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CHARACTERIZATION OF PERMANENT DEFORMATION OF SUBGRADE SOILS USING CYCLIC LOADING TEST
Characterization of Permanent Deformation Of Subgrade Soils Using Cyclic Loading Test Nahla Y. Ahmad
Ali A. Alwash
Babylon University - Civil Engineering
Anmar Faleh DeganEngineering Researcher
Abstract
Permanent deformation of subgrade soils is the accumulation of plastic deformation in soils due to continuous repeated loads from traffic loading. The main objective of this study is to investigate some of the factors that affect the permanent deformation of subgrade soils such as soil types, compaction moisture content, applied stress and dry density. Also, to formulate regression models which have been obtained to predict the permanent strain in subgrade soils as related to moisture content , time of loading, dry density and applied stress by using STATISTICA software.
This research also established a test procedure to use cyclic load test to measure the permanent strain of subgrade soils. The permanent strains were monitored during 60 load cycles, and the accumulated permanent deformations were determined. The test procedure and test results conducted on two types of soils that cover an important geographical area of Iraq, A4 and A6 soils are presented. . . .(STATISTICA) " . 60 . ((A4 ((A6.
Introduction
The major function of subgrade soils is to provide support to pavement structures. Under heavy traffic loads, subgrade soils may deform and contribute to distress in the overlying pavement structure. In asphalt pavement, this distress normally takes the form of cracking and rutting. It has been well documented that the subgrade soils plays a critical role in the initiation and propagation of permanent deformation of pavement structures and directly influences the pavement performance [Huang, 1993].The subgrade soils, in particular the weak soft subgrades, contribute a significant portion (above 40 %) of the total pavement rutting [Majidzadeh, et al. 1978]. . All pavement layers contribute to the permanent deformation of the pavement structure. Yet, subgrade does not attract as much attention as do the asphalt surface and granular base. The last are man-made products in some sense and their properties are relatively well known and have been extensively studied for several decades. Actually, with the implementation of (super level I mixture design method), the rutting of asphalt concrete can be minimized through the proper selection of materials. As a result, subgrade becomes a weak point in the pavement structure [Elliott, et al. 1998].
Research Objectives1. Investigate the main factors related to the permanent deformation of two Iraqi subgrade soils including the compaction moisture content, applied stress, dry density and some soil types.
2. Develop models for the permanent deformation prediction of two kinds of local subgrade soils. Also, Presenting a procedure for the prediction of the permanent deformation of some subgrade soils.
Sampling
The subgrade soil samples that are used in this research were collected from two sites that cover an important geographical area of Iraq. The first subgrade soil sample was taken from the north shoulder of Kerbala-Hilla roadway near new Kerbala university, while the second sample was taken from Al-jadrreya in Baghdad near university of Baghdad .Cyclic Loading TestDue to the limitation of the available testing equipments, the possible local method which could be used to characterize the subgrade soils permanent deformation is the uniaxial cyclic load compression test. The consolidation apparatus for soils manufactured by (Geonor, Oslo - Norway) is employed to perform this test. The tests were performed on cylindrical specimens, 50.8 mm ( 2 in) in diameter and 101.6 mm ( 4 in) in height, giving a height to diameter ratio of (2) [ Puppala, et. al., 1999]. Three stresses are used for the cyclic load tests : 28 KPa, 42 KPa and 63 KPa.
Mechanism of Permanent deformation
When a shear stress is sustained on a soil specimen the stress will be carried in the first place by the non-rigid clay matrix which exhibits translations and rotations of the particles. As a result the load will be transferred to the more rigid contacts causing significant decrease in creep rates. Important changes in the structure happen during this stage, the number and size of voids are reduced, fabric defects partially closed, spacing between clay size particles decreases. As a result the structure grows stronger leading to a stable equilibrium. After this stage, the soil structure is behaving macroscopically as a viscous material with a viscosity which increases with time due to a stiffening of the contact bonds [Waker, 1969] as cited by [Kemmonr, 1986].
At low and moderate stress levels, the deformational energy stored in the specimen during the loading process is of a small order, and dissipated within a short period of time. Under high stress levels, the specimen exhibits greater primary and secondary creep. The stresses will be so high that microcracks of different orientation are liable to develop, old fissures grow and new ones appear. As a result, the specimen undergoes accelerating creep at a considerable rate leading to failure [Pusch & Felthan, 1980].
Fabrication of Specimens1. MixingThe soils were mixed with the desired amount of water to control the moisture content and dry density. This means that the compacted soil specimens were prepared at a various moisture content to simulate the range of moisture expected in the subgrade within a pavement.
2. CompactionAt first, the standard Proctor compaction tests were conducted on the two soil types. These tests yielded dry unit weight versus moisture content relationships. The results of the standard Proctor compaction test used to establish a various moisture content and dry unit weight levels at which soil samples prepared and tested with the cyclic load tests.
A special split of three pieces of steel mold with ( 50.8 mm ) in diameter and (101.6 mm) in height was designed.
The strain (p) is calculated by applying the following equation:
p = pd / h Where:
p = axial strain (mm/mm)
Pd = axial deformation (mm)
h = specimen height (mm)
In order to investigate the effects of moisture content on the accumulation of permanent deformation , specimens were fabricated at six different moisture contents corresponding to 90% , 100% , 105% , 110% , 115% and 120% of optimum moisture content to simulate the field conditions of pavement subgrades.
Specimens with the same moisture content and dry density were subjected to various levels of axial stress (28 KPa, 42 KPa and 63 KPa) to explore the role of stresses in the development of subgrade deformation. The effect of limited variation in density on deformation behavior was also investigated where the specimens are compacted in different degree of dry density to investigate the effects of dry density on a permanent deformation.
