Chapters 31 35

Name: __________________________ Date: _____________

1. The red scare of 1919–1920 was provoked byA) the wartime migration of rural blacks to northern cities.

B) the strict enforcement of prohibition laws.

C) evolutionary science's challenge to the biblical story of the Creation.

D) the public's association of labor violence with its fear of revolution.

E) the threat created by the Communist Revolution in Russia.

2. Disillusioned by war and peace, Americans in the 1920s did all of the following exceptA) denounce “radical” foreign ideas.

B) condemn “un-American” life-styles.

C) enter a decade of economic difficulties.

D) shun diplomatic commitments to foreign countries.

E) restrict immigration.

3. Businesspeople used the red scare toA) establish closed shops throughout the nation.

B) break the backs of fledgling unions.

C) break the railroad strike of 1919.

D) secure passage of laws making unions illegal.

E) refuse to hire Communists.

4. The most tenacious pursuer of “radical” elements during the red scare wasA) Frederick W. Taylor.

B) William Jennings Bryan.

C) J. Edgar Hoover.

D) F. Scott Fitzgerald.

E) A. Mitchell Palmer.

5. The post-World War I Ku Klux Klan advocated all of the following exceptA) fundamentalist religion.

B) opposition to birth control.

C) opposition to prohibition.

D) repression of pacifists.

E) anti-Catholicism.

6. The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s was a reaction againstA) capitalism.

B) new immigration laws passed in 1924.

C) the nativist movements that had their origins in the 1850s.

D) race riots.

E) the forces of diversity and modernity that were transforming American culture.

7. Immigration restrictions of the 1920s were introduced as a result ofA) increased migration of blacks to the North.

B) the nativist belief that northern Europeans were superior to southern and eastern Europeans.

C) a desire to rid the country of the quota system.

D) the desire to halt immigration from Latin America.

E) growing concern about urban overcrowding and crime.

8. ”Cultural pluralists” like Horace Kallen and Randolph generally advocated thatA) English should be established as the official language of the United States.

B) diverse religious beliefs could coexist peacefully in the United States.

C) immigrants to the United States could remain politically loyal to their original nations.

D) immigrants should be able to retain their traditional cultures rather than blend into a single American “melting pot.”

E) a varied American cultural life should resist the bland standardization of mass culture.

9. The immigration quota system adopted in the 1920s discriminated directly againstA) Asians.

B) northern and western Europeans.

C) Latin Americans.

D) Jews.

E) southern and eastern Europeans.

10. One of the primary obstacles to working class solidarity and organization in America wasA) ethnic diversity.

B) the lack of a reform impulse in America.

C) the generally fair treatment that workers received from their employers.

D) the hostility of the Catholic Church to social reform.

E) the growing Communist influence in the labor movement.

11. Enforcement of the Volstead Act met the strongest resistance fromA) women.

B) eastern city dwellers.

C) westerners.

D) southerners.

E) evangelical Protestants.

12. The religion of almost all Polish immigrants to America wasA) Eastern Orthodoxy.

B) Lutheranism.

C) evangelical Protestantism..

D) Roman Catholicism.

E) Judaism.

13. Many Polish peasants learned about America from all of the following sources exceptA) agents from U.S. railroads.

B) letters from friends and relatives.

C) agents from steamship lines.

D) Catholic missionaries.

E) Polish American businesspeople.

14. Most Americans assumed that prohibitionA) would be permanent.

B) would soon be overturned.

C) could never be enforced in the South.

D) would be a total failure.

E) was unworkable in the cities.

15. The most spectacular example of lawlessness and gangsterism in the 1920s wasA) New York City.

B) New Orleans.

C) Brooklyn.

D) Chicago.

E) Las Vegas.

16. John Dewey can rightly be called the “father of ____________________.”A) the research university

B) progressive education

C) evolutionary science

D) modern psychoanalysis

E) Hegelian philosophy

17. According to John Dewey, a teacher's primary goal is toA) reduce permissiveness in the classroom.

B) emphasize the basics of reading, writing, and arithmetic.

C) educate a student for life.

D) teach the biblical theory of Creation.

E) develop a sense of history.

18. Of the following, the one least related to the other four isA) John T. Scopes.

B) Clarence Darrow.

C) Frederick W. Taylor.

D) William Jennings Bryan.

E) Dayton, Tennessee.

19. The trial of John Scopes in 1925 centered on the issue ofA) progressive education.

B) the right of parochial schools to exist.

C) teachers' membership in the Ku Klux Klan.

D) teaching evolution in public schools.

E) prayer in the public schools.

20. After the Scopes “Monkey Trial,”A) fundamentalism disappeared outside the rural South.

B) John Scopes was sentenced to serve time in jail.

C) Christians found it increasingly difficult to reconcile the revelations of religion with modern science.

D) the gap between theology and biology began to close.

E) fundamentalist religion remained a vibrant force in American spiritual life.

21. All of the following helped to make the prosperity of the 1920s possible exceptA) government stimulation of the economy.

B) rapid expansion of capital.

C) increased productivity of workers.

D) perfection of assembly-line production.

E) advertising and credit buying.

22. The main problem faced by American manufacturers in the 1920s involvedA) increasing the level of production.

B) developing expanded markets of people to buy their products.

C) reducing the level of government involvement in business.

D) developing technologically innovative products.

E) finding a skilled labor force.

23. Bruce Barton, author of The Man Nobody Knows, expressed great admiration for Jesus Christ because BartonA) was a deeply religious man.

B) respected Christ's image of self-sacrifice.

C) thought Christ taught the proper use of money.

D) saw Christ as someone who practiced the Golden Rule.

E) believed that Christ was the best advertising man of all time.

24. The prosperity that developed in the 1920sA) was accompanied by a cloud of consumer debt.

B) led to a growing level of savings by the American public.

C) enabled labor unions to gain strength.

D) was concentrated primarily in heavy industry.

E) closed the gap between rich and poor.

25. Among the major figures promoted by mass media image makers and the new “sports industry” in the 1920s wereA) John L. Sullivan and William Cody.

B) Henry Ford and Charles Lindbergh

C) Babe Ruth and Jack Dempsey.

D) Al Jolson and Margaret Sanger.

E) Mickey Mantle and Rocky Marciano.

26. Henry Ford's contribution to the automobile industry wasA) installment credit buying of cars.

B) the internal combustion engine.

C) an enormous variety of automobile models with varied colors and styles.

D) design changes that improved speed.

E) relatively cheap automobiles.

27. Frederick W. Taylor, a prominent inventor and engineer, was best known for hisA) development of the gasoline engine.

B) thoughts on Darwinian evolution.

C) efforts to clean up polluted cities.

D) promotion of industrial efficiency and scientific management.

E) concern for worker safety.

28. Which of the following was not among the industries that prospered mightily with widespread use of the automobile?A) rubber

B) highway construction

C) oil

D) aluminum

E) glass

29. The automobile revolution resulted in all of the following exceptA) the consolidation of schools.

B) the increased dependence of women on men.

C) the spread of suburbs.

D) a loss of population in less attractive states.

E) altered youthful sexual behavior.

