characteristics, mechanisms, and barriers Sarah Burch ... · Motivation for Biochar/Bioenergy...

24
6/20/2019 1 Evaluating biochar in sustainable stormwater treatment of heavy metals: characteristics, mechanisms, and barriers Sarah Burch Jeffrey Nason Motivation for copper remediation Copper present in stormwater runoff brake pad wear Pipes, fungicide, algaecide Low concentration of copper toxic to some aquatic organisms Concentrations as low as 2 parts per billion (ppb) inhibit olfactory system in juvenile coho salmon Current BMPs reduce copper to as low as 5 ppb http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/brake-pads-4.jpg McIntyre et al. 2012

Transcript of characteristics, mechanisms, and barriers Sarah Burch ... · Motivation for Biochar/Bioenergy...

Page 1: characteristics, mechanisms, and barriers Sarah Burch ... · Motivation for Biochar/Bioenergy production Lehmann (2007) ... • Identify questions in biochar supply, production, and

6/20/2019

1

Evaluating biochar in sustainable stormwater 

treatment of heavy metals: characteristics, mechanisms, and barriers

Sarah Burch

Jeffrey Nason

Motivation for copper remediation

• Copper present in stormwater runoff

• brake pad wear• Pipes, fungicide, algaecide 

• Low concentration of copper toxic to some aquatic organisms

• Concentrations as low as 2 parts per billion (ppb) inhibit olfactory system in juvenile coho salmon

• Current BMPs reduce copper to as low as 5 ppb

http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/brake-pads-4.jpg

McIntyre et al. 2012

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Motivation for Biochar/Bioenergy production

Lehmann (2007)

Biochar for water treatment

http://www.aqsolutions.org/

Objectives/Approach

• Relate physical and chemical biochar properties to metals sorption performance

• Characterization

• Batch Performance Evaluation

• Evaluate mechanisms for removal of metals

• Electrostatic Modelling

• Potentiometric Titration

• pH Sorption Edge

• Evaluate barriers to field‐scale implementation

• Column performance evaluation and prediction

• Identify questions in biochar supply, production, and applications preventing advancement

Performance 

Biomass Source 

Pyrolytic Temperature 

Characterization 

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Production of thermally altered biomass

• Feedstock

• Douglas Fir chips (debarked)

• Hazelnut Shells

• Pre‐treatment• Coarse Grinding

• Pyrolysis Conditions

• T = 300, 500 and 700 ˚C• Time = 1 hour

• N2 atmosphere

• Post‐treatment• Grinding and sieving to 40 ×50 mesh size

Characterization

• Proximate Carbon Analysis• Volatiles, Fixed Carbon, Ash %

• Thermogravimetric Analysis• % Weight vs Temperature

• N2 BET Surface Area

• pH

• FTIR Spectroscopy• Surface functional groups

• Electrophoretic Mobility (EPM)• Surface charge

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Methods: Batch Experiments

• Synthetic Stormwater• 1 mM NaCl

• 0.185 mm  NaHCO3

• 100‐1500 ppb Cu

• pH 6 for isotherms

• pH 2 to 10 for pH sorption edge

• Suwannee River Natural Organic Matter (SRNOM)

• Sorbent• 40 – 50 mesh size sieved biochar and GAC

• Tumble/equilibrate for 48 hours 

• Analyze• Dissolved Copper with ICP‐OES

• pH

Prepare Media and Synthetic Stormwater

Add 80 mL stormwater 

and sorbent to HDPE Bottles

Tumble Mixtures

Filter and Analyze Samples

Batch Isotherm Results

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Solid

 Concentration (mg/g)

Liquid Concentration (mg/L)

Hazelnut Shell

H300

H500

H700

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Solid

 Concentration (mg/g)

Liquid Concentration (mg/L)

Douglas Fir

D300

D500

D700

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Batch Isotherm Results compared to GAC

0.00

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qe (mg/g)

Ce (mg/L)

H700

H500

GAC

D700

D500

H300

D300

Batch Isotherm Results compared with SRNOM

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qe (mg/g)

Ce (mg/L)

H700 H700 SRNOM

H500 H500 SRNOM

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Proximate Carbon Analysis

• ↓Vola les with ↑ T

• Doug Fir>Hazelnut>GAC Volatiles

• GAC >Hazelnut > Doug Fir ash content

• ↑ Fixed Carbon with ↑ T

• Hazelnut > Doug Fir fixed carbon

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H300 H500 H700 D300 D500 D700 GAC

Percent of Total M

ass (%

)

Volatile Matter (%) Fixed Carbon (%) Ash Content (%)