Classification TestsThe results of Atterberg limits tests conducted on fractions passing sieve No. 40 indicate that the Kerbala-Hilla roadway soil samples are Low plastic soils while Al-jadrreya soil samples are Medium plastic soils. the soil specimens can be classified according to the unified soil classification system (u.s.c.s) as (clayey silt soil) for both Kerbala-Hilla roadway soil sample and Al-jadrreya soil sample. While the AASHTO classification indicates that Kerbala-Hilla roadway soil sample is (A4) soil and Al-jadrreya soil sample is (A6) soil. The physical properties of the two soils are summarized in Table (1).Table (1) Summary of Soil Properties
SoilKerbala-HillaAl-jadrreya
SamplingKerbala-Hilla RoadwayAl-jadrreya - Baghdad
LocationNear New University of KerbalaNear University of Baghdad
LL30.735.5
PL23.624.25
PI7.111.25
Water Content (%)2620
Specific Gravity2.692.73
Optimum Moisture Content (%)18.2520
Maximum Dry Density (gm/cm3 )1.751.71
% of Fines88.493.6
AASHTO ClassificationA4A6
Unified ClassificationClayey Silt SoilClayey Silt Soil
Test Results and Discussion
Permanent deformation of subgrade soils is characterized by a rapid increase in deformation during the first cycle, followed by gradual stabilization. The amount of deformation depends on the characteristics of the material and the applied load.
Effect of Moisture Content on Permanent Deformationthe permanent strain is plotted against the time of loading for all degrees of the moisture content under several levels of stress (28 KPa), (42 KPa) and (63 KPa).Cyclic load testing results for Kerbala-Hilla roadway soil (A4 soil), are presented in Figures (1) to (3). Figure (1) illustrates test results with moisture contents corresponding to (90%, 100%, 105%, 110%, 115%, and 120%) of optimum moisture content and dry densities corresponding to 95% of maximum dry density with stress of 28 KPa. In this Figure it can be seen that when moisture content increases from 90% to 110% of optimum, the permanent strain increases by 270%.
While cyclic load testing results for Al-jadrreya soil (A6 soil), are presented in Figure (4) to (6). Figure (4) illustrates test results with moisture contents corresponding to (90%, 100%, 105%, 110%, 115%, and 120%) of optimum moisture content and dry densities corresponding to 95% of maximum dry density with stress of 28 KPa. In this Figure it can be seen that when moisture content increases from 90% to 110% of optimum, the permanent strain increases by 220%.
Figure (1) Effect of Moisture Content on the Relationship between Loading Time and Accumulated Permanent Strain (A4 soil, stress: 28 KPa)Figure (2) Effect of Moisture Content on the Relationship between Loading Time and Accumulated Permanent Strain (A4 soil, stress: 42 KPa)
Figure (3) Effect of Moisture Content on the Relationship between Loading Time and Accumulated Permanent Strain (A4 soil, stress: 63 KPa)Figure (4) Effect of Moisture Content on the Relationship between Loading Time and Accumulated Permanent Strain (A6 soil, stress: 28 KPa)
Figure (5) Effect of Moisture Content on the Relationship between Loading Time and Accumulated Permanent Strain (A6 soil, stress: 42 KPa)Figure (6) Effect of Moisture Content on the Relationship between Loading Time and Accumulated Permanent Strain (A6 soil, stress: 63KPa)
Effect of Stress on Permanent Deformation
Specimens with the same moisture content and dry density were subjected to various levels of stresses to explore the role of stress in the development of subgrade deformation.
Figure (7) shows the accumulated permanent strain of A4 soil at 90% of the optimum moisture content at different stages of loading procedure for three levels of applied stress (28 KPa), (42 KPa) and (63 KPa). it can be seen that when the applied stresses increased from 28 KPa to 63 KPa, the permanent strain increased (81%) for soil A4, while in Figure (8), when the applied stresses increase from 28 KPa to 63 KPa, the permanent strain increased (100%), for soil A6.
it can be seen that at a lower applied stress there is a gradual stabilization, while at a higher applied stress, a rapid increase in strain is observed for both soils used in this research, indicating possibility of rutting accumulation over time.
Figure (7) Effect of Stress on the Relationship between Loading Time and Accumulated Permanent Strain (A4 soil, Moisture Content 90%)Figure (8) Effect of Stress on the Relationship between Loading Time and Accumulated Permanent Strain (A6 soil, Moisture Content 90%)
Effect of Dry Density on Permanent DeformationFigure (9) demonstrates the effect of the dry density on the accumulation of the permanent deformation for soil A4. Specimens are fabricated to moisture content at 100% of the optimum moisture content and the dry density increased from 93% to 96.6% of maximum with applied stress of 42 KPa, it can be seen that the permanent strain is decreased by 34%.
The effect of dry density on the accumulation of the permanent deformation for soil A6 is presented in Figure (10). Specimens are fabricated to moisture content at 100% of the optimum moisture content and the dry density increased from 94% to 96.4% of maximum with applied stress of 42 KPa, it can be seen that the permanent strain is decreased by 17%.
Figure (9) Effect of Dry Density on the Relationship between Loading Time and Accumulated Permanent Strain (A4 soil, Stress: 42 KPa)
Figure (10) Effect of Dry Density on the Relationship between Loading Time and Accumulated Permanent Strain (A6 soil, Stress: 42 KPa
Effect of Soil Type on Permanent DeformationFrom Figures (1), (2), (3) and Figures (4), (5), (6), it can be observed that soil A4 has more resistance to the permanent deformation than soil A6, specially for the moisture content near to the optimum with all degree of stresses. But when the moisture content increased up to more than 110% of the optimum moisture content, the permanent deformation of the two soils was approximately convergent.
By a simple comparison between the permanent deformation of the two soils (A4 and A6) for the Figures (1) and (4) with moisture content 100% and 28 KPa applied stress, it can be seen that soil A6 showed more permanent deformation than soil A4, (about 66%).
it can be observed that soil A4 has more resistance to the permanent deformation than soil A6, specially for the moisture content near to the optimum with all degree of stresses. But when the moisture content increased up to more than 110% of the optimum moisture content, the permanent deformation of the two soils was approximately convergent.General Trend of Deformation BehaviorIt can be seen that the permanent deformation under the first load application for the two subgrade soils (A4 and A6) constituted between (27.5% to 50%) of the total permanent deformation for all tests that was accumulated after 60 cycles. Table (2) and (3) indicate that the accumulated permanent strain expressed as a percent of the total permanent strain during the first, tenth, twenty five and fifty cycles for soil A4 and for soil A6 with the moisture content of 105% of the optimum moisture content and applied stresses of 28 KPa, 42 KPa and 63 KPa with dry density 95% of maximum dry density.