30. Charles Lindbergh's solo flight across the Atlantic made him an American hero especially becauseA) his political principles were widely admired.

B) he and his wife Anne Morrow Lindbergh made such an appealing couple.

C) his wholesome youthfulness contrasted with the cynicism and debunking of the jazz age.

D) Americans were impressed by daredevil stunts.

E) Lindbergh's journey opened closer cultural connections to France.

31. The first “talkie” motion picture wasA) The Great Train Robbery.

B) The Birth of a Nation.

C) The Wizard of Oz.

D) Gone With the Wind.

E) The Jazz Singer.

32. With the advent of radio and motion pictures,A) many people believed that popular tastes were elevated.

B) American culture became more parochial.

C) American regional accents disappeared.

D) the emergence of a working-class political coalition was halted.

E) much of the rich diversity of immigrant culture was lost.

33. Automobiles, radios, and motion picturesA) were less popular than had been anticipated.

B) contributed to the standardization of American life.

C) had little impact on traditional life-styles and values.

D) were for the most part too expensive for ordinary working families.

E) strengthened American family life.

34. The 1920 census revealed that for the first time mostA) men worked in manufacturing.

B) adult women were employed outside the home.

C) Americans lived in cities.

D) Americans lived in the trans-Mississippi West.

E) families had fewer than four children.

35. Margaret Sanger was most noted for her advocacy ofA) abortion rights.

B) women's suffrage.

C) birth control.

D) free love.

E) the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).

36. Job opportunities for women in the 1920sA) expanded dramatically.

B) offered higher-paying positions than before.

C) were plentiful in Hollywood and radio.

D) existed mainly in the area of education.

E) tended to cluster in a few low-paying fields.

37. To justify their new sexual frankness, many Americans pointed toA) increased consumption of alcohol.

B) the decline of fundamentalism.

C) the rise of the women's movement.

D) the theories of Sigmund Freud.

E) the influence of erotically explicit movies.

38. Jazz music was developed byA) Latinos.

B) Caribbean immigrants.

C) Caucasian impresarios.

D) American teenagers.

E) American blacks.

39. Marcus Garvey, founder of the United Negro Improvement Association, is known for all of the following exceptA) promoting the resettlement of American blacks in Africa.

B) establishing the idea of the talented tenth to lead African Americans.

C) cultivating feelings of self-confidence and self-reliance among blacks.

D) being sent to prison after a conviction for fraud.

E) promoting black-owned businesses.

40. Match each literary figure below with the correct work.A. Ernest Hemingway 1. The Sun Also RisesB. F. Scott Fitzgerald 2. Main StreetC. Sinclair Lewis 3. The Sound and the FuryD. William Faulkner 4. The Great Gatsby

A) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1

B) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4

C) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4

D) A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3

E) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2

41. Buying stock “on margin” meantA) purchasing only a few shares.

B) purchasing inexpensive stock.

C) purchasing little-known stock.

D) purchasing risky stock.

E) purchasing it with a small down payment.

42. Which of the following was not among prominent African American cultural figures of the 1920s?A) Joseph “King” Oliver.

B) Ralph Ellison.

C) “Jelly Roll” Morton.

D) Langston Hughes.

E) W.C. Handy.

43. As secretary of the treasury, Andrew Mellon placed the tax burden on theA) middle-income groups.

B) wealthy.

C) lower class.

D) business community.

E) estate taxes.

44. Warren G. Harding's weaknesses as president included all of the following except a(n)A) lack of political experience.

B) mediocre mind.

C) inability to detect moral weaknesses in his associates.

D) unwillingness to hurt people's feelings by saying no.

E) administrative weakness.

45. Match each member of President Harding's cabinet below with his major area of responsibility.

A. Charles Evans Hughes 1. taxes and tariffsB. Andrew Mellon 2. naval oil reservesC. Herbert Hoover 3. naval arms limitationD. Albert Fall 4. foreign trade and trade associationsD. Harry Daugherty 5. justice and law enforcement

A) A-5, B-3, C-2, D-4, E-1

B) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2, E-5

C) A-2, B-4, C-3, D-5, E-1

D) A-4, B-5, C-1, D-3, E-2

E) A-1, B-2, C-5, D-3, E-4

46. Which one of the following members of President Harding's cabinet proved to be incompetent and corrupt?A) Herbert Hoover

B) Calvin Coolidge

C) Andrew Mellon

D) Charles Evans Hughes

E) Albert Fall

47. Republican economic policies under Warren G. HardingA) sought to continue the same laissez-faire doctrine as had been the practice under

William McKinley.B) hoped to encourage the government actively to assist business along the path to

profits.C) sought to regulate the policies of large corporations.

D) aimed at supporting increased competition in business.

E) aided small business at the expense of big business.

48. During the 1920s, the Supreme CourtA) often ruled against progressive legislation.

B) rigorously upheld the antitrust laws.

C) generally promoted government regulation of the economy.

D) staunchly defended the rights of organized labor.

E) upheld laws providing special protection for women.

49. _______________ was (were) adversely affected by the demobilization policies adopted by the federal government at the end of World War I.A) The cement industry

B) The railroad industry

C) The shipping industry

D) Veterans

E) Organized labor

50. The Supreme Court cases of Muller and Adkins centered onA) racial discrimination in employment.

B) affirmative action.

C) anti-union “right to work” laws in several states.

D) the question of whether women merited special legal and social treatment.

E) antitrust legislation.

51. The nonbusiness group that realized the most significant, lasting gains from World War I wasA) labor.

B) blacks.

C) the Ku Klux Klan.

D) women.

E) veterans.

52. One exception to President Warren G. Harding's policy of isolationism involved in the Middle East, where the United States sought toA) support a homeland for Jews in Israel.

B) prevent the League of Nations from establishing British and French protectorates in the region.

C) stop the Soviet Union from dominating the area.

D) secure oil-drilling concessions for American companies.

E) curb the rise of Arab nationalism.

53. Warren G. Harding was willing to seize the initiative on the issue of international disarmament becauseA) he feared renewed war in Europe.

B) he recognized that an arms race was imminent.

C) businesspeople were unwilling to help pay for a larger United States Navy.

D) he did not want the League of Nations to take the lead on this problem.

E) American public opinion supported peacemaking efforts.

54. The 1928 Kellogg-Briand PactA) formally ended World War I for the United States, which had refused to sign the

Treaty of Versailles.B) set a schedule for German payment of war reparations.

C) established a battleship ratio for the leading naval powers.

D) condemned Japan for its unprovoked attack on Manchuria.

E) outlawed war as a solution to international rivalry.

55. In the 1920s the Fordney-McCumber Tariff __________ tariff rates and the Hawley-Smoot Tariff __________ tariff rates, so that by 1930 the tariff rates had been substantially __________ from the opening of the decade.A) raised; lowered; lowered

B) lowered; raised; raised

C) raised; raised; raised

D) lowered; lowered; lowered

E) raised; lowered; raised

56. Which of the following was not a consequence of the American policy of raising tariffs sky-high in the 1920s?A) European nations raised their own tariffs.

B) the postwar chaos in Europe was prolonged.