• ↑ SA with ↑ T

• Doug Fir > Hazelnut

• Highest SA for GAC

Surface Area

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300 500 700 1200

Su

rfac

e A

rea

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g)

Production Temperature (°C)

Hazelnut Shells Douglas Fir Chips GAC

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Electrophoretic Mobility (EPM)

‐6

‐5

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‐3

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‐1

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Mobility ((um/s)/(V/cm))

pH

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Mobility ((um/s)/(V/cm))

pH

Hazelnut Shell Biochar Douglas Fir Chip Biochar

• Hazelnut > Doug Fir

• Ash content

• ↑ pH  with ↑ T

• pHmax at intermediate T  for Hazelnut Shells• Also seen for cottonseed husk biochars (Uchimiya et al. 2011)

pH

0

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300 500 700

pH

Production Temperature (°C)

Hazelnut Shells Douglas Fir Chips

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Discussion

• ↑Fixed Carbon (PCA and TGA)

• ↓Nega ve Mobility (EPM)

• SA and pH ↑ with ↑ T, as does performance, but

• GAC highest SA 

• Doug Fir > Hazelnut Shell SA

• pH trends alone do not describe performance trends (H300)

• High production temperatures reduce quantity of surface functional groups as measured by FTIR

Performance 

Biomass Source 

Pyrolytic Temperature 

Characterization 

Electrostatic Modeling

• Incorporates both chemical bonding (surface) and electrostatic interactions (solution)

∆ ∆ ∆

• Mass law equations for all possible surface reactions

• A mole balance equation for total surface sites

• An equation for computation of surface charge

• A set of equations representing the constraints imposed by the model chosen 

for electrical double layer (EDL) 

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Metals Binding and pH Dependence 

Fraction Sorbed

Potential

Solid

 Surface

pH

Diffuse Layer Model

Bulk Solution

Dissolved Ions

Potentiometric Titration

‐2.0E‐05

0.0E+00

2.0E‐05

4.0E‐05

6.0E‐05

8.0E‐05

1.0E‐04

1.2E‐04

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Adsorbed Hydrogen (M)

pH

Net Titration (Adsorbed H+) 1 mM ionic strength

Experimental

Model

pKa

7.2pKa

4.8

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Potentiometric Titration Validation

‐2.0E‐05

0.0E+00

2.0E‐05

4.0E‐05

6.0E‐05

8.0E‐05

1.0E‐04

1.2E‐04

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Net Hydrogen Adsorbed

 (M)

pH

Exp1mM

Model1mM

Exp10mM

Model10mM

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qe (mg/g)

Ce (mg/L)

pH Effects on Copper Removal

Langmuir Model

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H700 Isotherms described by pH dependence

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Percent Sorbed %

pH

experimental

model

pH Sorption Edge – Calibration Data Set

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Percent Sorbed %

pH

Initial [Cu2+] = 1500 ppb

Experimental

Model

pKa

7.2

pKa4.8 ‐

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pH Sorption Edge – Validation Data Set

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Percent Sorbed %

pH

Initial [Cu2+] = 900 ppb

Experimental

Model

Copper and Hydrogen Binding Equilibrium

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0

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0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

qe (mg/g)

Ce (mg/L)

DLM Predicts Isotherm Sorption based on pH

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Ce (mg/L)

DLM Predicts Isotherm Sorption based on pH

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0

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qe (mg/g)

Ce (mg/L)

DLM Predicts Isotherm Sorption based on pH

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Rapid Small Scale Column Tests (RSSCTs)

Symbol Column Test ParameterRSSCT 

(small)

Field‐scale 

(large)units

R particle radius 0.179 0.42 mm

D column diameter 0.01 NA m

Across‐sectional column 

area7.85E‐05 0.465 m2

Q flow rate/infiltration rate 0.0108 27.26 m3/day

l bed depth length 0.043 0.103 m

EBCT empty bed contact time 0.46 2.53 minutes

V superficial linear velocity 137.5 58.7 (m/d)

Vol Bed Volume 0.003 48 L

Crittenden et. al. 1986

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Copper Breakthrough

 Fraction

Elapsed Time (days)

1.35 mg/g

GAC

H700 Biochar

Influent Concentration = 100 ppb Copper

0.55 mg/g

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0.0

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Copper Breakthrough

 Fraction

Elapsed Time (days)

Influent Concentration

Diffuse Layer Model

H700 BiocharExperimental50% Breakthrough

Langmuir Model

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Copper Breakthrough

 (%)

Elapsed Volume (L)