Table (2) Accumulation of Permanent Strain at Various Load Cycles Expressed as a Percentage of Deformation at 60 Cycles for A4 Soil (MC=105% of OMC, DD =95% of MDD)
Stress (KPa)1st10th25th50th
2835.861.677.294
4237.264.881.495.4
6347.569.782.595.5
Table (3) Accumulation of Permanent Strain at Various Load Cycles Expressed as a Percentage of Deformation at 60 Cycles for A6 Soil (MC=105% of OMC, DD= 95% of MDD)
Stress (KPa)1st10th25th50th
28314865.791.6
4237.860.376.595
6343.264.878.894.4
Statistical ModelBy using STATISTICA software, these variables will be obtained and determined simultaneously under each moisture content using nonlinear regression analysis on the obtained tests results.
Statistical Analysis
In a statistical modeling the overall objective is to develop a predictive equation relating a criterion variable to predictor variables. The criterion variable is the permanent strain while the predictor variables include the test conditions (stress level), and some of the soil properties (dry density, moisture content) and soil types. Model Adequacy Assessment
There are two approaches generally used to assess the adequacy of the proposed regression models, the first one is based on the examining goodness of fit measures, where the second approach is based on the graphical analysis of the residuals, (also called diagnostic plots) [Albayati, 2006].
Prediction Models for Permanent StrainThe adopted models structure and the terms included in these models are shown in Table (4), while in Table (5), (7) and (9) the statistical summary of these models are presented. Also Tables (6), (8) and (10) shows the nonlinear analysis for the soils.Table (4) General Models Structure for the Permanent Strain
Criterion VariableModel StructureModel No.
pCo [(T DD MC ST) C1]1
pCo + (TC1) + (STC2) + (MCC3) + (DDC4)2
pCo + C1T + C2ST + C3MC + C4DD3
pCo [(TC1) (STC2) (MCC3) (DDC4)]4
Where:
p= accumulated permanent strain (mm/mm)
T= time of loading (second)
DD= dry density (gm/cm3) as a percentage of maximum dry density
ST= applied stress (KPa)
MC= moisture content (%) as a percentage of optimum moisture content
Table (5) Statistical Summary for Permanent Strain Models for Soil A4
Loss FunctionFinal LossRVariance Explained (R2)Model No.
(OBS-PRED)**20.0249909030.166102.7589%1
(OBS-PRED)**20.0094370040.7954963.280%2
(OBS-PRED)**20.0086161090.8153266.474%3
(OBS-PRED)**20.0016224740.9679293.687%4
Table (6) Nonlinear Analysis for Soil A4
Model: p = Co*((T**C1)*(ST**C2)*(MC**C3)*(DD**C4))
Final loss = 0. 001622474Sta. Nonlin. Estimation
C4 C3 C2C1C0N = 1020
-15.50248714.856185 0.817165 0.1458780.000250Estimate
Where:
N = numbers of valid cases
According to Tables (5) and (6), the final form of proposed model for soil A4 is:
p = 2.5*10-4 (T 0.145878) (ST 0.817165) (MC 14.856185) (DD -15.502487) ..(1-1)
In this model the numbers of valid cases (N) are (1020) which represent a large number of data in order to give the model high accuracy.
it can be seen from Figure (11) that the residuals in the first plot are normally distributed, and the second plot yields points close to the (45) line, then the proposed regression function gives an accurate prediction of the values that are actually observed.
Figure (11) Diagnostic Plot for Permanent Strain (Model No.4) Soil A4Table (7) Statistical Summary for Permanent Strain Models for Soil A6
Loss FunctionFinal LossRVariance Explained (R2)Model No.
(OBS-PRED)**20.01570.36213.118%1
(OBS-PRED)**20.00430.87276.124%2
(OBS-PRED)**20.00380.88678.663%3
(OBS-PRED)**20.001090.96993.986%4
Table (8) Nonlinear Analysis for Soil A6
Model: p = Co*((T**C1)*(ST**C2)*(MC**C3)*(DD**C4))
Final loss: 0.001092820Sta. Nonlin. Estimation
C4 C3 C2C1C0N = 1020
-9.143378.615739 0.676856 0.215700.000475Estimate
According to tables (7) and (8), the final form of proposed model for A6 soil is:
p = 4.75*10-4 (T 0.21570) (ST 0.676856) (MC 8.615739) (DD -9.14337) ..(1-2)
As in equation (1-1), In this model the numbers of valid cases (N) are (1020) which represent a large number of data in order to give the model high accuracy. Figure (12) provides the comparisons between predicted versus measured plastic strain, shows that good correlations are obtained, which indicate that the present formulation has adequately represented the plastic strain response of soil tested under the cyclic loading test.
Figure (12) Diagnostic Plot for Permanent Strain (Model No.4) Soil A6
Equation (4-3) represents a model for both soils (A4 and A6) where the results of both soils were collected and dealing in the statistica software with (2040) number of valid cases which represent a large number of data in order to represent the two soils in one model. Also it can be seen from Figure (13) that the residuals in the first plot are normally distributed, and the second plot yields points close to the (45) line, then the proposed regression function gives an accurate prediction of the values that are actually observed.
Table (9) Statistical Summary for Permanent Strain Models for Soil A6 and A4
Loss FunctionFinal LossRVariance Explained (R2)Model No.
(OBS-PRED)**20.0419758410.251406.3200%1
(OBS-PRED)**20.0152828340.8117465.892%2
(OBS-PRED)**20.0140152370.8289868.721%3
(OBS-PRED)**20.0050203260.9423288.796%4
Table (10) Nonlinear Analysis for Soil A6 and A4
Model: p = Co*((T**C1)*(ST**C2)*(MC**C3)*(DD**C4))
Final loss: 0.005020326Sta. Nonlin. Estimation
C4 C3C2C1C0N = 2040
-8.8354611.19941 0.701858 0.1815957*10-10Estimate
According to tables (9) and (10), the final form of proposed model for both A4 and A6 soils is:
p = 7*10-10 (T 0.181595) (ST 0.701858) (MC 11.19941) (DD --8.83546) ...(1-3)
Figure (13) Diagnostic Plot for Permanent Strain (Model No.4) Soil A6 and A4
Conclusions Within the limitations of materials and testing program adopted in this work, the followings are concluded:
1) The moisture content has a significant effect on the permanent strain for A4 and A6 soils. The increase of the moisture content from 90% to 110%, has increased the permanent strain by 270% for A4 soil and by 220% for A6 soil. Therefore, with the increase of the moisture content a considerable increase in the permanent strain is highly expected.