C) international economic distress deepened.

D) American foreign trade declined.

E) the American economy slipped into recession..

57. The Teapot Dome scandal involved the corrupt mishandling ofA) naval oil reserves.

B) funds for veterans' hospitals.

C) the budget for the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

D) European war-debt payments.

E) presidential pardons.

58. The major political scandal of Harding's administration resulted in the conviction and imprisonment of his secretary ofA) the treasury.

B) state.

C) the navy.

D) commerce.

E) the interior.

59. Which of the following descriptive attributes is least characteristic of President Coolidge?A) honesty

B) frugality

C) shyness

D) wordiness

E) caution

60. During Coolidge's presidency, government policy was set largely by the interests and values ofA) farmers and wage earners.

B) the business community.

C) racial and ethnic minorities.

D) progressive reformers.

E) conservative New Englanders.

61. After the initial shock of the Harding scandals, many Americans reacted byA) demanding that all those involved be sent to prison.

B) excusing some of the wrongdoers on the grounds that “they had gotten away with it.”

C) demanding the impeachment of the president.

D) suggesting that Harding resign the presidency so that Calvin Coolidge could take control.

E) calling for a thorough Congressional investigation.

62. One of the major problems facing farmers in the 1920s wasA) overproduction.

B) the inability to purchase modern farm equipment.

C) passage of the McNary-Haugen Bill.

D) the prosecution of cooperatives under antitrust laws.

E) drought and insects like the boll weevil.

63. In the mid-1920s President Coolidge twice refused to sign legislation proposing toA) exempt farmers' cooperatives from the antitrust laws.

B) defend the family farm against corporate takeovers.

C) make the United States a member of the World Court.

D) lower taxes.

E) subsidize farm prices.

64. The intended beneficiaries of the McNary-Haugen Bill were __________; the intended beneficiaries of the Norris-LaGuardia Act were __________.A) railroads; labor unions

B) farmers; labor unions

C) banks; railroads

D) farmers; banks

E) railroads; farmers

65. Which of the following splits did not affect the Democratic party in 1924?A) “wets” versus “drys”

B) immigrants versus old-stock Americans

C) urbanites versus suburbanites

D) Fundamentalists versus Modernists

E) northern liberals versus southern conservatives

66. Senator Robert La Follette's Progressive party advocated all of the following exceptA) government ownership of railroads.

B) relief for farmers.

C) opposition to antilabor injunctions.

D) opposition to monopolies.

E) increased power for the Supreme Court.

67. In 1924 the Democratic party convention failed by a single vote to adopt a resolution condemningA) the Ku Klux Klan.

B) immigration restrictions.

C) prohibition.

D) Fundamentalism.

E) business monopolies.

68. The Progressive party did not do well in the 1924 election becauseA) it could not win the farm vote.

B) too many people shared in prosperity to care about reform.

C) it was too caught up in internal discord.

D) the liberal vote was split between it and the Democratic Party.

E) La Follette could not win the Socialists' endorsement.

69. In the early 1920s, one glaring exception to America's general indifference to the outside world was itsA) involvement in the World Court.

B) armed intervention in the Caribbean and Central America.

C) involvement in the League of Nations' humanitarian operations.

D) naval buildup

E) continuing attempt to oust the Communist from power in the Soviet Union.

70. America's European allies argued that they should not have to repay loans that the United States made to them during World War I becauseA) the United States had owed them about $4 billion before the war.

B) the amount of money involved was not significant.

C) they had paid a much heavier price in lost lives, so it was only fair for the United States to write off the debt.

D) the United States was making so much money from Mexican and Middle Eastern oil that it did not need extra dollars.

E) Germany was not paying its reparations to them, so they could not afford to pay off the loans.

71. As a result of America's insistence that its Allies' war debts be repaid in full,A) the French and British demanded enormous reparations payments from Germany.

B) the German mark was ruined by drastic inflation.

C) the Allies borrowed money from Switzerland to repay the loans.

D) the United States began threatening renewed military intervention in Europe.

E) the allies insisted on lower U.S. tariffs.

72. America's major foreign-policy problem in the 1920s was addressed by the Dawes Plan, whichA) ended the big-stick policy of armed intervention in Central America and the

Caribbean.B) established a ratio of allowable naval strength between the United States, Britain,

and Japan.C) condemned the Japanese aggression against Manchuria.

D) aimed to prevent German re-armament.

E) provided a solution to the tangle of war-debt and war-reparations payments.

73. The most colorful presidential candidate of the 1920s wasA) Calvin Coolidge.

B) John W. Davis.

C) Alfred E. Smith.

D) Herbert Hoover.

E) Robert La Follette.

74. All of the following were political liabilities for Alfred E. Smith except hisA) Catholic religion.

B) support for the repeal of prohibition.

C) big-city background.

D) failure to win the support of American labor.

E) radio speaking skill.

75. One of Herbert Hoover's chief strengths as a presidential candidate was hisA) adaptability to the give-and-take of political accommodation.

B) considerable experience in running for political office.

C) personal charm and charisma.

D) ability to face criticism.

E) talent for administration.

76. When elected to the presidency in 1928, Herbert HooverA) was militantly antilabor and against big government.

B) brought little administrative talent or experience to the job.

C) understood that his major challenge was to find a solution to the Great Depression.

D) combined small-town values with wide experience in modern corporate America.

E) had been a successful governor of California.

77. The Federal Farm Board, created by the Agricultural Marketing Act, lent money to farmers primarily to help them toA) organize producers' cooperatives.

B) learn a new and more profitable trade.

C) open new land to cultivation.

D) purchase expensive new farm machinery.

E) take land out of production.

78. As a result of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930,A) American industry grew more secure.

B) duties on agricultural products decreased.

C) American economic isolationism ended.

D) campaign promises to labor were fulfilled.

E) the worldwide depression deepened.

79. In America, the Great Depression causedA) people to blame the economic system, not themselves, for their problems.

B) a decade-long decline in the birthrate.

C) an increase of foreign investment because prices were so low.

D) a shift from Wall Street investment to investment in small, local businesses.

E) a growing acceptance by business of the need for federal regulation.

80. President Herbert Hoover believed that the Great Depression could be ended by doing all of the following exceptA) providing direct aid to the people.

B) directly assisting businesses and banks.

C) keeping faith in the efficiency of the industrial system.

D) continuing to rely on the American tradition of rugged individualism.

E) lending federal funds to feed farm livestock.

81. President Hoover's approach to the Great Depression was toA) leave the economy alone to work itself out of trouble.

B) nationalize major industries.

C) encourage the states to stimulate spending.

D) work for the breakup of business monoplies.

E) offer federal assistance to businesses and banks but not individuals.

82. The “alphabetical agency” set up under Hoover's administration to provide aid to business and local governments was theA) Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

B) National Recovery Administration (NRA)

C) Works Progress Administration (WPA)

D) Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

E) Securities Exchange Commission (SEC)

83. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was established toA) provide direct economic assistance to labor.

B) make loans to businesses, banks, and state and local governments.

C) outlaw “yellow dog” (antiunion) contracts.

D) provide money for construction of dams on the Tennessee River.

