BHARATH UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERINGDONE

BY

UMA SHANKAR S (U12AM041)

PRADEEP S (U12AM027)

PRABHANJANRP (U12AM026)

ARUN KUMAR M (U12AM005)

JAYANTH (U12AM015)

VIJAY P (U12AM043)

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS

SPECIFICATIONS

TYRE WEAR

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

MARKINGS

VEHICLE APPLICATIONS

SAFETY AND PRECAUTIONS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCE

A tyre (American English) or tyre (British English) is a ring-shaped

vehicle component that covers the wheels rim to protect it and enable

better vehicle performance Most tires such as those for automobiles and

bicycles provide traction between the vehicle and the road while providing

a flexible cushion that absorbs shock

The spelling tyre does not appear until the 1840s when the English began

shrink fitting railway car wheels with malleable iron Nevertheless

traditional publishers continued using tire The Times newspaper in Britain

was still using tire as late as 1905 The spelling tyre however began to be

commonly used in the 19th century for pneumatic tires in the UK

Another origin of tire is provided by Online Etymology

Dictionary essentially that the word is a short form of attire and that a

wheel with a tire is a dressed wheel Some other etymologists may share

this view

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS

SPECIFICATIONS

TYRE WEAR

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

MARKINGS

VEHICLE APPLICATIONS

SAFETY AND PRECAUTIONS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCE

A tyre (American English) or tyre (British English) is a ring-shaped

vehicle component that covers the wheels rim to protect it and enable

better vehicle performance Most tires such as those for automobiles and

bicycles provide traction between the vehicle and the road while providing

a flexible cushion that absorbs shock

The spelling tyre does not appear until the 1840s when the English began

shrink fitting railway car wheels with malleable iron Nevertheless

traditional publishers continued using tire The Times newspaper in Britain

was still using tire as late as 1905 The spelling tyre however began to be

commonly used in the 19th century for pneumatic tires in the UK

Another origin of tire is provided by Online Etymology

Dictionary essentially that the word is a short form of attire and that a

wheel with a tire is a dressed wheel Some other etymologists may share

this view

A tyre (American English) or tyre (British English) is a ring-shaped

vehicle component that covers the wheels rim to protect it and enable

better vehicle performance Most tires such as those for automobiles and

bicycles provide traction between the vehicle and the road while providing

a flexible cushion that absorbs shock

The spelling tyre does not appear until the 1840s when the English began

shrink fitting railway car wheels with malleable iron Nevertheless

traditional publishers continued using tire The Times newspaper in Britain

was still using tire as late as 1905 The spelling tyre however began to be

commonly used in the 19th century for pneumatic tires in the UK

Another origin of tire is provided by Online Etymology

Dictionary essentially that the word is a short form of attire and that a

wheel with a tire is a dressed wheel Some other etymologists may share

this view

Historically the spelling was tire and is of French origin which comes from the word tirer to pull The reason for this naming is that originally tire referred to iron hoops or thick wires bound to carriage wheels In French blacksmithing the word for a drawn iron rod is a tirer or pull The same word was often used for any metal drawing or rolling process In an article in the London MagazineIntelligencer of 1853 The Utility of Broad Wheels it explains that the common practice was to bend two rods called tires into hoops and bind them to the wheel but it is preferable to use an iron band called a broad wheel rather than the rods because as the rods wear they bite into the wheel Another early mention of a tire in English is in The Scots Magazine Volume 15 By James Boswell (1753)

The 1911 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica states that [t]he spelling tyre is not now accepted by the best English authorities and is unrecognized in the US while Fowlers Modern English Usage of 1926 says that there is nothing to be said for tyre which is etymologically wrong as well as needlessly divergent from our own [sc British] older amp the present American usage However over the course of the 20th century tyre became established as the standard British spelling

In 1892 Dunlops patent was declared invalid because of prior art by forgotten fellow Scot Robert William Thomson of London (patents London 1845 France 1846 USA 1847) although Dunlop is credited with realising rubber could withstand the wear and tear of being a tire while retaining its resilience J B Dunlop and Harvey du Cros together worked through the ensuing considerable difficulties They employed inventor Charles Kingston Welch and also acquired other rights and patents which allowed them to protect their businesss position The development of this technology hinged on myriad engineering advances In terms of materials the vulcanization of natural rubber which he patented in 1844 is credited to Charles Goodyear and Robert William Thomson

Cords

Elastomer

Treads

Tread lug

Tread void

Rain groove

Sipe

Wear bar

Bead

Sidewall

Shoulder

Ply

CORDS

The cords which form the ply and bead and provide the tensile strength necessary to contain

the inflation pressure

ELASTOMETER

The elastomer which forms the tread and encases the cords to protect them from abrasion and

hold them in place

TREADSThe tread is the part of the tire that comes in contact with the road surface The portion that is in contact with the road at a given instant in time is the contact patch

TREAD LUGTread lugs provide the contact surface necessary to provide traction As the tread lug enters the road contact area or footprint it is compressed

TREAD VOIDTread voids provide space for the lug to flex and deform as it enters and exits the footprint Voids also provide channels for rainwater mud and snow to be channeled away from the footprint

CORDS

The cords which form the ply and bead and provide the tensile strength necessary to contain

the inflation pressure

ELASTOMETER

The elastomer which forms the tread and encases the cords to protect them from abrasion and

hold them in place

TREADSThe tread is the part of the tire that comes in contact with the road surface The portion that is in contact with the road at a given instant in time is the contact patch

TREAD LUGTread lugs provide the contact surface necessary to provide traction As the tread lug enters the road contact area or footprint it is compressed

TREAD VOIDTread voids provide space for the lug to flex and deform as it enters and exits the footprint Voids also provide channels for rainwater mud and snow to be channeled away from the footprint

