Chapters 5 & 6 Combined · • Nuclear energy ‐ comes from the nucleus of an atom. Potenal energy...
Transcript of Chapters 5 & 6 Combined · • Nuclear energy ‐ comes from the nucleus of an atom. Potenal energy...
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Chapters5&6Combined
5Sec5onsTotal
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Energy&EnergyResources
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WhatisEnergy
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• Energy‐istheabilitytocausechange.– Kine5c– Poten5al
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• Kine)cenergy‐energyofmo5on– Increasesasanobjectmovesfaster
– Increasesasthemassofanobjectincreases.• Whereelsehaveyouheardthis?
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• Poten5alenergy‐energystoredinanobjectduetoitsposi5on.
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Energycomesindifferentforms:
• Thermalenergy‐increasesastemperatureincreases.
• Chemicalenergy‐energystoredinchemicalbonds.
• Radiantenergy‐lightenergy• Electricalenergy‐fromelectricity• Nuclearenergy‐comesfromthenucleusofanatom.
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Poten5alenergyVS.Kine5cenergy• MeasuredinJoules.• Lawofconserva)onofenergy‐energycannotbe
createdordestroyed.
Poten5alenergy=50JKine5cenergy=0J
1.
2. Poten5alenergy=25JKine5cenergy=25J
Poten5alenergy=0JKine5cenergy=50J
3.
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ThermalEnergy
• Manydifferentformsofenergycanbeconvertedintothermalenergy:– Diges5ngfood(chemicalenergy)‐‐>youstarttogethot&sweat(thermalenergy)
– Electricityflowingthroughawire(electrical)getshot(thermal).
– EVERYTHINGHASTHERMALENERGY!– Actsasamediumforotherenergytransfers
• Heatiron(thermal)getsredhot&glows(radiant)
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Chemicalenergyexamples:
• Eatfood(bodyconvertsenergyfromfoodintoenergysoyoucanfunc5on)
• Putgasintoacar(convertsitintokine5cenergysoitcanrun)
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Electricalenergy
• Causebyfastmovingpar5cles.• Thesepar5cleshavechargesthata`ractandrepeleachother.
• Thereinterac5oncauseswhatwecallelectricity.
• Mostmodernhomesrelyonelectricitytofunc5on.
• Teslavs.Edison
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Lightorradiantenergy
• Lightenergy‐anythingthatproduceslight.• Fastmoving(186,000m/s)that’s416,082milesperhour.
• Ourmainsourceofradiantenergyis~93millionmilesaway…ittakes8min20sectoreachus.
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Nuclearenergy
• Radioac5vedecay‐causesbyunstableelectrons&protonssplikngfromatoms
• Fusion‐2nucleifusetogethertoformaheavieratom
• Fission‐breaking2nucleiintolighternuclei• Starsarefueledbyfusion,powerplantsarefueledbyradioac5vedecay,nuclearweaponsusefission.
• Lead???
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EnergyTransforma5ons
Sec5on2
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Energyconstantly:
• Changesfromoneformtoanother• Ormovesfromplacetoplace
• Remember:energycannotbecreatedordestroyed‐thatisthelawofconserva5onofenergy
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• Energycanbetransformedfromkine5ctopoten5alenergyandbacktokine5c.
P=0JK=10J
P=10JK=0J
P=5JK=5J
P=5JK=5J
P=0JK=10J
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Machines
• Transformenergyfromoneformtoanother:– Chemicalenergycanbetransferredtokine5c,radiant,thermal,orelectrical
– Electricalenergycanbetransformedtokine5cchemicalelectricalorthermal
– Unlikeotherformsofenergy,THERMALenergyisnoteasytostore.
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• Duringallenergytransforma5onssomeenergyislostduetoTHERMALENERGY.
• Ifyouareonamovingswingyouwilleventuallystopbecauseofairresistance,whichisfric5on,andyourkine5cenergyistransformedintothermalenergy.
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ElectricityProduc5on:
• Inmostformsofelectricalenergygenera5oninpowerplantsthelast2stepsarethesame:– TheKine5cenergyofsteamturnsaTURBINE.– Thekine5cenergyoftheturbinepowerstheGENERATOR.
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Ifyoudidn’tknowalready?
• Turbine‐setofsteam‐poweredfanbladesthatspinsageneratoratapowerplant.
• Generator‐devicethattransformskine5cenergyintoelectricalenergy.
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PowerPlants
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Sourcesofenergy
Sec5on3
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• EnergycomesfromeithertheSUNorfromRADIOACTIVEATOMSwithintheEarth.