E) lend money for federal public works projects.

84. The Bonus Expeditionary Force marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demandA) the removal of American troops from Nicaragua.

B) an expanded American army and navy.

C) immediate full payment of bonus payments promised to World War I veterans.

D) punishment for those who had forced unemployed veterans to leave Washington, D.C.

E) housing and health care assistance for veterans.

85. President Hoover's public image was severely damaged by hisA) decision to abandon the principle of “rugged individualism.”

B) construction of “Hoovervilles” for the homeless.

C) agreement to provide a federal dole to the unemployed.

D) refusal to do anything to try to solve the Great Depression.

E) handling of the dispersal of the Bonus Army.

86. In response to the League of Nations' investigation into Japan's invasion and occupation of Manchuria,A) the United States became an official member of the League.

B) Japan withdrew its troops.

C) it initiated a boycott of Japanese goods.

D) Japan left the League.

E) the U.S. and China moved toward an alliance.

87. The 1932 Stimson doctrineA) reversed the United States' long-standing interventionist policy in Latin America.

B) committed the United States to join the League of Nations' effort to impose economic sanctions against Japan for its invasion of Manchuria.

C) announced the United States' willingness to outlaw war as an instrument of national policy.

D) declared that the United States would not recognize any territorial acquisition achieved by force of arms.

E) declared Japan and Germany “rogue states.”

88. Franklin Roosevelt's _______________ contributed the most to his development of compassion and strength of will.A) education

B) domestic conflicts with Eleanor Roosevelt

C) family ties with Teddy Roosevelt

D) affliction with infantile paralysis

E) service in World War I

89. The most vigorous “champion of the dispossessed”—that is, the poor and minorities—in Roosevelt administration circles wasA) Harold Ickes.

B) Alfred E. Smith.

C) Eleanor Roosevelt.

D) Frances Perkins.

E) Henry A. Wallace.

90. The Democratic party platform on which Franklin Roosevelt campaigned for the presidency in 1932 called forA) a balanced budget.

B) deficit spending.

C) higher tariffs.

D) radical social reforms.

E) breaking up monopolistic corporations.

91. In 1932 Franklin Roosevelt campaigned on the promise that as president he would attack the Great Depression byA) nationalizing all banks and major industries.

B) mobilizing America's youth as in wartime.

C) returning to the traditional policies of laissez-faire capitalism.

D) continuing the policies already undertaken by President Hoover.

E) experimenting with bold new programs for economic and social reform.

92. The phrase “Hundred Days” refers toA) the worst months of the Great Depression.

B) the time it took for Congress to begin acting on President Roosevelt's plans for combating the Great Depression.

C) the first months of Franklin Roosevelt's presidency.

D) the “lame-duck” period between Franklin Roosevelt's election and his inauguration.

E) the time that all banks were closed by FDR.

93. One striking new feature of the 1932 presidential election results was thatA) the South had shifted to the Republican party.

B) Democrats made gains in the normally Republican Midwest.

C) urban Americans finally cast more votes than rural Americans.

D) a clear “gender gap” opened up in which more women favored the Democrats.

E) African Americans shifted from their Republican allegiance and became a vital element in the Democratic party.

94. While Franklin Roosevelt waited to assume the presidency in early 1933, Herbert Hoover tried to get the president-elect to commit toA) maintaining a balanced federal budget.

B) renewal of the extremely high Hawley-Smoot Tariff.

C) an anti-inflationary policy that would make much of the New Deal impossible.

D) appointing some Republicans to his cabinet.

E) a policy of not offering direct welfare to the unemployed.

95. When Franklin Roosevelt assumed the presidency in March 1933,A) Congress refused to grant him any legislative authority.

B) he knew exactly what he wanted to do.

C) he received unprecedented congressional support.

D) he wanted to make as few mistakes as possible.

E) he at first proceeded cautiously.

96. The Works Progress Administration was a major _______________ program of the New Deal; the Public Works Administration was a long-range __________ program; and the Social Security Act was a major _______________ program.A) relief; recovery; reform

B) reform; recovery; relief

C) recovery; relief; reform

D) relief; reform; recovery

E) reform; relief; recovery

97. The Glass-Steagall ActA) took the United States off the gold standard.

B) empowered President Roosevelt to close all banks temporarily.

C) created the Securities and Exchange Commission to regulate the stock exchange.

D) permitted commercial banks to engage in Wall Street financial dealings.

E) created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to insure individual bank deposits.

98. The most immediate emergency facing Franklin Roosevelt when he became president in March 1933 wasA) a chaotic banking situation.

B) the national debt.

C) the need to silence demagogic rabble-rousers such as Huey Long.

D) the collapse of international trade.

E) the farm crisis.

99. Franklin Roosevelt's initial “managed currency”policy aimed toA) stimulate inflation.

B) reduce the price of gold.

C) restore confidence in banks.

D) reduce the amount of money in circulation.

E) shake up the Federal Reserve Board.

100. The _______________ was probably the most popular New Deal program; the _______________ was one of the most complex; and the _______________ was the most radical.A) Works Progress Administration; Agricultural Adjustment Act; Civilian

Conservation CorpsB) Agricultural Adjustment Act; Public Works Administration; Tennessee Valley

Authority

C) National Recovery Act; Tennessee Valley Authority; Social Security Act

D) Civilian Conservation Corps; National Recovery Act; Tennessee Valley Authority

E) Social Security Act; Civilian Conservation Corps; Works Progress Administration

101. President Roosevelt's chief “administrator of relief” wasA) George Norris.

B) John L. Lewis.

C) Mary McLeod Bethune.

D) Harold Ickes.

E) Harry Hopkins.

102. Match each New Deal critic below with the “cause” or slogan that he promoted.A. Father Coughlin 1. “social justice”B. Huey Long 2. “every man a king”C. Francis Townsend 3. “a holy crusade for liberty”D. Herbert Hoover 4. old-age pensions

A) A-l, B-2, C-4, D-3

B) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4

C) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1

D) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2

E) A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2

103. Senator Huey P. Long of Louisiana gained national popularity byA) advocating social justice for all.

B) blaming Jews for the Depression.

C) making Louisiana a model for ordinary citizens.

D) supporting a $200-a-month old-age pension.

E) promising to give every family $5,000.

104. Prominent female social scientists of the 1930s like Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead brought widespread contributions to the field ofA) economics.

B) political science.

C) psychology.

D) sociology.

E) anthropology.

105. Match each New Dealer below with the federal agency or program with which he or she was closely identified.

A. Robert Wagner 1. Department of LaborB. Harry Hopkins 2. Public Works Administration.C. Harold Ickes 3. Works Progress AdministrationD. Frances Perkins 4. National Labor Relations Act

A) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4

B) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1

C) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2

D) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2

E) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3

106. The National Recovery Act (NRA) failed largely becauseA) businesses resisted regulation by the agency.

B) it required too much self-sacrifice on the part of industry, labor, and the public.

C) Harold Ickes, the head of the agency, proved to be an incompetent administrator.

D) it did not provide enough protection for labor to bargain with management.

E) the agency did not have enough power to control business.