RAIN GROOVE

The rain groove is a design element of the tread pattern specifically arranged to channel water

away from the footprint Rain grooves are circumferential in most truck tires

SIPE

Tread lugs often feature small narrow voids or sipes that improve the flexibility of the lug to

deform as it traverses the footprint area This reduces shear stress in the lug and reduces heat

build up

WEAR BAR

Wear bars (or wear indicators) are raised features located at the bottom of the tread grooves

that indicate the tire has reached its wear limit

BEAD

The bead is the part of the tire that contacts the rim on the wheel The bead is typically

reinforced with steel wire and compounded of high strength low flexibility rubber The bead

seats tightly against the two rims on the wheel to ensure that a tubeless tire holds air without

leakage

SIDE WALL

The sidewall is that part of the tire that bridges between the tread and bead The

sidewall is largely rubber but reinforced with fabric or steel cords that provide for

tensile strength and flexibility

SHOULDER

The shoulder is that part of the tire at the edge of the tread as it makes transition to

the sidewall

PLY

Plies are layers of relatively inextensible cords embedded in the rubber to hold its

shape by preventing the rubber from stretching in response to the internal pressure

WHEEL

Tires are mounted onto wheels that most often have integral rims on their outer

edges to hold the tire Automotive wheels are typically made from pressed and

welded steel or a composite of lightweight metal alloys such as aluminum or

magnesium The mounted tire and wheel assembly is then bolted to the

vehicles hub A decorative hubcap and trim ring may be placed over the wheel

RIM

The beads of the tire are held on the rim or the outer edge of a wheel These

outer edges are shaped to obtain a proper shape on each side having a radially

cylindrical inclined inner wall on which the tire can be mounted Tires are mounted

on the wheel by forcing its beads into the channel formed by the wheels inner and

outer rims

WHEEL

Tires are mounted onto wheels that most often have integral rims on their outer

edges to hold the tire Automotive wheels are typically made from pressed and

welded steel or a composite of lightweight metal alloys such as aluminum or

magnesium The mounted tire and wheel assembly is then bolted to the

vehicles hub A decorative hubcap and trim ring may be placed over the wheel

RIM

The beads of the tire are held on the rim or the outer edge of a wheel These

outer edges are shaped to obtain a proper shape on each side having a radially

cylindrical inclined inner wall on which the tire can be mounted Tires are mounted

on the wheel by forcing its beads into the channel formed by the wheels inner and

outer rims

INNER TUBE

Most bicycle tires many motorcycle tires and many tires for large vehicles such as

buses heavy trucks and tractors are designed for use with inner tubes Inner tubes

are torus-shaped balloons made from an impermeable material such as soft elastic

synthetic rubber to prevent air leakage The inner tubes are inserted into the tire

and inflated to retain air pressure

VALVESTEM

The valve stem is a tube made of metal or rubber through which the tire is inflated

with a check valve typically a Schrader valve on automobiles and most bicycle

tires or a Presta valve on high-performance bicycles Valve stems usually protrude

through the wheel for easy access

TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM

Tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS) are electronic systems that monitor the tire pressures on individual wheels on a vehicle and alert the driver when the pressure goes below a warning limit There are several types of designs to monitor tire pressure

INFLATION PRESSURE

Tires are specified by the vehicle manufacturer with a recommended inflation pressure which permits safe operation within the specified load rating and vehicle loading Most tires are stamped with a maximum pressure rating The effectiveness of the use of nitrogen vs air as a means to reduce the rate of pressure loss is baseless and has been shown to be a bogus marketing gimmick One study noted a 13 psi (90 kPa 0090 bar) difference (from an initial pressure of 30 psi (210 kPa 21 bar)) for air-filled vs nitrogen-filled tires However the statistical significance of the purported 13 psi (90 kPa 0090 bar) difference in the latter study is questionable since no t-test nor p values were reported

LOAD RATING

Tires are specified by the manufacturer with a maximum load rating Loads

exceeding the rating can result in unsafe conditions that can lead to steering

instability and even rupture For a table of load ratings see tire code

SPEED RATING

The speed rating denotes the maximum speed at which a tire is designed to be

operated For passenger vehicles these ratings range from 160 to 300 kmh (994 to

186 mph) For a table of speed ratings see tire code

SERVICE RATING

Tires (especially in the US) are often given service ratings mainly used on bus

and truck tires Some ratings are for long haul and some for stop-start multi-drop

type work Tires designed to run 500 miles (800 km) or more per day carrying

heavy loads require special specifications

LOAD RATING

Tires are specified by the manufacturer with a maximum load rating Loads

exceeding the rating can result in unsafe conditions that can lead to steering

instability and even rupture For a table of load ratings see tire code

SPEED RATING

The speed rating denotes the maximum speed at which a tire is designed to be

operated For passenger vehicles these ratings range from 160 to 300 kmh (994 to

186 mph) For a table of speed ratings see tire code

SERVICE RATING

Tires (especially in the US) are often given service ratings mainly used on bus

and truck tires Some ratings are for long haul and some for stop-start multi-drop

type work Tires designed to run 500 miles (800 km) or more per day carrying

heavy loads require special specifications

WHEEL ALIGNMENT

Wheel alignment is the procedure for checking and correcting this condition

through adjustment of camber caster and toe angles These settings also affect the

handling characteristics of the vehicle

RETREAD

Tires that are fully worn can be re-manufactured to replace the worn tread This is

known as retreading or recapping a process of buffing away the worn tread and

applying a new tread Retreading is economical for truck tires because the cost of

replacing the tread is less than the price of a new tire

Many commercial trucking companies put retreads only on trailers using only new

tires on their steering and drive wheels This procedure increases the driverrsquos