GAC in River Water

H700 Biochar in Deionized Water

H700 Biochar in River Water

DUAL GAC/H700 COLUMNS IN RIVER WATER

Treatment Requirement

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Field‐Scale Predictions (Constant Influent 100 ppb, Effluent Treatment 20 ppb)

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H700 SSW GAC SSW H700 RW GAC RW

Field Scale Treatment Time (days) 

RSSCT Treatment Time (days)

Conclusions• ↑Fixed Carbon  and ↓Nega ve Mobility  

determined as best indicators of copper removal performance

• Biochar exceeds performance in copper removal of industry standard, GAC, in batch and fixed-bed column experiments in SSW and performs similarly to GAC copper removal in river water and metals competition

• DLM predicted RSSCTs results which are scaled to predict field scale capacity under variable field solution conditions

Performance 

Biomass Source 

Pyrolytic Temperature 

Characterization 

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Acknowledgements

QUESTIONS: [email protected]

• Jeff Nason, Oregon State University‐ PhD Advisor

• Markus Kleber, Todd Jarvis, Meghna Babbar‐Sebens, David 

Myrold – PhD committee

• Mark Johnson, EPA‐ Biochar Production and Characterization 

assistance

• Jessica Steigerwald and Joy‐Marie Gerould, Oregon State 

University – Honors Undergraduate Researcher Collaborators 

• Nason Lab Group – shared laboratory equipment, skills, and 

knowledge

• Friends, Family, and Sick Town Derby Dames for support 

Douglas Fir Biochar

• 300oC functional groups:• Phenols• Aromatic Ethers

• 300oC and 500oC• Aliphatic Amino Acids• Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

• 500oC Only• Inorganic Sulfates

Hazelnut Shell Biochar

• 300oC functional groups:• Aliphatic Primary Amines

• 300oC and 500oC• Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

• 500oC Only• Inorganic Carbonate• Aliphatic Carboxylic Acid Salts

FTIR‐ ATR

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Absorbance (a.u.)

Wavenumber (1/cm)

D300 Biochar

D500 Biochar

D700 Biochar

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Absorbance (a.u.)

Wavenumber (1/cm)

H300 Biochar

H500 Biochar

H700 Biochar

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For GAC, H700 and D700:

• FTIR‐ATR results show no identifiable peaks that would correspond to surface functional groups

In attenuated total reflectance (ATR) mode:

• The detection depth is generally 1‐2μm deep, but varies based on material. Black, highly absorbing materials have smaller sampling depths and sometimes provide too weak a signal as a result.    (Anderson Materials Evaluation, Inc.) 

FTIR‐ATR GAC Results

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Wavenumber (1/cm)

Proton Binding

→ ;

→ ;

→ ;

• Proton binding constants determined via titration data by graphical extrapolation or 

objective curve fitting routines (MINEQL+ and MINFIT)

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• Hazelnut > Doug Fir

• ↑ pHfinal with ↑ T

Role of adsorbent pH on final equilibrium batch pH

5.0

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D300 D500 D700 H300 H500 H500SRNOM

H700 H700SRNOM

GAC

Final Batch Equilibrium pH

Methods: Potentiometric Titration

• Proton Binding

• Titrant additions vs. pH

• 1 and 10 mM ionic strength

• pH 3 to 10

• Point of Zero Salt Effect (PZSE) determined as intersection of titrations at 2 ionic strengths 

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Potential for Release of Adsorbed Copper

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Concentration (ppb)

Elapsed Time (Days)

Influent H700 2/17 Effluent H700 2/17

• Agrees with proximate carbon analysis

• Most mass is lost between approximately 250‐350 ˚C

Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)

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100

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Weight Remaining (%

)

Temperature (°C)

Hazelnut Shells

Douglas Fir

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pKa of Functional Groups

FTIR Detection

• In attenuated total reflectance (ATR) mode, the detection depth is generally 1‐2μm deep, but can be much less or a bit more dependent upon the material. Black, highly absorbing materials tend to have smaller sampling depths and sometimes provide too weak a signal as a result.    [Anderson Materials Evaluation, Inc.] 

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FTIR Results – Douglas Fir Biochar

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Abs

orba

nce

(cor

rect

ed u

nits

)

Wavenumber (cm-1)

D300 Biochar D500 Biochar D700 Biochar

FTIR Results – Hazelnut Shell Biochar

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Ab

sorb

ance

(co

rrec

ted

un

its)

Wavenumber (cm-1)

H300 Biochar H500 Biochar H700 Biochar

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Evaluating Column Results 

Time or Volume Treated

Effluen

t Concentration 

Fraction

Total Removal

Partial RemovalExh

austio

n

Treatment Requirement