107. The first Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) raised the money that it paid to farmers not to grow crops byA) raising the tariff.

B) imposing a tax on the sale of farms.

C) selling government surplus grain.

D) increasing taxes on the wealthy.

E) taxing processors of farm products.

108. The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) proposed to solve the “farm problem” byA) reducing agricultural production.

B) subsidizing American farm exports overseas.

C) encouraging farmers to switch to industrial employment.

D) helping farmers to pay their mortgages.

E) creating farm cooperatives.

109. Both ratified in the 1930s, the Twentieth Amendment _______________; the Twenty-first Amendment _______________.A) shortened the time between presidential election and inauguration; ended

prohibitionB) limited a president to two complete terms in office; repealed the Eighteenth

AmendmentC) rendered most New Deal programs unconstitutional; limited a president to two

complete terms in officeD) ended prohibition; shortened the time between presidential election and

inaugurationE) expanded the size of the Supreme Court; ended prohibition

110. All of the following contributed to the Dust Bowl of the 1930s exceptA) dry-farming techniques.

B) drought.

C) farmers' failure to use steam tractors and other modern equipment.

D) the cultivation of marginal farmlands on the Great Plains.

E) soil erosion.

111. In 1935, President Roosevelt set up the Resettlement Administration toA) help farmers migrate from Oklahoma to California.

B) place unemployed industrial workers in areas where their labor was needed.

C) move Indians from land that could be farmed by victims of the Dust Bowl.

D) find jobs for farmers in industry.

E) help farmers who were victims of the Dust Bowl move to better land.

112. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 attempted toA) reverse the forced assimilation of Native Americans into white society by

establishing tribal self-government.B) encourage Native Americans to give up their land claims.

C) reinforce the Dawes Act of 1887.

D) pressure Native Americans to renounce self-government.

E) define clearly which tribes were federally recognized.

113. Most Dust Bowl migrants headed toA) Oklahoma.

B) Arizona.

C) Nevada.

D) Oregon.

E) California.

114. Most “Okies” in California escaped the deprivation and uncertainty of seasonal farm labor when theyA) acquired farms in the San Joaquin Valley.

B) found work in the canning industry.

C) found jobs in defense industries during World War II.

D) joined the armed forces in World War II.

E) formed evangelical religious communes.

115. The Federal Securities Act and the Securities Exchange Commission aimed toA) halt the sale of stocks on margin (i.e. with borrowed funds).

B) force stockbrokers to register with the federal government.

C) prevent interlocking directorates and business “pyramiding” schemes.

D) provide full disclosure of information and prevent insider trading and other fraudulent practices.

E) enable the Chicago Board of Trade to compete with the New York Stock Exchange.

116. On the following, the one least related to the other three isA) the Securities and Exchange Commission.

B) the Tennessee Valley Authority.

C) George W. Norris.

D) Muscle Shoals.

E) hydroelectric power.

117. The federally-owned Tennessee Valley Authority was seen as a particular threat toA) the entire capitalist system.

B) the Republican party.

C) the automobile industry.

D) the private electrical utility industry.

E) white southern racial practices.

118. The strongest criticisms leveled against the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) drew criticism was that itA) lacked government control.

B) produced electricity inefficiently.

C) primarily benefited the South.

D) did not take account of environmental conditions.

E) represented the first stage of “creeping socialism.”

119. The most controversial aspect of the Tennessee Valley Authority was its efforts inA) electrical power.

B) flood control.

C) soil conservation.

D) reforestation.

E) resettlement of poor farmers.

120. The Social Security Act of 1935 provided all of the following exceptA) unemployment insurance.

B) old-age pensions.

C) economic provisions for the blind and disabled.

D) support for the blind and physically handicapped.

E) health care for the poor.

121. The Wagner Act of 1935 proved to be a trailblazing law thatA) gave labor the right to bargain collectively.

B) established the NRA.

C) established the Social Security system.

D) authorized the Public Works Administration (PWA).

E) guaranteed housing loans to workers.

122. The National Labor Relations Act proved most beneficial toA) employers.

B) skilled workers.

C) the unemployed.

D) trade associations.

E) unskilled workers.

123. The primary interest of the Congress of Industrial Organizations wasA) the effective enforcement of “yellow dog” contracts.

B) the organization of trade unions.

C) the maintenance of “open shop” industries.

D) the organization of all workers within an industry.

E) maintaining existing wage levels.

124. The 1936 election was most notable forA) a strong third-party effort by the American Liberty League.

B) its reflection of a bitter class struggle between the poor and the rich.

C) the large number of blacks who still voted Republican out of gratitude to Abraham Lincoln.

D) Roosevelt's loss of support among post-immigration Catholics and Jews.

E) the strong race run by Kansas Governor Alfred Landon.

125. President Roosevelt's “Court-packing” scheme in 1937 reflected his desire to make the Supreme CourtA) more conservative.

B) more independent of Congress.

C) more sympathetic to New Deal programs.

D) less burdened with appellate cases.

E) more respectful of the Constitution's original intent.

126. After Franklin Roosevelt's failed attempt to “pack” the Supreme Court,A) Roosevelt was unable to make any changes in the Court.

B) the Democrats lost the next election in 1940.

C) Congress permanently set the number of justices at nine.

D) much New Deal legislation was ruled unconstitutional.

E) the Court began to support New Deal programs.

127. As a result of the 1937 “Roosevelt recession,”A) Roosevelt backed away from further economic experiments.

B) Social Security taxes were reduced.

C) Republicans gained control of the Senate in 1938.

D) Roosevelt adopted Keynesian (planned deficit spending) economics.

E) much of the early New Deal was repealed.

128. During the 1930s,A) the Great Depression forced President Roosevelt to trim the size of the federal

bureaucracy.B) the states regained influence over the economy.

C) businesspeople eventually came to admire President Roosevelt's New Deal programs.

D) the New Deal substantially closed the gap between production and consumption in the American economy.

E) the national debt doubled.

129. By 1938, the New DealA) had lost most of its momentum.

B) turned more toward direct relief than social reform.

C) had plainly failed to achieve its objectives.

D) had won over the majority of business people to its policies.

E) was prepared to embark on ambitious new initiatives.

130. Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal was most notable forA) ending the Great Depression.

B) providing moderate social reform without radical revolution or reactionary fascism.

C) undermining state and local governments.

D) aiding big cities at the expense of farmers.

E) attacking the American capitalist system.

131. Franklin Roosevelt undermined the London Economic Conference becauseA) its members insisted on rigid adherence to the gold standard.

B) any agreement to stabilize national currencies might hurt America's recovery from depression.

C) such an agreement would involve the United States militarily with the League of Nations.

D) the delegates refused to work on reviving international trade.

E) it was dominated by British and Swiss bankers.

132. As a result of Franklin Roosevelt's withdrawal from the London Economic Conference,A) inflation in the United States was reduced.

B) the United States was voted out of the League of Nations.

C) tensions rose between the United States and Britain.

D) the United States began to pull out of the Depression.

E) the trend toward extreme nationalism was strengthened.

133. One internationalist action by Franklin D. Roosevelt in his first term in office wasA) the formal recognition of the Soviet Union.