chance of maintaining control in case of problems with a retreaded tire

CAUSE AND CONSEQUENCES

Consequences of wheel positions deviations

Premature tyre wear and the causes

Poor steering characteristics

Vibration of the vehicle

Premature tyre wear and the causes

Abnormal or too fast tyre wear originates when irregularities

or defects occur to the wheel the tyre or the vehicle Other

causes of too fast tyre wear are incorrect use of the vehicle and

poor maintenance

Under inflations will cause wear on the shoulders of tire Over inflation cause wear at the center of tyre Excessive camber causes the tyre to run at an angle to the road One side of thread is then worn more than the other excessive toe-in or toe-out causes wear on the thread edges and a feathered effect across the thread

standard tyre wear drawings possible causes of uneven or

accelerated tyre wear

If the thread wear is even but the tyre is wearing quickly this may be

caused by driving at too high speed or driving in a warm in a warm climate

with tyres made of unsuitable rubber

Tyre efficiency as a result of tyre pressure and load

The consequences for the life can be seen for a tyre that is 20 overloaded

The life of the tyre is then decreased by up to 70 if the tyre has 20

under pressure the life of the tyre decreases by up to 74

influence of speed on the life of a tyre

The influence of speed and the ambient temperature is shown If for

example efficiency at a speed of 64 kmph and a temperature of 190 C is

100 this efficiency fall to 55 at as speed of 112 kmph The life of the

tyre accordingly decreases by 45

one ndashsided tyre ward

Single ndashsided tread wear is usually caused by an incorrect camber The

wheel is then out of square on the road surface With the deformation of

the tyre the wheel turns on different circumferences One side wilt slip and

result in shoulder wear without ridge formation

serrated wear

Serrated wear in the longitudinal direction of the tyre is common on non-

driven axles Because the separate features of the tyre tread forming tread

design are not driven but do deform they wear more quickly on the one

side than the other

Vertical and lateral run-out in tyre combinations

It is possible for the wheel to still vibrate after balancingthe cause can be

vertical run-out or lateral run-out Vertical run-out is the up and down

movement of the axle pf the turning wheel due to out-of-roundness Lateral

run-out is a consequence of the askew position of the tyre on the tyre on

the rim due to dirt between heel and rim edge or the poor fitting the heel

Lateral run-out can also occur after a wheel is fitted on a car The cause is

then askew assembly on the axle due to damage or dirt

Balance

When a wheel and tire rotate they exert a centrifugal force on the axle that

depends on the location of their center of mass and the orientation of

their moment of inertia This is referred to as balance imbalance or

unbalance Tires are checked at the point of manufacture for excessive

static imbalance and dynamic imbalance using automatic tire balance

machines

Circle of forces

The circle of forces traction circle friction circle or friction ellipse is a

useful way to think about the dynamic interaction between a vehicles tire

and the road surface

Under inflations will cause wear on the shoulders of tire Over inflation cause wear at the center of tyre Excessive camber causes the tyre to run at an angle to the road One side of thread is then worn more than the other excessive toe-in or toe-out causes wear on the thread edges and a feathered effect across the thread

