Chapters 38-40. Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945) Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt Decided to divide...
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Transcript of Chapters 38-40. Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945) Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt Decided to divide...
The Cold WarChapters 38-40
Talks of Peace
Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945) Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt Decided to divide Germany into 4
occupation zones Decided to support free elections in
Eastern Europe Potsdam Conference (July 1945)
Stalin, Churchill, Truman Finalized plan for Germany including
dividing Berlin
Uneasy Peace
Potsdam – tense Truman learned of A-bomb had been
tested▪ Told Stalin U.S. had a powerful new weapon▪ This caused Stalin to distrust the U.S. more
Eastern Europe was under Soviet influence▪ not holding free and open elections (Yalta)
No trust between the 2 leaders
Uneasy Peace
Wartime Alliance Erodes Soviet Union▪ Security concerns; wanted a buffer of
communist countries (ie. Poland)▪ Claimed Eastern Europe as a Sphere of
Influence▪ Outside country claims exclusive investment/trading rights
United States▪ Wanted Eastern Europe to determine their
own form of government (democracy)
Uneasy Peace
Cost of War Soviet Union▪ 20 millions of people killed▪ Cities and landscape destroyed▪ Asked U.S. for a loan – Truman said no
United States▪ 290,000 killed▪ No fighting in the United Sates▪ U.S. economy boomed during the war
Uneasy Peace
Different Ideologies Soviet Union – Communism▪ Single-party rule of government and economy▪ State owned businesses – decides what will
be produced United States – Democracy and
Capitalism▪ Individual and private ownership of business▪ Private businesses make most economic
decisions
Adjusting to a new world
Superpower = nations that influence or control less powerful nations Size, economic influence, military
strength United States and Soviet Union
The Soviet Union believed it was impossible for capitalism and communism to coexists peacefully
Soviets wanted to spread communism around the world
Adjusting to a new world
Containment = U.S. policy to try to keep the Soviet Union within current boarders With politics or war? This tension and fear = race for nuclear
weapons U.S. scientists continued to improve
atomic bombs Soviet scientist worked to develop an
atomic bomb
Adjusting to a new world
The U.S. wanted to be the only country with nuclear weapons Knew the damage the bomb could cause Wanted to prevent Soviet power
Went to the UN to ask them to stop other countries from building atomic bombs This plan met resistance form the
Soviets and did not move forward
Confronting Communism
Iron Curtain = barrier between east and west ; line through Europe capitalist vs. communist counties
Many Communist takeovers by force or rigged elections
Confronting Communism
Greece and Turkey Faced pressure from communist
advancesTruman Doctrine = the U.S. would
provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from authoritarian forces. The U.S sent money and military
equipment This became a major feature in our
policy of containment
Confronting Communism
National Security Act = law passed in response to the Soviet threat National Security Council(NSC)- advises
the president on national security issues Central Intelligence Agency(CIA)-
collects and analyzes intelligence – spies
Rebuilding European Economies Europe
Many cities devastated in the war▪ Destroyed schools, hospitals, churches,
factories, roads, bridges, railroads Leaving many homeless and unemployed Death and disease spread rapidly
These conditions made communism look appealing to the poor and jobless Also many communist groups had resisted
the Nazis’
Rebuilding European Economies
The U.S. had the strongest economy in the world
Marshall Plan Offered European nations money to
rebuild their economies, as long as the money was spent on goods made in the U.S.▪ Would further boost the U.S. economy▪ Strong European economies would be
in better shape to defend against communism
US vs. Soviets
Cold War = Power struggle and hostility between
the United States and the Soviet Union…
BUT it never led to direct armed conflict
Espionage
Spies, secret agents, hidden cameras and recording devices, etc.