B) joining the League of Nations.

C) establishing military bases in China.

D) his support of the Tydings-McDuffie Act.

E) his commitment to Philippine independence.

134. Roosevelt's recognition of the Soviet Union was undertaken partlyA) in order to win support from American Catholics.

B) because the Soviet leadership seemed to be modifying its harsher communist policies.

C) in hopes of developing a diplomatic counterweight to the rising power of Japan and Germany.

D) to win favor with American liberals and leftists.

E) to open opportunities for American investment in Siberian oil fields.

135. In promising to grant the Philippines independence, the United States was motivated byA) treaty obligations.

B) doubts about the islands' potential profitability.

C) the view that the islands were militarily indefensible.

D) the realization that the islands were economic liabilities.

E) regrets over their imperialistic takeover in 1898.

136. Franklin Roosevelt embarked on the Good Neighbor policy in part becauseA) there was a rising tide of anti-Americanism in Latin America.

B) Congress had repealed the Monroe Doctrine.

C) he feared the spread of communism in the region.

D) the policy was part of the neutrality stance taken by the United States.

E) he was eager to enlist Latin American allies to defend the Western Hemisphere against dictators.

137. As part of his Good Neighbor policy toward Latin America, President Roosevelt developed more generous policies ofA) encouraging Mexican immigration into the United States

B) removing American controls on Haiti, Cuba, and Panama.

C) Latin American strongmen in Argentina and Brazil.

D) returning the Guantanamo naval base to Cuban control.

E) moving Puerto Rico toward its independence.

138. The 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements ActA) raised America's tariff schedule.

B) inhibited President Roosevelt's efforts to implement his Good Neighbor policy.

C) increased America's foreign trade.

D) was most strongly opposed in the South and West.

E) was aimed at isolating Italy and Germany.

139. President Franklin Roosevelt's foreign-trade policyA) lowered tariffs to increase trade.

B) encouraged trade only with Latin America.

C) continued the policy that had persisted since the Civil War.

D) was reversed only after World War II.

E) sought protection for key U.S. industries.

140. Throughout most of the 1930s, the American people responded to the aggressive actions of Germany, Italy, and Japan byA) assisting their victims with military aid.

B) giving only economic help to the targets of aggression.

C) beginning to build up their military forces.

D) demanding an oil embargo on all warring nations.

E) retreating further into isolationism.

141. Fascist aggression in the 1930s included Mussolini's invasion of _________________________, Hitler's invasion of ___, and Franco's overthrow of the republican government of _____.A) Egypt; France; Poland

B) Albania; Italy; Austria

C) Ethiopia; Czechoslovakia; Spain

D) Belgium; the Soviet Union; France

E) Ethiopia; Norway; Portugal

142. By the mid-1930s, there was strong nationwide agitation for a constitutional amendment toA) increase the size of the Supreme Court.

B) limit a president to two terms.

C) ban arm sales to foreign nations.

D) require the president to gain Congressional approval before sending U.S. troops overseas.

E) forbid a declaration of war by Congress unless first approved by a popular referendum.

143. Passage of the Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 by the United States resulted in all of the following exceptA) abandonment of the traditional policy of freedom of the seas.

B) a decline in the navy and other armed forces.

C) making no distinction whatever between aggressors and victims.

D) spurring aggressors along their path of conquest.

E) balancing the scales between dictators and U.S. allies by trading with neither.

144. The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war,A) Americans would be prohibited from sailing on the ships of the warring nations.

B) America would sell arms and war materials only to the victim of aggression.

C) American bankers would be allowed to make loans to only one of the warring nations.

D) the United States intended to uphold the tradition of freedom of the seas.

E) U.S. diplomats and civilians would be withdrawn from both warring nations.

145. From 1925 to 1940 the transition of American policy on arms sales to warring nations followed this sequence:A) embargo to lend-lease to cash-and-carry.

B) cash-and-carry to lend-lease to embargo.

C) lend-lease to cash-and-carry to embargo.

D) embargo to cash-and-carry to lend-lease.

E) lend-lease to embargo to cash-and-carry.

146. America's neutrality during the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939 allowedA) Hitler to conquer Spain.

B) the Loyalists to win the war.

C) Roosevelt and Franco to become personal friends.

D) the Soviets to aid the Spanish republic.

E) Spain to become a fascist dictatorship.

147. Franklin Roosevelt's sensational “Quarantine Speech”in 1937 resulted inA) a belief in Europe that America would stop Fascist aggression.

B) a wave of protest by isolationists.

C) support from both Democratic and Republican leaders.

D) a slowing of Japanese aggression in China.

E) a modification of the Neutrality Acts.

148. In September 1938 in Munich, Germany,A) Britain and France consented to Germany's taking the Sudetenland from

Czechoslovakia.B) Hitler declared his intention to take Austria.

C) Hitler signed the Axis Alliance Treaty with Japan.

D) Britain and France acquiesced to the German reoccupation of the Rhineland.

E) Britain and France declared that an invasion of Poland would mean war.

149. In 1938 the British and French bought peace with Hitler at the Munich Conference by effectively handing over the nation ofA) Poland.

B) Danzig.

C) Austria.

D) Belgium.

E) Czechoslovakia.

150. Shortly after Adolf Hitler signed a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union,A) Britain and France signed a similar agreement.

B) the Soviets attacked China.

C) Germany invaded Poland and started World War II.

D) Italy signed a similar agreement with the Soviets.

E) the Germans invaded Finland.

151. The first casualty of the 1939 Hitler-Stalin nonaggression treaty wasA) Poland.

B) Czechoslovakia.

C) Austria.

D) Belgium.

E) the Jews.

152. Which of the following nations was not conquered by Hitler's Germany between September 1939 and June 1940?A) Norway

B) the Netherlands

C) France

D) Poland

E) Finland

153. Probably the greatest obstacle to America's acceptance of more Jewish refugees from Europe wasA) a failure of moral imagination and belief that the Holocaust could actually be

happening.B) internal tensions between German-Jewish and eastern European Jewish

communities in the United States.C) the restrictive Immigration Act of 1924.

D) inadequate means for getting refugees from Europe to the United States.

E) the general belief that most Jews wanted to create a new state of Israel.

154. The U.S. military refused to bomb Nazi gas chambers such as those at Auschwitz and Dachau because of the belief thatA) bombing would kill the Jews kept there.

B) bombing would divert essential military resources.

C) the military was unsure of the gas chambers' location.

D) such attacks would not seriously impede the killing of Jews.

E) all of the above.

155. During the 1930s, the United States admitted _________________________ Jewish refugees from Nazism.A) about one million

B) almost no

C) nearly six million

D) about 150,000

E) only highly educated

156. Congress's first response to the unexpected fall of France in 1940 was toA) revoke all the neutrality laws.

B) expand naval patrols in the Atlantic.

C) enact a new neutrality law enabling the Allies to buy American war materials on a cash-and-carry basis.

D) call for the quarantining of aggressor nations.

E) pass a conscription law.

157. America's neutrality effectively ended whenA) Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.

B) Germany attacked Poland.