standard tyre wear drawings possible causes of uneven or

accelerated tyre wear

If the thread wear is even but the tyre is wearing quickly this may be

caused by driving at too high speed or driving in a warm in a warm climate

with tyres made of unsuitable rubber

Tyre efficiency as a result of tyre pressure and load

The consequences for the life can be seen for a tyre that is 20 overloaded

The life of the tyre is then decreased by up to 70 if the tyre has 20

under pressure the life of the tyre decreases by up to 74

influence of speed on the life of a tyre

The influence of speed and the ambient temperature is shown If for

example efficiency at a speed of 64 kmph and a temperature of 190 C is

100 this efficiency fall to 55 at as speed of 112 kmph The life of the

tyre accordingly decreases by 45

one ndashsided tyre ward

Single ndashsided tread wear is usually caused by an incorrect camber The

wheel is then out of square on the road surface With the deformation of

the tyre the wheel turns on different circumferences One side wilt slip and

result in shoulder wear without ridge formation

serrated wear

Serrated wear in the longitudinal direction of the tyre is common on non-

driven axles Because the separate features of the tyre tread forming tread

design are not driven but do deform they wear more quickly on the one

side than the other

Vertical and lateral run-out in tyre combinations

It is possible for the wheel to still vibrate after balancingthe cause can be

vertical run-out or lateral run-out Vertical run-out is the up and down

movement of the axle pf the turning wheel due to out-of-roundness Lateral

run-out is a consequence of the askew position of the tyre on the tyre on

the rim due to dirt between heel and rim edge or the poor fitting the heel

Lateral run-out can also occur after a wheel is fitted on a car The cause is

then askew assembly on the axle due to damage or dirt

Balance

When a wheel and tire rotate they exert a centrifugal force on the axle that

depends on the location of their center of mass and the orientation of

their moment of inertia This is referred to as balance imbalance or

unbalance Tires are checked at the point of manufacture for excessive

static imbalance and dynamic imbalance using automatic tire balance

machines

Circle of forces

The circle of forces traction circle friction circle or friction ellipse is a

useful way to think about the dynamic interaction between a vehicles tire

and the road surface

standard tyre wear drawings possible causes of uneven or

accelerated tyre wear

If the thread wear is even but the tyre is wearing quickly this may be

caused by driving at too high speed or driving in a warm in a warm climate

with tyres made of unsuitable rubber

Tyre efficiency as a result of tyre pressure and load

The consequences for the life can be seen for a tyre that is 20 overloaded

The life of the tyre is then decreased by up to 70 if the tyre has 20

under pressure the life of the tyre decreases by up to 74

influence of speed on the life of a tyre

The influence of speed and the ambient temperature is shown If for

example efficiency at a speed of 64 kmph and a temperature of 190 C is

100 this efficiency fall to 55 at as speed of 112 kmph The life of the

tyre accordingly decreases by 45

one ndashsided tyre ward

Single ndashsided tread wear is usually caused by an incorrect camber The

wheel is then out of square on the road surface With the deformation of

the tyre the wheel turns on different circumferences One side wilt slip and

result in shoulder wear without ridge formation

serrated wear

Serrated wear in the longitudinal direction of the tyre is common on non-

driven axles Because the separate features of the tyre tread forming tread

design are not driven but do deform they wear more quickly on the one

side than the other

Vertical and lateral run-out in tyre combinations

It is possible for the wheel to still vibrate after balancingthe cause can be

vertical run-out or lateral run-out Vertical run-out is the up and down

movement of the axle pf the turning wheel due to out-of-roundness Lateral

run-out is a consequence of the askew position of the tyre on the tyre on

the rim due to dirt between heel and rim edge or the poor fitting the heel

Lateral run-out can also occur after a wheel is fitted on a car The cause is

then askew assembly on the axle due to damage or dirt

Balance

When a wheel and tire rotate they exert a centrifugal force on the axle that

depends on the location of their center of mass and the orientation of

their moment of inertia This is referred to as balance imbalance or

unbalance Tires are checked at the point of manufacture for excessive

static imbalance and dynamic imbalance using automatic tire balance

machines

Circle of forces

The circle of forces traction circle friction circle or friction ellipse is a

useful way to think about the dynamic interaction between a vehicles tire

and the road surface

influence of speed on the life of a tyre

The influence of speed and the ambient temperature is shown If for

example efficiency at a speed of 64 kmph and a temperature of 190 C is

100 this efficiency fall to 55 at as speed of 112 kmph The life of the

tyre accordingly decreases by 45

one ndashsided tyre ward

Single ndashsided tread wear is usually caused by an incorrect camber The

wheel is then out of square on the road surface With the deformation of

the tyre the wheel turns on different circumferences One side wilt slip and

result in shoulder wear without ridge formation

serrated wear

Serrated wear in the longitudinal direction of the tyre is common on non-

driven axles Because the separate features of the tyre tread forming tread

design are not driven but do deform they wear more quickly on the one

side than the other

Vertical and lateral run-out in tyre combinations

It is possible for the wheel to still vibrate after balancingthe cause can be

vertical run-out or lateral run-out Vertical run-out is the up and down

movement of the axle pf the turning wheel due to out-of-roundness Lateral

run-out is a consequence of the askew position of the tyre on the tyre on

the rim due to dirt between heel and rim edge or the poor fitting the heel

Lateral run-out can also occur after a wheel is fitted on a car The cause is

then askew assembly on the axle due to damage or dirt

Balance

When a wheel and tire rotate they exert a centrifugal force on the axle that

depends on the location of their center of mass and the orientation of

their moment of inertia This is referred to as balance imbalance or

unbalance Tires are checked at the point of manufacture for excessive

static imbalance and dynamic imbalance using automatic tire balance

machines

Circle of forces

The circle of forces traction circle friction circle or friction ellipse is a

useful way to think about the dynamic interaction between a vehicles tire

and the road surface

serrated wear

Serrated wear in the longitudinal direction of the tyre is common on non-

driven axles Because the separate features of the tyre tread forming tread

design are not driven but do deform they wear more quickly on the one

side than the other

Vertical and lateral run-out in tyre combinations

It is possible for the wheel to still vibrate after balancingthe cause can be

vertical run-out or lateral run-out Vertical run-out is the up and down

movement of the axle pf the turning wheel due to out-of-roundness Lateral

run-out is a consequence of the askew position of the tyre on the tyre on

the rim due to dirt between heel and rim edge or the poor fitting the heel

Lateral run-out can also occur after a wheel is fitted on a car The cause is

then askew assembly on the axle due to damage or dirt

Balance

When a wheel and tire rotate they exert a centrifugal force on the axle that

depends on the location of their center of mass and the orientation of

their moment of inertia This is referred to as balance imbalance or

unbalance Tires are checked at the point of manufacture for excessive

static imbalance and dynamic imbalance using automatic tire balance

machines

Circle of forces

The circle of forces traction circle friction circle or friction ellipse is a

useful way to think about the dynamic interaction between a vehicles tire

and the road surface

Balance

When a wheel and tire rotate they exert a centrifugal force on the axle that

depends on the location of their center of mass and the orientation of

their moment of inertia This is referred to as balance imbalance or

unbalance Tires are checked at the point of manufacture for excessive

static imbalance and dynamic imbalance using automatic tire balance

machines

Circle of forces

The circle of forces traction circle friction circle or friction ellipse is a

useful way to think about the dynamic interaction between a vehicles tire

and the road surface

STOPPING DISTANCE

Performance-oriented tires have a tread pattern and rubber compounds

designed to grip the road surface and so usually have a slightly shorter

stopping distance However specific braking tests are necessary for data

beyond generalizations

INTERNAL FACTOR EXTERNAL FACTOR

Aspect Ratio Road texture and roughness

Rim width Aerodynamic drag

Tyre size Effect of speed

Tyre pattern Effect of load

Tread depth Effect of temperature

Cord angle Effect of inner tube

EFFECT OF COMPONENT ON TYRE PERFORMANCE

DOT Code

In the United States the DOT Code is an alphanumeric character sequence

molded into the sidewall of the tire for purposes of tire identification The

DOT Code is mandated by the US Department of Transportation The

DOT Code is useful in identifying tires in a product recall

E-mark

All tires sold for road use in Europe after July 1997 must carry an E-mark

The mark itself is either an upper case E or lower case e ndash followed by

a number in a circle or rectangle followed by a further number An (upper

case) E indicates that the tire is certified to comply with the dimensional

performance and marking requirements of ECE regulation 30

INTERNAL FACTOR EXTERNAL FACTOR

Aspect Ratio Road texture and roughness

Rim width Aerodynamic drag

Tyre size Effect of speed

Tyre pattern Effect of load

Tread depth Effect of temperature

Cord angle Effect of inner tube

EFFECT OF COMPONENT ON TYRE PERFORMANCE

DOT Code

In the United States the DOT Code is an alphanumeric character sequence

molded into the sidewall of the tire for purposes of tire identification The

DOT Code is mandated by the US Department of Transportation The

DOT Code is useful in identifying tires in a product recall

E-mark

All tires sold for road use in Europe after July 1997 must carry an E-mark

The mark itself is either an upper case E or lower case e ndash followed by

a number in a circle or rectangle followed by a further number An (upper

case) E indicates that the tire is certified to comply with the dimensional

performance and marking requirements of ECE regulation 30

DOT Code

In the United States the DOT Code is an alphanumeric character sequence

molded into the sidewall of the tire for purposes of tire identification The

DOT Code is mandated by the US Department of Transportation The

DOT Code is useful in identifying tires in a product recall

E-mark

All tires sold for road use in Europe after July 1997 must carry an E-mark

The mark itself is either an upper case E or lower case e ndash followed by

a number in a circle or rectangle followed by a further number An (upper

case) E indicates that the tire is certified to comply with the dimensional

performance and marking requirements of ECE regulation 30

MODEL SERIAL NUMBER

Tire manufacturers usually embed a mold serial number into the sidewall area of the mold so that the tire once molded can be traced back to the mold of original manufacturer