U-2 spy plane Photograph Soviet military installations
from 60,000+ feet Shot down over the Soviet Union = cold
war intensified
Czechoslovakia
After WWII set-up an elected government Dominated by communists
Feb. 1948 Soviets send troops to the Czech border Demand an all communist government
Germany
Divided into 4 zones of occupation U.S., France, Britain, Soviet Union
Berlin also divided 1948 U.S., France, and Britain made plans to reunite their zones
Democratic government Capitalist economy This angered the Soviet Union
Germany
Berlin Blockade- June 1948 Soviets stopped all land travel to Berlin thought this would force the 3 to either give up
Berlin, or give up the plans for West Germany Berlin Airlift
Instead the U.S. flew in supplies Food, fuel, etc. = 2.5 million tons of supplies 10+ months Eventually Soviets gave up Germany Split▪ East Germany = communist, West Germany =
democratic
Europe Divided
NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization Members agreed to view an attack on any
member as an attack on all Formed a standing army supported by all
members▪ U.S. , Canada, France, Luxembourg, Belgium, the
Netherlands, Iceland, Italy, Britain, Denmark, Norway, Portugal
▪ Greece, Turkey, and West Germany joined later Warsaw Pact
▪ The Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania
Hungary Tests Containment Hungary – Communist Oct 1956
1000+ of Hungarians revolted against the communist government
Wanted to free Hungary from Soviet control Wanted to withdraw from Warsaw Pact and become a
neutral country Soviet Red Army moved in and killed many protesters
The protesters had thought the U.S. would come to their aid…but no Eisenhower was unwilling to risk a war with the
Soviet Union
Cold War turns Hot
China Nationalist – Chiang Kai-shek (U.S.
supported) Communist – Mao Zedong…he won▪ The U.S. cut off all trade with China
U.S. needed a new ally in Asia = Japan The U.S. helped Japan become an
economic powerhouse
Cold War turns Hot
Korean War – 1950-1953 During WWII Soviet troops had been in
the northern part of Korea▪ Following WWII they installed a pro-Soviet
communist government During WWII U.S. troops had been in the
southern part of Korea A UN force was sent to try to unify
North and South Korea
Cold War turns Hot
Korean War – 1950-1953 UN forces were able to push North
Korean forces back – almost to China China sent thousands of troops to push
back UN army was pushed back to the 38th
parallel▪ Final 2 years of the war was a stalemate
Ended with a buffer zone Demilitarized zone = no military
forces from either side in the DMZ…still today
The World Divided
First World =Developed, capitalist countries U.S. , Canada, Western Europe, Japan
Second World = communist countries Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China
Third World = poor, developing nations Latin America, Africa, India U.S. and Soviet Union competed for
these countries
Influencing Nations
U.S. used: Propaganda- raise fears of communism,
benefits of capitalism/democracy▪ Radio broadcasts – into Eastern Europe and
Soviet Union Foreign Aid- money and assistance▪ Agriculture, health care, military
Covert Action – CIA; secret political, economic, military operations▪ Most were attempts to overthrow communist
leaders Soviet Union had similar programs
Arms Race
1949 – Soviets have Atomic bombs U.S. feels the need to develop
more/bigger weapons 1952 – H-Bomb = Hydrogen 1960s – both countries have long
range missiles, nuclear subs Brinksmanship = policy of being
willing to go edge of war…BUT make the other side think you are
ACTUALLY willing to go to war
Arms Race
Deterrence = developing weapons that were so deadly no one would risk war by challenging
Mutual Assured Destruction = either side would respond to an attack with nuclear weapons…so devastating for both sides May have kept the cold war form
becoming a full out war But made for stressful years
Cold War at Home
Fear of Communism here: Remember during the Depression
communism had some support here Communist sympathizers = people who
believed in the ideas of communism, but did not join the Communist Party
Loyalty Oaths = pledges of loyalty to the United States▪ Also background checks into federal employees
who had POSSIBLE connections to communism
Cold War at Home
HUAC – House Un-American Activities Committee Congressional committee that
looked into communism▪ Hollywood was the main target▪ Executives created a blacklist = people believed to be communist/communist sympathizers…they could no longer find work
▪ Labor unions too
Cold War at Home
Alger Hiss Case U.S. State Department official accused of
spying for the Soviets Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
Tried, convicted, and executed for passing atomic secrets to the Soviets
Raised fears that the federal government was full of communist spies
Cold War at Home
Joseph McCarthy Senator from Wisconsin Launched a campaign to rid the U.S. of
subversives NEVER made a solid case against ANYONE▪ But thousands of people lost their jobs
McCarthyism = reckless practice of publicly accusing someone WITHOUT evidence
Created a society of FEAR Went too far when he accused the Army and
President Eisenhower
Cold War at Home
More Fear Living during the Atomic Age
Civil Defense = training citizens to work with armed forces during times of crisis (natural disaster, war)
Focus on preparedness…for an atomic attack▪ Bomb shelters, emergency food, warning
sirens, etc.▪ Bert the Turtle▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lg9scNl9h4Q
Cold War at Home
1950s-1960s H-Bomb raised questions about the
effectiveness of preparedness…how could you protect yourself
Drills to evacuate large cities…not smooth
Moved to the mindset that a war could no longer be “won”