C) the conscription law was passed in 1940.

D) France fell to Germany.

E) Italy “stabbed France in the back.”

158. In 1940, in exchange for American destroyers, the British gave the United StatesA) “most favored nation” status.

B) a role in developing the atomic bomb.

C) eight valuable naval bases in the Western hemisphere.

D) access to German military codes.

E) six air bases in Scotland and Iceland.

159. By 1940 American public opinion had come to favorA) the America First position.

B) active participation in the war.

C) permitting U.S. volunteers to fight in Britain.

D) shipping Britain everything except military weapons.

E) providing Britain with “all aid short of war.”

160. The surprise Republican presidential nominee in 1940 wasA) Wendell L. Willkie.

B) Robert A. Taft.

C) Thomas E. Dewey.

D) Alfred E. Landon.

E) Charles A. Lindbergh.

161. Franklin Roosevelt was motivated to run for a third term in 1940 mainly by hisA) personal desire to defeat his old political rival, Wendell Willkie.

B) belief that America needed his experienced leadership during the international crisis.

C) mania for power.

D) opposition to Willkie's pledge to restore a strict policy of American neutrality.

E) belief that the two-term tradition limited democratic choice.

162. The 1941 lend-lease program was all of the following exceptA) a focus of intense debate between internationalists and isolationists.

B) a direct challenge to the Axis dictators.

C) the point when all pretense of American neutrality was abandoned.

D) the catalyst that caused American factories to prepare for all-out war production.

E) another privately arranged executive deal, like the destroyers-for-bases trade.

163. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the United StatesA) promised aid to the Soviets but did not deliver.

B) refused to provide any help, either military or economic.

C) gave only nonmilitary aid to Russia.

D) made lend-lease aid available to the Soviets.

E) sent U.S. ships to Soviet naval bases.

164. In 1940, Republican presidential candidate Wendell Willkie avoided deepening the sharp divisions among the American people when heA) avoided attacking the New Deal.

B) refused to raise the racial issue.

C) declined to criticize Roosevelt for seeking a third term

D) avoided attacking the draft.

E) avoided attacking Roosevelt for his increasingly interventionist policies.

165. After the Greer was fired upon, the Kearny crippled, and the Reuben James sunk,A) Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act.

B) the United States Navy began escorting merchant vessels carrying lend-lease shipments.

C) Congress allowed the arming of United States merchant vessels.

D) Congress forbade United States ships to enter combat zones.

E) Roosevelt told the public that war was imminent.

166. Japan believed that it was forced into war with the United States because Franklin Roosevelt insisted that JapanA) withdraw from the Dutch East Indies.

B) withdraw from China.

C) renew its trade with America.

D) break its treaty of nonaggression with Germany.

E) find alternative sources of oil.

167. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 came as a great surprise becauseA) President Roosevelt suspected that if an attack came, it would be in Malaysia or the

Philippines.B) no American officials suspected that Japan might start a war with the United States.

C) Japanese communications were in a secret code unknown to the United States.

D) the United States was, at the time, Japan's main source of oil and steel.

E) it was believed that Japan had insufficient aircraft carriers to reach Hawaii.

168. On the eve of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, a large majority of AmericansA) were beginning to question the increased aid given to Britain.

B) still wanted to keep the United States out of war.

C) accepted the idea that America would enter the war.

D) did not oppose Japan's conquests in East Asia.

E) were ready to fight Germany but not Japan.

169. Arrange these events in chronological order: (A) Munich Conference, (B) German invasion of Poland, (C) Hitler-Stalin nonaggression treaty.A) A, C, B

B) B, C, A

C) C, B, A

D) C, A, B

E) A, B, C

170. Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) fall of France, (B) Atlantic Conference, (C) Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union.A) B, A, C

B) A, B, C

C) C, B, A

D) A, C, B

E) C, A, B

171. The fundamental strategic decision of World War II made by President Roosevelt and the British at the very beginning wasA) to plan for a “second front” in western Europe as soon as possible.

B) to force Italy out of the war first by attacking the “soft underbelly” of Europe.

C) to arouse the American people to an idealistic crusade of the same sort that Woodrow Wilson had so effectively used in World War I.

D) to concentrate first on the war in Europe and to place the Pacific war against Japan on the back burner.

E) to fight an equally vigorous naval war against Japan and a land war against Germany and Italy.

172. Once at war, America's first great challenge was toA) pass a conscription law.

B) raise an army and navy.

C) extend aid to the Soviet Union.

D) develop atomic weapons.

E) retool its industry for all-out war production.

173. Overall, most ethnic groups in the United States during World War IIA) were further assimilated into American society.

B) were not allowed to serve in the military.

C) had their patriotism questioned as in World War I.

D) cast their vote for Republican candidates opposed to the war.

E) served in ethnically distinct military units.

174. Japanese Americans were placed in concentration camps during World War IIA) due to numerous acts of sabotage.

B) in retaliation for the placement of Americans in concentration camps by the Japanese.

C) as a result of anti-Japanese prejudice and fear.

D) because many were loyal to Japan.

E) all of the above.

175. The minority group most adversely affected by Washington's wartime policies wasA) German Americans.

B) blacks.

C) Japanese Americans.

D) American communists.

E) Italian Americans.

176. The general American attitude toward World War II wasA) resentment at having to disrupt civilian life.

B) gratitude that the Great Depression was finally over.

C) a fervent ideological belief in democracy and hatred of fascism.

D) less idealistic and ideological and more practical than the outlook in World War I.

E) that it was necessary to defend white American society against racial assaults.

177. In the period from 1885 to 1924, Japanese immigrants to the United States wereA) poorly educated.

B) primarily from the island of Hokkaido.

C) some of the poorest people to enter the country.

D) almost exclusively males.

E) a select group who was better educated than most European immigrants.

178. When the United States entered World War II in December 1941,A) it took nearly two years for the country to unite.

B) the conflict soon became an idealistic crusade for democracy.

C) the government repudiated the Atlantic Charter.

D) a majority of Americans had no clear idea of what the war was about.

E) the idea of allying with the Communist Soviet Union was repugnant.

179. During World War II, the United States government commissioned the production of synthetic _______________ in order to offset the loss of access to prewar supplies in East Asia.A) textiles

B) rubber

C) tin

D) fuels

E) plastics

180. Match each of the wartime agencies below with its correct function:A. War Production Board 1. assigned priorities with respect to the use of raw materials and

transportation facilitiesB. Office of Price Administration 2. controlled inflation by rationing essential goodsC. War Labor Board 3. imposed ceilings on wage increasesD. Fair Employment Practices Commission

4. saw to it that no hiring discrimination practices were used against blacks seeking employment in war industries

A) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1

B) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4

C) A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1

D) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4

E) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3

181. While most American workers were strongly committed to the war effort, wartime production was disrupted by strikes led by theA) Teamsters.

B) Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.

C) Longshoremen's International Union

D) United Mine Workers.

E) Industrial Workers of the World.

182. During World War II,A) there were no strikes by any unions.

B) unions actively combated racial discrimination.

C) farm production declined.

D) for security reasons, the bracero program with Mexico was temporarily halted.