SIZE CODES

Automobile tires are described by an alphanumeric code which is

generally molded into the sidewall of the tire This code specifies the

dimensions of the tire and some of its key limitations such as load-bearing

ability and maximum speed Sometimes the inner sidewall contains

information not included on the outer sidewall and vice versa

Passenger vehicles and light truck

High performance

High performance tires are designed for use at higher

speeds and more often a more sporty driving style They

feature a softer rubber compound for improved traction

especially on high speed cornering The trade off of this softer

rubber is shorter tread life

High performance street tires sometimes sacrifice wet weather

handling by having shallower water channels to provide more

actual rubber tread surface area for dry weather performance

MUD AND SNOW

Mud and Snow (or M+S or MampS) is a designation applied rather

arbitrarily by manufacturers for all-season and winter tires designed to

provide improved performance under low temperature conditions

compared to summer tires Tires may have well above average numbers of

sipes in the tread pattern to grip the ice There are no traction performance

requirements which such a tire has to meet MampS relates to the percentage

of tread void area

Mud tires are specialty tires with large chunky tread patterns designed to

bite into muddy surfaces The large open design also allows mud to clear

quickly from between the lugs Mud terrain tires also tend to be wider than

other tires to spread the weight of the vehicle over a greater area to prevent

the vehicle from sinking too deeply into the mud

ALL SEASON

The all-season tire is a compromise and is neither an excellent summer tire

nor an excellent winter tire All-Season tires are also marked for mud and

snow the same as winter tires but rarely with a snowflake Owing to the

compromise with performance during summer winter performance is

usually poorer than a winter tire

ALL TERRAIN

All-terrain tires are typically used on SUVs and light trucks These tires

often have stiffer sidewalls for greater resistance against puncture when

traveling off-road the tread pattern offers wider spacing than all-season

tires to remove mud from the tread Many tires in the all-terrain category

are designed primarily for on-road use particularly all-terrain tires that are

originally sold with the vehicle

SIZE CODES

Automobile tires are described by an alphanumeric code which is

generally molded into the sidewall of the tire This code specifies the

dimensions of the tire and some of its key limitations such as load-bearing

ability and maximum speed Sometimes the inner sidewall contains

information not included on the outer sidewall and vice versa

Passenger vehicles and light truck

High performance

High performance tires are designed for use at higher

speeds and more often a more sporty driving style They

feature a softer rubber compound for improved traction

especially on high speed cornering The trade off of this softer

rubber is shorter tread life

High performance street tires sometimes sacrifice wet weather

handling by having shallower water channels to provide more

actual rubber tread surface area for dry weather performance

MUD AND SNOW

Mud and Snow (or M+S or MampS) is a designation applied rather

arbitrarily by manufacturers for all-season and winter tires designed to

provide improved performance under low temperature conditions

compared to summer tires Tires may have well above average numbers of

sipes in the tread pattern to grip the ice There are no traction performance

requirements which such a tire has to meet MampS relates to the percentage

of tread void area

Mud tires are specialty tires with large chunky tread patterns designed to

bite into muddy surfaces The large open design also allows mud to clear

quickly from between the lugs Mud terrain tires also tend to be wider than

other tires to spread the weight of the vehicle over a greater area to prevent

the vehicle from sinking too deeply into the mud

ALL SEASON

The all-season tire is a compromise and is neither an excellent summer tire

nor an excellent winter tire All-Season tires are also marked for mud and

snow the same as winter tires but rarely with a snowflake Owing to the

compromise with performance during summer winter performance is

usually poorer than a winter tire

ALL TERRAIN

All-terrain tires are typically used on SUVs and light trucks These tires

often have stiffer sidewalls for greater resistance against puncture when

traveling off-road the tread pattern offers wider spacing than all-season

tires to remove mud from the tread Many tires in the all-terrain category

are designed primarily for on-road use particularly all-terrain tires that are

originally sold with the vehicle

Passenger vehicles and light truck

High performance

High performance tires are designed for use at higher

speeds and more often a more sporty driving style They

feature a softer rubber compound for improved traction

especially on high speed cornering The trade off of this softer

rubber is shorter tread life

High performance street tires sometimes sacrifice wet weather

handling by having shallower water channels to provide more

actual rubber tread surface area for dry weather performance

MUD AND SNOW

Mud and Snow (or M+S or MampS) is a designation applied rather

arbitrarily by manufacturers for all-season and winter tires designed to

provide improved performance under low temperature conditions

compared to summer tires Tires may have well above average numbers of

sipes in the tread pattern to grip the ice There are no traction performance

requirements which such a tire has to meet MampS relates to the percentage

of tread void area

Mud tires are specialty tires with large chunky tread patterns designed to

bite into muddy surfaces The large open design also allows mud to clear

quickly from between the lugs Mud terrain tires also tend to be wider than

other tires to spread the weight of the vehicle over a greater area to prevent

the vehicle from sinking too deeply into the mud

ALL SEASON