2) The applied stress showed a considerable influence on the permanent strain values, specially on the first cycle of loading, where the increase of stresses from 28 KPa to 63 KPa, has increased the permanent strain by (81%) for A4 soil and by (100%) for A6 soil. Therefore, High permanent strain was recorded when soils were subjected to high stresses.
3) The permanent strain results for soils A4 and A6 compacted at wet of optimum moisture content condition was higher than those compacted at dry of optimum moisture content. 4) The permanent strain results showed that A4 soil at the optimum moisture content exhibited lower plastic deformation (about 105%) compared with A6 soil for all degrees of stresses.
5) At the optimum moisture content, the permanent strain has been increased by 25% for soil A4 and by 69.7% for soil A6 for an increase in the applied stresses from 28 KPa to 63 KPa.
6) The effect of limited variation in dry density on deformation behavior produces a slight increase in the permanent strain for both soils.References
Albayati, A. H. K., (2006). "Permanent Deformation Prediction of Asphalt Concrete Under Repeated Loading", Ph. D. Thesis, University of Baghdad.
Elliott, R. P. Dennis, N. D. and Qiu, Y., (January 1998). "Permanent Deformation of Subgrade Soils (Phase I: A Test Protocol)", MBTC FR 1069, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Arkansas.
Huang, Y. H. (1993). "Pavement Analysis and Design", 1st Edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA.
Kemmonr, A.A., (January, 1986). "Study of Creep and Effect of Strain Rate on the Strength and Deformation of Compacted Soil-Cement Samples", M. Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad.
Majidzadeh, K., Bayomy, F., and Khedr, S. (1978). "Rutting Evaluation of Subgrade Soils in Ohio", Transp. Res. Rec. No. 671, Transportation Research Board National Research Council, Washington, D.C.
Puppala A. J., Mohammad, L. N, and Allen A., (1999). "Permanent Deformation Characterization of Subgrade Soils from RLT Test", Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering", Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 274-282.Pusch, R. and Feltham, P. (1980)."A stochastic model of the Creep of Soils", Geotechnique, Vol. 30, No.4, pp. 497-506.
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MC= 90% of OMC
MC= 100% of OMC
MC= 105% of OMC
MC= 110% of OMC
MC= 115% of OMC
MC= 120% of OMC
Time (second)
Accumulated Permanent Strain (mm/mm)
1
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1200.00080708660.00134842520.00182086610.0027657480.00462598430.0139566929
1800.00084645670.0014763780.00196850390.0030216540.00505905510.015
2400.00087598430.00152559060.00210629920.0032775590.00539370080.0157086614
3000.00090551180.00159448820.00224409450.0034153540.00562992130.0160826772
3600.00090551180.00164370080.00235236220.0035236220.00585629920.016515748
4200.00093503940.00167322830.00245078740.0036220470.00604330710.0168307087
4800.00094488190.00172244090.00253937010.003710630.00622047240.0171062992
5400.00096456690.00175196850.00259842520.0037696850.00639763780.0173228346
6000.0009842520.00178149610.00265748030.003828740.00655511810.0174409449
6600.0009842520.00183070870.00271653540.0038877950.00671259840.0176377953
7200.00099409450.00184055120.0027657480.0039370080.00685039370.0177952756
7800.0010039370.00187007870.00281496060.003986220.00693897640.0179330709
8400.0010039370.00187992130.00287401570.0040452760.00704724410.0180511811
9000.0010236220.00191929130.00291338580.0040846460.00714566930.0181889764
9600.0010236220.00194881890.00297244090.0041437010.00722440940.0183267717
10200.00103346460.00195866140.0030118110.0041830710.00732283460.0184251969
10800.00105314960.00197834650.00307086610.0042421260.00740157480.0185433071
11400.00106299210.00197834650.00311023620.0042814960.0075196850.0186811024
12000.00107283460.0020078740.00314960630.0043208660.00759842520.0187598425
12600.00109251970.00202755910.00318897640.0043602360.00769685040.0188385827
13200.00109251970.00204724410.00322834650.0043996060.00777559060.0189370079
13800.00110236220.00204724410.0032578740.0044291340.00787401570.018976378
14400.00112204720.00205708660.00328740160.0044586610.00791338580.019015748
15000.00113188980.00206692910.00332677170.0044980310.0080118110.0191338583
15600.00114173230.00209645670.00336614170.0045374020.00807086610.0191929134
16200.00116141730.00209645670.00340551180.0045767720.00812992130.0192716535
16800.00116141730.00210629920.00343503940.0046062990.00820866140.0193307087
17400.00117125980.00212598430.00346456690.0046358270.00824803150.0193897638
18000.00118110240.00214566930.0035039370.0046751970.00832677170.0194685039
18600.00119094490.00215551180.00354330710.0047145670.00840551180.0195275591
19200.00120078740.00215551180.00356299210.0047342520.00845472440.0196062992
19800.00121062990.00215551180.00360236220.0047736220.0085236220.0196653543
20400.0012303150.00217519690.00362204720.0047933070.00858267720.0197047244
21000.00124015750.00218503940.00365157480.0048228350.00866141730.0197047244
21600.001250.00221456690.00368110240.0048523620.00872047240.0198228346
22200.001250.0022342520.00372047240.0048917320.00877952760.0198425197
22800.00125984250.00224409450.00374015750.0049114170.00885826770.0198818898
23400.0012696850.00224409450.00375984250.0049311020.00889763780.0199212598
24000.00127952760.0022539370.00378937010.004960630.00895669290.019980315
24600.00129921260.0022539370.00380905510.0049803150.0089960630.020019685
25200.00130905510.0022539370.00384842520.0050196850.00905511810.0200393701
25800.00132874020.00226377950.00387795280.0050492130.00909448820.0200787402
