgueCrackPropagaNonofOil-GradeAlloy718inNaClSoluNon,”M.S.Thesis,

August2013,WestVirginiaUniversity.

11)  TingChen,JaradNuber,HendrikJohn,W.Chen,J.Stevens,JeffreyA.HawkandXingboLiu,“EffectofAgingTreatmentonPinngCorrosionandCorrosionFaNgueCrackGrowthBehaviorofOil-GradeAlloy718,”8thInterna2onalSymposiumonSuperalloy718andDeriva2ves,E.Ob,A.Banik,X.Liu,I.Dempster,K.Heck,J.Anderson,J.Groh,T.Gabb,R.Helmink,andA.Wusatowska,Eds.,TheMinerals,Metals&MaterialsSociety,Warrendale,PA(2014)593-608.

12)  TingChen,“PinngCorrosionandCorrosionFaNgueCrackGrowthBehaviorofOil-GradeAlloy718inNaClSoluNon,”Ph.D.DissertaNon,October2013,WestVirginiaUniversity.

13)  TingChen,HendrikJohn,JingXu,QuihongLu,JeffreyA.HawkandXingboLiu,“InfluenceofSurfaceModificaNonsonPinngCorrosionBehaviorofNickel-baseAlloy718.Part1:EffectofMachineHammerPeening,”CorrosionScience,77(2013)230-245

14)  TingChen,HendrikJohn,JingXu,QuihongLu,JeffreyA.HawkandXingboLiu,“InfluenceofSurfaceModificaNononPinngCorrosionBehaviorofOil-GradeAlloy718.Part2:EffectsofAgingTreatment,”CorrosionScience,78(2014)151-161.

15)  TingChen,JaredNuber,JeffreyHawkandXingboLiu,“CorrosionFaNgueCrackPropagaNonofOil-gradeNickel-baseAlloy718.Part1:EffectofCorrosiveEnvironment,”CorrosionScience,89(2014)146-153.

16)  RuishuFeng,JusNnBeck,SergueiN.Lvov,andMargaretZiomek-Moroz,“EffectsofHydrogenSulfideontheCorrosionBehaviorofHighStrengthSteelinAlkalineSoluNons,”ECSTransac2ons,61(20)97-114,2014.

17)  KyleA.Rozman,MargaretZiomek-Moroz,SophieBullard,JamieJ.Kruzic,andJeffreyA.Hawk,LocalizedCorrosionandFaNgueBehaviorofUltra-DeepDrillingAlloys;NETL-TRS-1-2014,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,NaNonalEnergyTechnologyLaboratory:Morgantown,WV,2014;p28.


PeerReviewedPublicaPons18)  MargaretZiomek-Moroz,JeffreyA.Hawk,W.KeithCollins,RamgopalThodla,andFengGui,“The

ConsequenceofStressIntensityonFaNgueCrackPropagaNoninHigh-StrengthSteelsinSourEnvironment,”ECSTransac2ons,61(20)(2014)37-47.

19)  TingChen,JaredNuber,JingshengBai,JeffreyHawkandXingboLiu,"CorrosionFaNgueCrackPropagaNonofOil-gradeNickel-baseAlloy718.Part2:EffectofAgingTreatment,”CorrosionScience,98(2015)280-290.

20)  MargaretZiomek-Moroz,JeffreyA.Hawk,RamgopalThodla,andFengGui,“SourEnvironmentTemperatureEffectsonFaNgueCrackPropagaNoninUltra-highStrengthLowAlloyMartensiNcSteel,”CORROSION2015,PaperNo.5843,(2015),9pages.

21)  SergueiN.Lvov,RuishuFeng,JusNnBeck,RosemaryCianni,andMargaretZiomek-Moroz,“CorrosionofCarbonSteelsinH2S-ContainingAlkalineBrines,”CORROSION2015,PaperNo.6119,(2015)15pages.

22)  SergueiN.Lvov,DerekHall,JusNnBeck,andMargaretZiomek-Moroz,“ReviewofpHandReferenceElectrodesforMonitoringCorrosioninHPHTExtremeEnvironments,”CORROSION2015,PaperNo.6117,(2015)14pages.

23)  RamgopalThodla,LiuCao,JeffreyA.Hawk,andMargaretZiomek-Moroz,“RelaNonshipBetweenLocalizedCorrosionandStressCorrosionCrackingofNickelBasedAlloysinHPHTOilandGasEnvironments,”NACECORROSION2016Conference&ExposiNon,PaperNo.7113,NACEInternaNonal,Houston,TX,2016,15pages.

24)  RamgopalThodla,JeffreyA.Hawk,andMargaretZiomek-Moroz,“SourServiceFaNgueandFractureBehaviorofHighStrengthSteels,”NACECORROSION2016Conference&ExposiNon,PaperNo.7183,NACEInternaNonal,Houston,TX,2016,15pages.

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