The all-season tire is a compromise and is neither an excellent summer tire

nor an excellent winter tire All-Season tires are also marked for mud and

snow the same as winter tires but rarely with a snowflake Owing to the

compromise with performance during summer winter performance is

usually poorer than a winter tire

ALL TERRAIN

All-terrain tires are typically used on SUVs and light trucks These tires

often have stiffer sidewalls for greater resistance against puncture when

traveling off-road the tread pattern offers wider spacing than all-season

tires to remove mud from the tread Many tires in the all-terrain category

are designed primarily for on-road use particularly all-terrain tires that are

originally sold with the vehicle

MUD AND SNOW

Mud and Snow (or M+S or MampS) is a designation applied rather

arbitrarily by manufacturers for all-season and winter tires designed to

provide improved performance under low temperature conditions

compared to summer tires Tires may have well above average numbers of

sipes in the tread pattern to grip the ice There are no traction performance

requirements which such a tire has to meet MampS relates to the percentage

of tread void area

Mud tires are specialty tires with large chunky tread patterns designed to

bite into muddy surfaces The large open design also allows mud to clear

quickly from between the lugs Mud terrain tires also tend to be wider than

other tires to spread the weight of the vehicle over a greater area to prevent

the vehicle from sinking too deeply into the mud

ALL SEASON

The all-season tire is a compromise and is neither an excellent summer tire

nor an excellent winter tire All-Season tires are also marked for mud and

snow the same as winter tires but rarely with a snowflake Owing to the

compromise with performance during summer winter performance is

usually poorer than a winter tire

ALL TERRAIN

All-terrain tires are typically used on SUVs and light trucks These tires

often have stiffer sidewalls for greater resistance against puncture when

traveling off-road the tread pattern offers wider spacing than all-season

tires to remove mud from the tread Many tires in the all-terrain category

are designed primarily for on-road use particularly all-terrain tires that are

originally sold with the vehicle

ALL SEASON

The all-season tire is a compromise and is neither an excellent summer tire

nor an excellent winter tire All-Season tires are also marked for mud and

snow the same as winter tires but rarely with a snowflake Owing to the

compromise with performance during summer winter performance is

usually poorer than a winter tire

ALL TERRAIN

All-terrain tires are typically used on SUVs and light trucks These tires

often have stiffer sidewalls for greater resistance against puncture when

traveling off-road the tread pattern offers wider spacing than all-season

tires to remove mud from the tread Many tires in the all-terrain category

are designed primarily for on-road use particularly all-terrain tires that are

originally sold with the vehicle

Light trailer

Domestic Trailers (including camping trailers) for use on public highways

often have different tires than those seen on cars Often they are bias

ply rather than radial tires and they often dont have as aggressive a tread

pattern as standard road tires

Off-the-road

Off-the-road (OTR) tires include tires for construction vehicles such as

wheel loaders backhoes graders trenchers and the like as well as large

mining trucks OTR tires can be of either bias or radial construction

although the industry is trending toward increasing use of radial Bias OTR

tires are built with a large number of reinforcing plies to withstand severe

service conditions and high loads

Racing

Racing tires are highly specialized according to vehicle and race

track conditions This classification includes tires for drag racing Auto-x

drifting Time Attack Road Racing ndash as well as the large-market race tires

for Formula One IndyCar NASCAR V8 Supercars WRC MotoGP and

the like Racing tires often are engineered to minimum weight targets so

tires for a 500-mile (800 km) race may run only 100 miles (160 km) before

a tire change Racing tires often are not legal for normal highway use

Industrial

The Industrial tire classification is a bit of a catch-all category and includes

pneumatic and non-pneumatic tires for specialty industrial and construction

equipment such as skid loaders and fork lift trucks

BICYCLE

This classification includes all forms of bicycle tires including road racing

tires mountain bike tires snow tires and tubular tires used also with other

human-powered vehicles (see Category Human-powered vehicles)

AIRCRAFT

Aircraft tires are designed to withstand extremely heavy loads for short

durations Aircraft tires generally operate at high pressures up to

200 pounds per square inch (14 bar 1400 kPa) for airliners and even

higher for business jets Tests of airline aircraft tires have shown that they

are able to sustain pressures of maximum 800 pounds per square inch

(55 bar 5500 kPa) before bursting

Proper vehicle safety requires specific attention to inflation pressure

tread depth and general condition of the tires Over-inflated tires run the

risk of explosive decompression (they may pop) On the other hand under-

inflated tires have a higher rolling resistance and suffer from overheating

and rapid tread wear particularly on the edges of the tread

Tires worn down past their safety margins and into the casing run the very

real risk of rupturing Also certain combinations of cross ply and radial

tires on different wheels of the same vehicle can lead to vehicle instability

and may also be illegal Vehicle and tire manufacturers provide ownerrsquos

manuals with instructions on how to check and maintain tires

SIZE 1400R 20 1200R 20

PRESSURE 20 18 18 16

PATTERN CODE HP 10 HP 11 HP 10 HP 11 HP 10 HP 10

RIM 10020 10020 8520 8520

DIMENSION OUT

DIAMETER

1232 1232 1122 1122

SECTION

WIDTH

375 375 315 315

DIAMETER

UNDER

DYNAMIC

LOAD

579 579 526 526

BASIC DATA LOAD

INDEX

164 161 154 152

Kg LOAD 5000 4625 3750 3250

Kpa AIR

PRESSURE

790 690 830 770

SPEED G (90 Kmh) K (110 Kmh)