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FOSSILFUELS
• Includeoil,naturalgas,&coal– FossilfuelscontainchemicalenergyfromtheSun’sradianenergyviaphotosynthesis.
– Nonrenewableresourcessuchasfossilfuelsareusedupfasterthancanbereplaced.• ourcoaltodaystartedoffasaplant(~300millionyearsago)
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NuclearEnergy
• ComesfromthenucleiofURANIUMATOMS
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h`p://www.pplweb.com/NR/rdonlyres/7C32A442‐3C42‐4978‐9BE4‐7128585258E0/0/nuclear.swf
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Hydroelectricity• Comesfromthepoten5alenergyofwater.• Isarenewableresource– Meaningitisreplenishedcon5nuously
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Alterna5veResources
• Maybesaferforpeople&theenvironment.• Willhelpconservefossilfuels
• Conservingenergywillhelppreventenergyshortages&allowfossilfuelstolastlonger.
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SomeAlterna5veResources
• SolarenergycanbecapturedinthermalcollectorsorPHOTOVOLTAICcollectors.
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• Geothermalenergy‐thermalenergycontainedinhotmagma.
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• Windmillscangenerateelectricitywithoutpollu5ngtheenvironment
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Chapter6
ThermalEnergy
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Sec5on1
Temperature&ThermalEnergy
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Temperature
• A.Temperatureisthemeasureoftheaveragevalueofthekine5cenergyofthemoleculesinasubstance
• Thehigherthetemperature,thefasterthemoleculesaremoving.
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• 1.Objectstendtoexpandwithincreasedtemperaturebecausetheirmoleculesspeedupandmovefartherapart
• Objectscontractwhentheyarecooled.– a.theamountofexpansionorcontrac5ondependsonthematerialandtheamountofchangeintemperature
– b.Liquidsusuallyexpandmorethansolids.
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examples
• Solids:– Inthesummer5mepowerlineswillsag,whereasinthewintertheywillbepulledmore5ghtly.
• Liquids:– Youprobablybeentoldnevertoputaglassbo`leofsodainthefreezer.Why?Itcanexplodeandyouwillhaveglassalloveryoufreezer.
• Gases:– Placeaballooninaverywarmroomanditwillexpand,thenplaceitinaverycoldroomanditwillshrink.
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• 2.TemperatureiscommonlymeasuredusingaThermometer.
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Thermometer
• A thermometer is a device that measures the temperature of things.
• The name is made up of two smaller words: – "Thermo" means heat – "meter" means to measure.
• One of the earliest inventors of a thermometer was probably Galileo.
• Galileo is said to have used a device called a "thermoscope" around 1600 - that's about 400 years ago!!
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Howdoesathermometerwork?• When you look at a regular outside bulb thermometer,
you'll see a thin red or silver line that grows longer when it is hotter. The line goes down in cold weather.
• This liquid is sometimes colored alcohol but can also be a metallic liquid called mercury. Both mercury and alcohol grow bigger when heated and smaller when cooled.
• Inside the glass tube of a thermometer, the liquid has no place to go but up when the temperature is hot and down when the temperature is cold.
• Numbers are placed alongside the glass tube that mark the temperature when the line is at that point.
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Anothertypeofthermometer
• "spring" thermometer. • A coiled piece of metal that is sensitive
to heat is used. • One end of the spring is attached to
the pointer. • As the air heats, the metal expands
and the pointer moves higher. • As the air cools, the metal contracts
and the pointer moves lower. • Typically, these type of thermometers
are less accurate than bulb or digital thermometers.
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• 3.Thermometersneednumbersonascaletogiveitatemperaturereading.– a.Fahrenheitscale:• Waterfreezesat32°F
• Waterboilsat212°F
– b.Celsiusscale:• Waterfreezesat0°C• Waterboilsat100°C
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– c.Theformulatoconverttemperaturefrom°Fto°Cis:
°C=(5/9)(°F‐32)
Ifitis78°Fintheclassroomhowmany°Cisit?°C=(5/9)(°F‐32)°C=(5/9)(78°‐32)°C=(.55555556)(46)°C=25.6°C
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– d.Theformulatoconverttemperaturefrom°Cto°Fis:
°F=(9/5)(°C)+32Iftheclassroomwas21°Cwhatwoulditbein°F?
°F=(9/5)(°C)+32°F=(9/5)(21°)+32°F=(1.8)(21°)+32°F=(37.8°)+32°F=69.8°F°F=70°F
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– e.TheKelvinscalegivesthetemperatureof0Ktothelowesttemperatureanobjectcanhave
– knownasABSOLUTEZERO
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– f.FormulafortheKelvinscale
KelvintoCelsius
°C=K‐273_____________________________ CelsiustoKelvin
K=°C+273
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• B.Anobject’sThermalenergyisthesumofthekine5c&poten5alenergyofallthemoleculesintheobject.– 1.Poten5alenergyisenergythatcanbeconvertedintokine5cenergy.• Poten5alenergychangesasmoleculesmoveclosertogetherorfartherapart.