26400.00133858270.00228346460.00389763780.0050688980.00914370080.0200984252
27000.00134842520.00228346460.00392716540.0050984250.00919291340.0201377953
27600.00135826770.00228346460.00394685040.005118110.00923228350.0201771654
28200.00136811020.00230314960.0039763780.0051476380.00927165350.0202165354
28800.00138779530.00231299210.00400590550.0051771650.00931102360.0202362205
29400.00139763780.00232283460.00403543310.0052066930.00935039370.0202755906
30000.00139763780.00234251970.00405511810.0052263780.00937007870.0203149606
30600.00140748030.00236220470.00407480310.0052460630.00942913390.0203543307
31200.00142716540.00236220470.00409448820.0052657480.00946850390.0203740157
31800.00142716540.00236220470.00411417320.0052854330.0094881890.0204133858
32400.00143700790.00236220470.00414370080.0053149610.00954724410.0204527559
33000.00144685040.00238188980.00417322830.0053444880.00958661420.0204724409
33600.00144685040.00239173230.00419291340.0053641730.00962598430.020511811
34200.00145669290.00241141730.00423228350.0054035430.00966535430.0205511811
34800.00146653540.00241141730.00425196850.0054232280.00970472440.0205708661
35400.0014763780.00242125980.00429133860.0054625980.00972440940.0206102362
36000.0014763780.00244094490.00431102360.0054822830.00976377950.0206496063
2
3
_1248112003.bin
_1248111038.bin
_1246917113.xls1
00000
0.00135826770.00218503940.00267716540.00391732280.0085629921
0.00155511810.00253937010.00318897640.00452755910.0098818898
0.00169291340.00275590550.00339566930.00503937010.0107283465
0.00178149610.00291338580.00356299210.00539370080.0113188976
0.00187992130.0030118110.00372047240.00568897640.0117519685
0.00192913390.00312992130.00385826770.00594488190.0120866142
0.0019881890.00324803150.0039763780.00616141730.0124015748
0.00204724410.00330708660.00407480310.00635826770.0126968504
0.00206692910.00340551180.00417322830.0064960630.0129527559
0.00214566930.00346456690.00427165350.00661417320.0131889764
0.00220472440.00356299210.00437007870.00675196850.0134055118
0.00222440940.00362204720.00446850390.00687007870.0136023622
0.00228346460.00368110240.00456692910.00696850390.0137598425
0.00232283460.00377952760.00463582680.00712598430.0139173228
0.00237204720.00383858270.00472440940.00728346460.0140944882
0.00240157480.00395669290.00479330710.00742125980.0142519685
0.00243110240.0040157480.00486220470.0075196850.0143897638
0.0024803150.00409448820.00494094490.00765748030.0145472441
0.00246062990.00413385830.00500984250.00775590550.0147047244
0.00255905510.00419291340.00507874020.00785433070.0148228346
0.00257874020.0042618110.00514763780.00795275590.0149409449
0.00263779530.00430118110.00520669290.00807086610.0150393701
0.00265748030.00438976380.00527559060.00816929130.0151574803
0.00270669290.00444881890.00533464570.00824803150.0152559055
0.00273622050.0044881890.00541338580.00832677170.0153543307
0.0027657480.00456692910.00545275590.00838582680.0154527559
0.00281496060.00460629920.00553149610.00846456690.0155511811
0.00285433070.00466535430.00557086610.0085236220.0156496063
0.00287401570.00474409450.00562992130.00858267720.0157480315
0.00291338580.00476377950.00568897640.00864173230.0158661417
0.00291338580.00481299210.00574803150.00870078740.0159645669
0.00297244090.00490157480.00579724410.00874015750.0160433071
0.00300196850.00494094490.00585629920.00879921260.0161417323
0.00302165350.0049803150.00590551180.00885826770.0162401575
0.00305118110.00503937010.00594488190.00891732280.0163582677
0.00307086610.00507874020.00601377950.0089763780.0164566929
0.00310039370.00511811020.00606299210.0090157480.0165551181
0.00312007870.00515748030.00611220470.00905511810.0166732283
0.00314960630.00521653540.00617125980.00911417320.0167716535
0.00317913390.00527559060.00622047240.00917322830.0168700787
0.00321850390.00531496060.00627952760.00923228350.016988189
0.0032578740.00535433070.00631889760.00931102360.0170866142
0.00327755910.00541338580.00638779530.00937007870.0171850394
0.00330708660.00545275590.00644685040.00942913390.0172637795
0.00332677170.0054921260.00648622050.00946850390.0173425197
0.00334645670.00553149610.00655511810.00952755910.0174015748
0.00337598430.00557086610.00659448820.00957677170.0174409449
0.00339566930.00561023620.00663385830.00959645670.017519685
0.00341535430.00564960630.00668307090.00963582680.0176181102
0.00343503940.00568897640.00672244090.00967519690.0177165354
0.00345472440.00572834650.0067618110.0097342520.0177755906
0.00346456690.00576771650.00680118110.00979330710.0178543307
0.0034842520.00580708660.00684055120.00984251970.0179527559
0.00349409450.00582677170.00687007870.00988188980.0180314961
0.00351377950.00586614170.00690944880.00994094490.0181299213
0.00353346460.00590551180.00694881890.010.0182086614
0.00354330710.00592519690.00697834650.01003937010.0182874016
0.00356299210.00596456690.00701771650.01007874020.0183661417
0.00357283460.0060039370.00705708660.01013779530.0184251969
0.00359251970.00604330710.00707677170.01017716540.018484252
MC=90% of OMC
MC=100% of OMC
MC=105% of OMC
MC=110% of OMC
MC=115% of OMC
Time(sec)
Accumulated Permanent Strain (mm/mm)
1
000000
600.00135826770.00218503940.00267716540.00391732280.0085629921
1200.00155511810.00253937010.00318897640.00452755910.0098818898
1800.00169291340.00275590550.00339566930.00503937010.0107283465
2400.00178149610.00291338580.00356299210.00539370080.0113188976
3000.00187992130.0030118110.00372047240.00568897640.0117519685
3600.00192913390.00312992130.00385826770.00594488190.0120866142
4200.0019881890.00324803150.0039763780.00616141730.0124015748
4800.00204724410.00330708660.00407480310.00635826770.0126968504