SAFETY PERFORMANCE MORE THAN 100 KM AFTER AIR - DEFLATION

FLAT

A flat tire occurs when a tire deflates This can occur as a result of normal

wear-and-tear a leak or more serious damageA flat tire or low-pressure

tire should be considered an emergency situation requiring immediate

attention Some tires known as run-flat tires have either extremely stiff

sidewalls or a resilient filler to allow driving a limited distance while flat

usually at reduced speed without permanent damage or hazard

SIZE 1400R 20 1200R 20

PRESSURE 20 18 18 16

PATTERN CODE HP 10 HP 11 HP 10 HP 11 HP 10 HP 10

RIM 10020 10020 8520 8520

DIMENSION OUT

DIAMETER

1232 1232 1122 1122

SECTION

WIDTH

375 375 315 315

DIAMETER

UNDER

DYNAMIC

LOAD

579 579 526 526

BASIC DATA LOAD

INDEX

164 161 154 152

Kg LOAD 5000 4625 3750 3250

Kpa AIR

PRESSURE

790 690 830 770

SPEED G (90 Kmh) K (110 Kmh)

SAFETY PERFORMANCE MORE THAN 100 KM AFTER AIR - DEFLATION

FLAT

A flat tire occurs when a tire deflates This can occur as a result of normal

wear-and-tear a leak or more serious damageA flat tire or low-pressure

tire should be considered an emergency situation requiring immediate

attention Some tires known as run-flat tires have either extremely stiff

sidewalls or a resilient filler to allow driving a limited distance while flat

usually at reduced speed without permanent damage or hazard

FLAT

A flat tire occurs when a tire deflates This can occur as a result of normal

wear-and-tear a leak or more serious damageA flat tire or low-pressure

tire should be considered an emergency situation requiring immediate

attention Some tires known as run-flat tires have either extremely stiff

sidewalls or a resilient filler to allow driving a limited distance while flat

usually at reduced speed without permanent damage or hazard

BUBBLE

Tire bubbles also referred to as bulges bumps protrusions carbuncles

occur when the sidewall of the tire has failed resulting in a protrusion

Causes of bubbles include having an impact at high speed over inflation

or poor tire constructionmanufacturing It is generally recommended to

replace the tire since the probability of tire failure has increased They can

occur on the inner or outer sidewall

HYDROPLANNING

Hydroplaning also known as aquaplaning is the condition where a layer of water builds up between the tire and road surface Hydroplaning occurs when the tread pattern cannot channel away enough water at an adequate rate to ensure a semi-dry footprint area When hydroplaning occurs the tire effectively floats above the road surface on a cushion of water ndash and loses traction braking and steering creating a very unsafe driving condition

DANGER OF AGED TIRES

Research and tests show that as tires age they begin to dry out and become potentially dangerous even if unused Aged tires may appear to have similar properties to newly manufactured tires but rubber degrades over time and once the vehicle is traveling at high speeds (ie on a freeway) the tread could peel off leading to severe loss of control

Also tires on seldom-used trailers are at the greatest risk of age-failure but

some tires are built to withstand idleness usually with nylon

reinforcement

Many automakers recommend replacing tires after six years and several

tire manufacturers (Bridgestone Michelin) have called for tires to be

removed from service 10 years after the date of manufacture

Scrap tires and environmental issues

Once tires are discarded they are considered scrap tires Scrap tires are

often re-used for things from bumper car barriers to weights to hold down

tarps Some facilities are permitted to recycle scrap tires through chipping

and processing into new products or selling the material to licensed power

plants for fuel

The use of scrap tire chips for landscaping has become controversial due

to the leaching of metals and other contaminants from the tire pieces Zinc

is concentrated (up to 2 by weight) to levels high enough to be highly

toxic to aquatic life and plants Of particular concern is evidence that some

of the compounds that leach from tires into water contain hormone

disruptors and cause liver lesions

Flexible sidewalls Reduced fuel consumption due to less rolling

resistance A softer ride because of the layout of the tires plies and because

of the flex of the sidewalls assuring more stable contact with the road

service and a softer ride Less vibration Extended tire life due to less heat

generated by the tire

Poor transport handling since low lateral stiffness causes the tire sway to

increase as the speed of the vehicle increases Increased vulnerability to

abuse when overloaded or under-inflated The sidewall tends to bulge

which could cause damage and puncture A ply layout that causes the radial

tire to follow a wheel track more consistently than a bias ply tire The

radial tire is more expensive than a bias ply tire which may be considered

as a disadvantage

Jump up^ See spelling differences

Jump up^ httpwwwetymonlinecom

Jump up^ Peters Pam (2004) The Cambridge Guide to English Usage Cambridge University Press p 553 ISBN 978-

0-521-62181-6

Jump up^ Chisholm Hugh ed (1911) Encyclopaeligdia Britannica vol 26 Encyclopaeligdia Britannica p 1007

Jump up^ Fowler H W David Crystal (ed) (2009) A Dictionary of Modern English Usage The Classic First Edition