– 2.Temperatureandthermalenergyaredifferentconcepts• Thermalenergyisrelatedtothequan5tyofmolecules.
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Whyistemperatureandthermalenergydifferent?
• Letssayyouhad2glassesofwateratexactlythesametemperature.
• Youpouredthemintoapot.• Willthetemperatureofthewaterchange?NO• Willthethermalenergychange?YESwhy?BECAUSETHEREAREMOREMOLECULES.
• Howcanweknowthisforsure?– ITTAKESLONGERFORMOLECULESTOHEATUPORCOOLDOWNWHENTHEREAREMOREOFTHEMASOPPOSEDTOLESS.
– ITTAKESLONGERFORASWIMMINGPOOLOFWATERTOWARMUPINTHEHOTSUNCOMPAREDTOJUSTAGLASSOFWATER.
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Sec5on2
Heat
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Heat• A.Heatisthethermalenergythatistransferredfromoneobjecttoanotherwhentheobjectsareatdifferenttemperatures.– 1.Thermalenergyalwaysmovesfromwarmertocoolerobjects.
Howdoweknowthis?Easyexperiment:takesomethingwarmlikehotsoupandputanicecubeinit.Whathappenstotheicecube?
Kitchen5p:Youwanttodefrostafrozensteakwithoutitamicrowavecookingtheedgesevenwhenyouhaveitondefrost:placethefrozenmeatonacastironpan.Castironisheavy,thereforeithaslotsofmolecules.Theheatfromthemoleculeswilltransferintothemeatanddefrostyousteakinaboutanhours5meorless.
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• 2.Thetransferofheatbydirectcontactbetweenthepar5clesofasubstanceiscalledCONDUCTION.
• Conduc5onoccursmosteasilyinsolids,wheremoleculesareclosetogether.
Ifyouplacedapotofwaterandametalspoononahotburner.Thespoonwillgetho`ermuchquicker.Commonsensesaysdon’tpickupthespoonunlessyouareusingahotpad.Sodon’ttrythisathome…ifyouhavenocommonsense!
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• 3.HeattransferbyRADIATIONoccurswhenelectromagne5cwavescarryenergythroughspaceorma`er.
Whydoestheroadgethotinthesummer?BECAUSETHESUN’SRAYSTRAVELABOUT92MILLIONMILESTHROUGHSPACEDOSO.
Peoplegototanningbedsandbecometan.Why?BECAUSETHERADIATIONCOOKSTHEIRSKIN.
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• 4.CONVECTIONdescribesthetransferofthermalenergybythemovementofmoleculesfromonepart(warmer)ofthematerialtoanother(cooler)part.
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– a.Convec5onoccursnaturallyashotgasorliquidmovesfromoneplacetoanother
– Windiscausedbyconvec5onintheair
– Risingwarmerairformsaconvec5oncyclewithfallingcoolingair.
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• WherewecanseeConvec5ontakingplace.• Wind:airheatsuplandinoneareamorethananother.Likeyousawontheotherpage.
• Inthemantle,IntheSun,EveninaBowlofsoup.
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• B.CONDUCTORSarematerialsthattransferheatreadily.– Metalssuchascopperandgoldarethebestheatconductors
• C.INSULATORSarematerialsthatdoesnottransferheatreadily.– Liquidsandgasesareusuallybe`erinsulatorsthansolids.
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• D.Objectsabsorbheatatdifferentratesdependingonwhatmaterialstheyaremadeof.– 1.SPECIFICHEAT‐amountofheatneededtoraisethetemperatureof1kgofasubstanceby1°C
– 2.Moreheatisneededtochangethetemperatureofamaterialwithahighspecificheat(suchaswater)thanonewithalowspecificheatsuchassand.
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Land&SeabreezesDay5mewhenthesunisshiningthegroundheatupmuchfasterthanthewaterdoes.
80°F70°F
60°F70°F
Night5methelandcoolsmuchquickerthanthewaterdoes
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• E.ThermalPollu)oncausedbyaddingwarmerwatertoabodyofwater.– 1.Thermalpollu5oncankillfishandotheraqua5corganismsduetoareduc5oninoxygeninwarmerwater.
– 2.Thermalpollu5oncanbereducedbycoolingwaterfromfactories,powerplants,andrunoffbeforeitisreleasedintoabodyofwater.