5400.00206692910.00340551180.00417322830.0064960630.0129527559
6000.00214566930.00346456690.00427165350.00661417320.0131889764
6600.00220472440.00356299210.00437007870.00675196850.0134055118
7200.00222440940.00362204720.00446850390.00687007870.0136023622
7800.00228346460.00368110240.00456692910.00696850390.0137598425
8400.00232283460.00377952760.00463582680.00712598430.0139173228
9000.00237204720.00383858270.00472440940.00728346460.0140944882
9600.00240157480.00395669290.00479330710.00742125980.0142519685
10200.00243110240.0040157480.00486220470.0075196850.0143897638
10800.0024803150.00409448820.00494094490.00765748030.0145472441
11400.00246062990.00413385830.00500984250.00775590550.0147047244
12000.00255905510.00419291340.00507874020.00785433070.0148228346
12600.00257874020.0042618110.00514763780.00795275590.0149409449
13200.00263779530.00430118110.00520669290.00807086610.0150393701
13800.00265748030.00438976380.00527559060.00816929130.0151574803
14400.00270669290.00444881890.00533464570.00824803150.0152559055
15000.00273622050.0044881890.00541338580.00832677170.0153543307
15600.0027657480.00456692910.00545275590.00838582680.0154527559
16200.00281496060.00460629920.00553149610.00846456690.0155511811
16800.00285433070.00466535430.00557086610.0085236220.0156496063
17400.00287401570.00474409450.00562992130.00858267720.0157480315
18000.00291338580.00476377950.00568897640.00864173230.0158661417
18600.00291338580.00481299210.00574803150.00870078740.0159645669
19200.00297244090.00490157480.00579724410.00874015750.0160433071
19800.00300196850.00494094490.00585629920.00879921260.0161417323
20400.00302165350.0049803150.00590551180.00885826770.0162401575
21000.00305118110.00503937010.00594488190.00891732280.0163582677
21600.00307086610.00507874020.00601377950.0089763780.0164566929
22200.00310039370.00511811020.00606299210.0090157480.0165551181
22800.00312007870.00515748030.00611220470.00905511810.0166732283
23400.00314960630.00521653540.00617125980.00911417320.0167716535
24000.00317913390.00527559060.00622047240.00917322830.0168700787
24600.00321850390.00531496060.00627952760.00923228350.016988189
25200.0032578740.00535433070.00631889760.00931102360.0170866142
25800.00327755910.00541338580.00638779530.00937007870.0171850394
26400.00330708660.00545275590.00644685040.00942913390.0172637795
27000.00332677170.0054921260.00648622050.00946850390.0173425197
27600.00334645670.00553149610.00655511810.00952755910.0174015748
28200.00337598430.00557086610.00659448820.00957677170.0174409449
28800.00339566930.00561023620.00663385830.00959645670.017519685
29400.00341535430.00564960630.00668307090.00963582680.0176181102
30000.00343503940.00568897640.00672244090.00967519690.0177165354
30600.00345472440.00572834650.0067618110.0097342520.0177755906
31200.00346456690.00576771650.00680118110.00979330710.0178543307
31800.0034842520.00580708660.00684055120.00984251970.0179527559
32400.00349409450.00582677170.00687007870.00988188980.0180314961
33000.00351377950.00586614170.00690944880.00994094490.0181299213
33600.00353346460.00590551180.00694881890.010.0182086614
34200.00354330710.00592519690.00697834650.01003937010.0182874016
34800.00356299210.00596456690.00701771650.01007874020.0183661417
35400.00357283460.0060039370.00705708660.01013779530.0184251969
36000.00359251970.00604330710.00707677170.01017716540.018484252
2
3
_1246917540.xls1
2
000
0.00181102360.0021850390.00253937
0.00206692910.002539370.002854331
0.00226377950.0027559060.003070866
0.00238188980.0029133860.003208661
0.00250.0030118110.003326772
0.00261811020.0031299210.003484252
0.00269685040.0032480310.003562992
0.00279527560.0033070870.003661417
0.00288385830.0034055120.003740157
0.00296259840.0034645670.003818898
0.00302165350.0035629920.003877953
0.00309055120.0036220470.003956693
0.00314960630.0036811020.004015748
0.00320866140.0037795280.004074803
0.00327755910.0038385830.004153543
0.00334645670.0039566930.004232283
0.00340551180.0040157480.004291339
0.00347440940.0040944880.004370079
0.00353346460.0041338580.004429134
0.00359251970.0041929130.004488189
0.00363188980.0042618110.004527559
0.0037303150.0043011810.004625984
0.0037696850.0043897640.004645669
0.00384842520.0044488190.004724409
0.00390748030.0044881890.004783465
0.00394685040.0045669290.004822835
0.00398622050.0046062990.004862205
0.00403543310.0046653540.00492126
0.00407480310.0047440940.00496063
0.00413385830.004763780.005019685
0.00419291340.0048129920.00507874
0.00423228350.0049015750.00511811
0.00427165350.0049409450.00515748
0.00433070870.0049803150.005216535
0.00438976380.005039370.005275591
0.00442913390.005078740.005314961
0.0044881890.005118110.005374016
0.00454724410.005157480.005433071
0.00458661420.0052165350.005472441
0.00464566930.0052755910.005531496
0.00469488190.0053149610.005580709
0.0047342520.0053543310.005620079
0.0047539370.0054133860.005639764
0.00479330710.0054527560.005679134
0.00483267720.0054921260.005718504
0.00487204720.0055314960.005757874
0.00491141730.0055708660.005797244
0.00495078740.0056102360.005836614
0.0049803150.0056496060.005866142
0.0050.0056889760.005885827
0.00502952760.0057283460.005915354
0.00504921260.0057677170.005935039
0.00508858270.0058070870.005974409
0.00511811020.0058267720.006003937
0.00514763780.0058661420.006033465
0.00517716540.0059055120.006062992
0.00519685040.0059251970.006082677
0.0052263780.0059645670.006112205
0.0052460630.0060039370.00613189
0.0052657480.0060433070.006151575
D.D.= 96.4% of MDD
D.D.= 95% of MDD
D.D.= 94% of MDD
Time (second)
Accumulated Permanent Strain (mm/mm)
1
0000
600.00181102360.0021850390.00253937
1200.00206692910.002539370.002854331
1800.00226377950.0027559060.003070866