Oxford University Press p 655 ISBN 978-0-19-953534-7 Retrieved 2010-10-23

Jump up^ Bertman Stephen (2005) p35 Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia Oxford University Press

Retrieved 2 August 2014

Jump up^ Sir Arthur Du Cros Bt Wheels of Fortune a salute to pioneers Chapman amp Hall London 1938

Jump up^ Dunlop John Boyd (2008) Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography AccessScience Retrieved 9

July 2009

^ Jump up toa b Werner Obrecht Jean-Pierre Lambert Michael Happ Christiane Oppenheimer-Stix John Dunn and Ralf

Kruumlger Rubber 4 Emulsion Rubbers in Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2012 Wiley-VCH

Weinheim doi10100214356007o23_o01

Jump up^ Samuel K Clark V E Gough (1981) Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires US Department of Transportation

p 245 Consider two mechanisms of force transmission acting in parallel

^ Jump up toa b Samuel K Clark V E Gough (1981) Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires US Department of

Transportation p 246 The only possible way in which the reaction can develop at the rim is by the changes in

magnitude and direction of the membrane stresses at their points of attachment to the rim in the region of the membrane

near the point where the plate is pressed against it

Jump up^ Samuel K Clark V E Gough (1981) Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires US Department of Transportation

p 246 This force pulls the bead coil against the base of the wheel rim above the contact area thus transmitting the

upward force to the wheel

Flexible sidewalls Reduced fuel consumption due to less rolling

resistance A softer ride because of the layout of the tires plies and because

of the flex of the sidewalls assuring more stable contact with the road

service and a softer ride Less vibration Extended tire life due to less heat

generated by the tire

Poor transport handling since low lateral stiffness causes the tire sway to

increase as the speed of the vehicle increases Increased vulnerability to

abuse when overloaded or under-inflated The sidewall tends to bulge

which could cause damage and puncture A ply layout that causes the radial

tire to follow a wheel track more consistently than a bias ply tire The

radial tire is more expensive than a bias ply tire which may be considered

as a disadvantage

Jump up^ See spelling differences

Jump up^ httpwwwetymonlinecom

Jump up^ Peters Pam (2004) The Cambridge Guide to English Usage Cambridge University Press p 553 ISBN 978-

0-521-62181-6

Jump up^ Chisholm Hugh ed (1911) Encyclopaeligdia Britannica vol 26 Encyclopaeligdia Britannica p 1007

Jump up^ Fowler H W David Crystal (ed) (2009) A Dictionary of Modern English Usage The Classic First Edition

Oxford University Press p 655 ISBN 978-0-19-953534-7 Retrieved 2010-10-23

Jump up^ Bertman Stephen (2005) p35 Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia Oxford University Press

Retrieved 2 August 2014

Jump up^ Sir Arthur Du Cros Bt Wheels of Fortune a salute to pioneers Chapman amp Hall London 1938

Jump up^ Dunlop John Boyd (2008) Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography AccessScience Retrieved 9

July 2009

^ Jump up toa b Werner Obrecht Jean-Pierre Lambert Michael Happ Christiane Oppenheimer-Stix John Dunn and Ralf

Kruumlger Rubber 4 Emulsion Rubbers in Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2012 Wiley-VCH

Weinheim doi10100214356007o23_o01

Jump up^ Samuel K Clark V E Gough (1981) Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires US Department of Transportation

p 245 Consider two mechanisms of force transmission acting in parallel

^ Jump up toa b Samuel K Clark V E Gough (1981) Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires US Department of

Transportation p 246 The only possible way in which the reaction can develop at the rim is by the changes in

magnitude and direction of the membrane stresses at their points of attachment to the rim in the region of the membrane

near the point where the plate is pressed against it

Jump up^ Samuel K Clark V E Gough (1981) Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires US Department of Transportation

p 246 This force pulls the bead coil against the base of the wheel rim above the contact area thus transmitting the

upward force to the wheel

Jump up^ See spelling differences

Jump up^ httpwwwetymonlinecom

Jump up^ Peters Pam (2004) The Cambridge Guide to English Usage Cambridge University Press p 553 ISBN 978-

0-521-62181-6

Jump up^ Chisholm Hugh ed (1911) Encyclopaeligdia Britannica vol 26 Encyclopaeligdia Britannica p 1007

Jump up^ Fowler H W David Crystal (ed) (2009) A Dictionary of Modern English Usage The Classic First Edition

Oxford University Press p 655 ISBN 978-0-19-953534-7 Retrieved 2010-10-23

Jump up^ Bertman Stephen (2005) p35 Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia Oxford University Press

Retrieved 2 August 2014

Jump up^ Sir Arthur Du Cros Bt Wheels of Fortune a salute to pioneers Chapman amp Hall London 1938

Jump up^ Dunlop John Boyd (2008) Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography AccessScience Retrieved 9

July 2009

^ Jump up toa b Werner Obrecht Jean-Pierre Lambert Michael Happ Christiane Oppenheimer-Stix John Dunn and Ralf

Kruumlger Rubber 4 Emulsion Rubbers in Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2012 Wiley-VCH

Weinheim doi10100214356007o23_o01

Jump up^ Samuel K Clark V E Gough (1981) Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires US Department of Transportation

p 245 Consider two mechanisms of force transmission acting in parallel

^ Jump up toa b Samuel K Clark V E Gough (1981) Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires US Department of

Transportation p 246 The only possible way in which the reaction can develop at the rim is by the changes in

magnitude and direction of the membrane stresses at their points of attachment to the rim in the region of the membrane

near the point where the plate is pressed against it

Jump up^ Samuel K Clark V E Gough (1981) Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires US Department of Transportation

p 246 This force pulls the bead coil against the base of the wheel rim above the contact area thus transmitting the

upward force to the wheel