2400.00238188980.0029133860.003208661
3000.00250.0030118110.003326772
3600.00261811020.0031299210.003484252
4200.00269685040.0032480310.003562992
4800.00279527560.0033070870.003661417
5400.00288385830.0034055120.003740157
6000.00296259840.0034645670.003818898
6600.00302165350.0035629920.003877953
7200.00309055120.0036220470.003956693
7800.00314960630.0036811020.004015748
8400.00320866140.0037795280.004074803
9000.00327755910.0038385830.004153543
9600.00334645670.0039566930.004232283
10200.00340551180.0040157480.004291339
10800.00347440940.0040944880.004370079
11400.00353346460.0041338580.004429134
12000.00359251970.0041929130.004488189
12600.00363188980.0042618110.004527559
13200.0037303150.0043011810.004625984
13800.0037696850.0043897640.004645669
14400.00384842520.0044488190.004724409
15000.00390748030.0044881890.004783465
15600.00394685040.0045669290.004822835
16200.00398622050.0046062990.004862205
16800.00403543310.0046653540.00492126
17400.00407480310.0047440940.00496063
18000.00413385830.004763780.005019685
18600.00419291340.0048129920.00507874
19200.00423228350.0049015750.00511811
19800.00427165350.0049409450.00515748
20400.00433070870.0049803150.005216535
21000.00438976380.005039370.005275591
21600.00442913390.005078740.005314961
22200.0044881890.005118110.005374016
22800.00454724410.005157480.005433071
23400.00458661420.0052165350.005472441
24000.00464566930.0052755910.005531496
24600.00469488190.0053149610.005580709
25200.0047342520.0053543310.005620079
25800.0047539370.0054133860.005639764
26400.00479330710.0054527560.005679134
27000.00483267720.0054921260.005718504
27600.00487204720.0055314960.005757874
28200.00491141730.0055708660.005797244
28800.00495078740.0056102360.005836614
29400.0049803150.0056496060.005866142
30000.0050.0056889760.005885827
30600.00502952760.0057283460.005915354
31200.00504921260.0057677170.005935039
31800.00508858270.0058070870.005974409
32400.00511811020.0058267720.006003937
33000.00514763780.0058661420.006033465
33600.00517716540.0059055120.006062992
34200.00519685040.0059251970.006082677
34800.0052263780.0059645670.006112205
35400.0052460630.0060039370.00613189
36000.0052657480.0060433070.006151575
2
3
_1134423788.bin
_1246917107.xls1
000000
0.00088582680.00155511810.0020078740.00218503940.00415354330.0092125984
0.0010236220.00175196850.00228346460.00265748030.00488188980.0108070866
0.00110236220.00187007870.00246062990.00293307090.00533464570.0115748031
0.00116141730.00192913390.00259842520.00318897640.00562992130.0121259843
0.00122047240.00201771650.00271653540.00338582680.00586614170.012519685
0.00125984250.00206692910.00281496060.0035236220.00610236220.0128346457
0.00129921260.00214566930.00289370080.00369094490.00627952760.0131692913
0.00134842520.00220472440.00296259840.00383858270.00643700790.0134448819
0.00139763780.0022539370.00309055120.00395669290.00661417320.0137401575
0.00142716540.00229330710.00314960630.00410433070.00679133860.0139370079
0.00145669290.00234251970.00322834650.00423228350.00692913390.0141141732
0.0014960630.00238188980.00332677170.00435039370.00706692910.0142716535
0.00154527560.00242125980.00338582680.0044881890.00718503940.014488189
0.00156496060.00246062990.00346456690.00462598430.00730314960.0146062992
0.00159448820.00250984250.00354330710.00474409450.00742125980.0147637795
0.00161417320.00254921260.00362204720.00484251970.0075196850.0149212598
0.00165354330.00259842520.00368110240.0049803150.00763779530.015019685
0.00168307090.00263779530.00375984250.00505905510.00771653540.0151377953
0.00171259840.00267716540.00383858270.00517716540.00781496060.0152362205
0.00173228350.00271653540.00391732280.00529527560.00793307090.0153543307
0.00177165350.00277559060.00400590550.00535433070.00803149610.0154527559
0.00179133860.00281496060.00409448820.00543307090.00812992130.0155905512
0.00183070870.00285433070.00417322830.00553149610.00820866140.0156889764
0.00185039370.00289370080.00423228350.00561023620.00832677170.0157874016
0.00187992130.00292322830.00427165350.00572834650.00840551180.0158858268
0.00189960630.00297244090.00437007870.00574803150.0085039370.0159645669
0.00191929130.0030118110.00444881890.00586614170.00858267720.0160433071
0.00193897640.00305118110.0045078740.00592519690.00868110240.0161417323
0.00195866140.00309055120.00458661420.0060236220.00875984250.0162204724
0.0019881890.00312992130.00465551180.00612204720.00885826770.0162992126
0.0020078740.00316929130.00469488190.00618110240.00893700790.0163976378
0.00203740160.00320866140.00480314960.00624015750.0090157480.0164370079
0.00205708660.00322834650.00488188980.00635826770.00909448820.0165354331
0.00207677170.0032578740.00494094490.00641732280.00917322830.0166141732
0.00208661420.00330708660.0050.0064960630.00925196850.0166732283
0.00210629920.00333661420.00507874020.00657480310.00935039370.0167519685
0.00212598430.00336614170.00511811020.00659448820.00940944880.0167913386
0.00213582680.00339566930.00519685040.00669291340.0095078740.0168700787
0.00214566930.00343503940.00525590550.00675196850.00960629920.0169685039
0.00216535430.00346456690.00532480310.00681102360.00968503940.0170472441
0.00218503940.0035039370.00538385830.00687007870.00978346460.0171062992
0.00220472440.00354330710.00545275590.00694881890.00986220470.0171850394
0.00222440940.00356299210.0055118110.0070078740.00994094490.0172834646
0.0022342520.00360236220.00559055120.00708661420.01003937010.0173622047
0.00224409450.00363188980.00564960630.00712598430.01011811020.0174409449
0.00226377950.00366141730.00571850390.00720472440.01017716540.0175
0.0022736220.00369094490.00577755910.00726377950.01027559060.0175393701
0.00228346460.00372047240.00583661420.00732283460.01035433070.0176181102
0.00230314960.00374015750.00587598430.00736220470.01045275590.0176771654
0.00232283460.0037696850.00595472440.00742125980.0105118110.0177755906
0.00234251970.00378937010.00601377950.0074803150.01059055120.0178543307
0.00235236220.00381889760.00607283460.00750.01066929130.0179330709
0.00237204720.00383858270.00612204720.00755905510.01072834650.017992126
0.00238188980.00386811020.00619094490.00759842520.01080708660.0180511811
0.00240157480.00390748030.00625984250.00767716540.01086614170.0180905512
0.00242125980.00394685040.00629921260.00773622050.01092519690.0181496063
0.00243110240.00396653540.00635826770.00779527560.01096456690.0182086614
0.00245078740.0039960630.00639763780.00783464570.01104330710.0182480315
0.00246062990.00402559060.00645669290.00789370080.01112204720.0182874016
0.00247047240.00405511810.0064960630.00793307090.01118110240.0183464567
MC=90% of OMC
MC=100% of OMC
MC=105% of OMC
MC=110% of OMC
MC=115% of OMC
MC=120% of OMC
Time (sec)
Accoumulated Permanent Deformation (mm/mm)
1
0000000
600.00088582680.00155511810.0020078740.00218503940.00415354330.0092125984
1200.0010236220.00175196850.00228346460.00265748030.00488188980.0108070866
1800.00110236220.00187007870.00246062990.00293307090.00533464570.0115748031
2400.00116141730.00192913390.00259842520.00318897640.00562992130.0121259843
3000.00122047240.00201771650.00271653540.00338582680.00586614170.012519685
3600.00125984250.00206692910.00281496060.0035236220.00610236220.0128346457
4200.00129921260.00214566930.00289370080.00369094490.00627952760.0131692913
4800.00134842520.00220472440.00296259840.00383858270.00643700790.0134448819
5400.00139763780.0022539370.00309055120.00395669290.00661417320.0137401575
6000.00142716540.00229330710.00314960630.00410433070.00679133860.0139370079
6600.00145669290.00234251970.00322834650.00423228350.00692913390.0141141732
7200.0014960630.00238188980.00332677170.00435039370.00706692910.0142716535
7800.00154527560.00242125980.00338582680.0044881890.00718503940.014488189
8400.00156496060.00246062990.00346456690.00462598430.00730314960.0146062992
9000.00159448820.00250984250.00354330710.00474409450.00742125980.0147637795
9600.00161417320.00254921260.00362204720.00484251970.0075196850.0149212598
10200.00165354330.00259842520.00368110240.0049803150.00763779530.015019685
10800.00168307090.00263779530.00375984250.00505905510.00771653540.0151377953
11400.00171259840.00267716540.00383858270.00517716540.00781496060.0152362205
12000.00173228350.00271653540.00391732280.00529527560.00793307090.0153543307
12600.00177165350.00277559060.00400590550.00535433070.00803149610.0154527559
13200.00179133860.00281496060.00409448820.00543307090.00812992130.0155905512
13800.00183070870.00285433070.00417322830.00553149610.00820866140.0156889764
14400.00185039370.00289370080.00423228350.00561023620.00832677170.0157874016
15000.00187992130.00292322830.00427165350.00572834650.00840551180.0158858268
15600.00189960630.00297244090.00437007870.00574803150.0085039370.0159645669
16200.00191929130.0030118110.00444881890.00586614170.00858267720.0160433071
16800.00193897640.00305118110.0045078740.00592519690.00868110240.0161417323
17400.00195866140.00309055120.00458661420.0060236220.00875984250.0162204724
18000.0019881890.00312992130.00465551180.00612204720.00885826770.0162992126
18600.0020078740.00316929130.00469488190.00618110240.00893700790.0163976378
19200.00203740160.00320866140.00480314960.00624015750.0090157480.0164370079
19800.00205708660.00322834650.00488188980.00635826770.00909448820.0165354331
20400.00207677170.0032578740.00494094490.00641732280.00917322830.0166141732
21000.00208661420.00330708660.0050.0064960630.00925196850.0166732283
21600.00210629920.00333661420.00507874020.00657480310.00935039370.0167519685
22200.00212598430.00336614170.00511811020.00659448820.00940944880.0167913386
22800.00213582680.00339566930.00519685040.00669291340.0095078740.0168700787
23400.00214566930.00343503940.00525590550.00675196850.00960629920.0169685039
24000.00216535430.00346456690.00532480310.00681102360.00968503940.0170472441
24600.00218503940.0035039370.00538385830.00687007870.00978346460.0171062992
25200.00220472440.00354330710.00545275590.00694881890.00986220470.0171850394
25800.00222440940.00356299210.0055118110.0070078740.00994094490.0172834646
26400.0022342520.00360236220.00559055120.00708661420.01003937010.0173622047
27000.00224409450.00363188980.00564960630.00712598430.01011811020.0174409449
27600.00226377950.00366141730.00571850390.00720472440.01017716540.0175
28200.0022736220.00369094490.00577755910.00726377950.01027559060.0175393701
28800.00228346460.00372047240.00583661420.00732283460.01035433070.0176181102
29400.00230314960.00374015750.00587598430.00736220470.01045275590.0176771654
30000.00232283460.0037696850.00595472440.00742125980.0105118110.0177755906
30600.00234251970.00378937010.00601377950.0074803150.01059055120.0178543307
31200.00235236220.00381889760.00607283460.00750.01066929130.0179330709
31800.00237204720.00383858270.00612204720.00755905510.01072834650.017992126
32400.00238188980.00386811020.00619094490.00759842520.01080708660.0180511811
33000.00240157480.00390748030.00625984250.00767716540.01086614170.0180905512
33600.00242125980.00394685040.00629921260.00773622050.01092519690.0181496063
34200.00243110240.00396653540.00635826770.00779527560.01096456690.0182086614
34800.00245078740.0039960630.00639763780.00783464570.01104330710.0182480315
35400.00246062990.00402559060.00645669290.00789370080.01112204720.0182874016
36000.00247047240.00405511810.0064960630.00793307090.01118110240.0183464567
2
3
_1134423769.bin