E) labor unions substantially increased their membership.

183. The employment of more than six million women in American industry during World War II led toA) equal pay for men and women.

B) a greater percentage of American women in war industries than anywhere else in the world.

C) the establishment of day-care centers by the government.

D) a reduction in employment for black males.

E) a strong desire of most women to work for wages.

184. The main reason the majority of women war workers left the labor force at the end of WW II wasA) union demands.

B) employer demands that they quit.

C) male discrimination on the job.

D) government requirements to hire veterans.

E) family obligations.

185. African Americans did all of the following during World War II exceptA) fight in integrated combat units.

B) rally behind the slogan “Double V” (victory over dictators abroad and racism at home).

C) move north and west in large numbers.

D) form a militant organization called the Congress of Racial Equality.

E) serve in the Army Air Corps.

186. Which one of the following is least related to the other three?A) Smith-Connally Act

B) A. Philip Randolph

C) Fair Employment Practices Commission

D) racial discrimination in wartime industry

E) proposed “Negro March on Washington.”

187. During World War II, most Americans economically experiencedA) serious hardships due to rationing of essential goods.

B) prosperity and a doubling of personal income.

C) a continuing struggle to find employment.

D) growing class conflict between the wealthy and the working class.

E) prosperity in the cities but disastrous conditions on farms and in small towns.

188. The northward migration of African Americans accelerated after World War II becauseA) the southern system of sharecropping was declared illegal.

B) Latinos had replaced blacks in the work force.

C) mechanical cotton pickers came into use.

D) northern cities repealed segregation laws.

E) the South made it clear that they were not wanted.

189. During World War II, American IndiansA) demanded that President Roosevelt end discrimination in defense industries.

B) rarely enlisted in the armed forces.

C) moved south to replace African American laborers.

D) moved off reservations in large numbers.

E) promoted recovery of tribal languages.

190. By the end of World War II, the heart of the United States' African- American community had shifted toA) Florida and the Carolinas.

B) southern cities.

C) the Pacific Northwest.

D) Midwestern small towns.

E) northern cities.

191. The national debt increased most duringA) Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal.

B) Herbert Hoover's administration.

C) World War II.

D) World War I.

E) the 1920s.

192. Most of the money raised to finance World War II came throughA) tariff collections.

B) excise taxes on luxury goods.

C) raising income taxes.

D) voluntary contributions.

E) borrowing.

193. The first naval battle in history in which all the fighting was done by carrier-based aircraft was the Battle ofA) Leyte Gulf.

B) the Java Sea.

C) the Coral Sea.

D) Midway.

E) Iwo Jima.

194. The tide of Japanese conquest in the Pacific was turned following the Battle ofA) Leyte Gulf.

B) Bataan and Corregidor.

C) the Coral Sea.

D) Midway.

E) Guadalcanal.

195. The Japanese made a crucial mistake in 1942 in their attempt to control much of the Pacific when theyA) failed to take the Philippines.

B) unsuccessfully attacked the oil-rich Dutch East Indies.

C) overextended themselves instead of digging in and consolidating their gains.

D) sent their submarine force on a suicide mission at the Battle of Midway.

E) attacked Alaska and Australia.

196. In waging war against Japan, the United States relied mainly on a strategy ofA) heavy bombing from Chinese air bases.

B) invading Japanese strongholds in Southeast Asia.

C) fortifying China by transporting supplies from India over the Himalayan “hump.”

D) “island hopping” across the South Pacific while bypassing Japanese strongholds.

E) turning the Japanese flanks in New Guinea and Alaska.

197. The conquest of _______________ in 1944 was especially critical, because from there Americans could conduct round-trip bombing raids on the Japanese home islands.A) Guadalcanal

B) Wake Island

C) New Guinea

D) Okinawa

E) Guam

198. Until spring 1943, perhaps Hitler's greatest opportunities of defeating Britain and winning the war wasA) the possibility of a successful invasion across the English Channel.

B) that German U-boat would destroy Allied shipping.

C) the defeatism of pro-Fascist elements within upper-class British society would.

D) that General Rommel would conquer Egypt and the Suez Canal.

E) that the American-British-Soviet alliance would collapse.

199. Hitler's advance in the European theater of war crested in late 1942 at the Battle of _______________, after which his fortunes gradually declined.A) the Bulge

B) Stalingrad

C) Monte Cassino

D) Britain

E) El Alamein

200. The Allies postponed opening a second front in Europe until 1944 becauseA) they hoped that Germany and the Soviet Union would cripple each other.

B) men and material were needed more urgently in the Pacific.

C) the Soviet Union requested a delay until it could join the campaign.

D) they believed that North Africa was more strategically vital.

E) of British reluctance and lack of adequate resources.

201. Roosevelt's and Churchill's insistence on the absolute and “unconditional surrender” of GermanyA) eventually complicated the problems of postwar reconstruction.

B) clearly shortened the war.

C) was largely unacceptable to the Soviets, who hoped to encourage a Communist revolution inside Germany.

D) may have prevented a “separate peace” between Hitler and Stalin.

E) encouraged anti-Hitler resisters in Germany to try to overthrow the Nazis.

202. President Roosevelt's promise to the Soviets to open a second front in western Europe by the end of 1942A) was fulfilled by the invasion of North Africa.

B) was made to deceive Stalin and encourage him to slow his army's movement into Eastern Europe.

C) strongly supported by Churchill and British military leaders.

D) utterly impossible to keep.

E) the key goal to which all American military efforts were directed

203. Arrange these wartime conferences in chronological order: (A) Potsdam, (B) Casablanca, (C) Teheran.A) A, B, C

B) C, B, A

C) B, C, A

D) B, A, C

E) A, C, B

204. Arrange these events in chronological order: (A) V-J Day, (B) V-E Day, (C) D Day, (D) Invasion of Italy.A) D, C, B, A

B) A, C, B, D

C) B, D, A, C

D) C, A, D, B

E) A, D, B, C

205. The major consequence of the Allied conquest of Sicily in August 1943 wasA) a modification of the demand for unconditional surrender of Italy.

B) the overthrow of Mussolini and Italy's unconditional surrender.

C) the swift Allied conquest of the Italian peninsula.

D) a conflict between Churchill and General Eisenhower over the invasion of the Italian mainland.

E) the threat of a Communist takeover of the Italian government.

206. After the Italian surrender in August 1943,A) the Allies found it easy to conquer Rome and the rest of Italy.

B) the Soviets accepted the wisdom of delaying the invasion of France and pursuing the second front in Italy.

C) the British demanded the restoration of the monarchy in Italy.

D) the Americans withdrew from Italy to prepare for D-Day.

E) the German army poured into Italy and stalled the Allied advance.

207. The real impact of the Italian front on World War II may have been that itA) delayed the D-Day invasion and allowed the Soviet Union to advance further into

Eastern Europe.B) prevented the rise of fascism or communism in Italy after the war.

C) enabled the Americans to appease both British and Soviet strategic demands.

D) enabled the United States to prevent Austria and Greece from falling into Soviet hands.

E) destroyed the monastery of Monte Cassino and other Italian artistic treasures.

208. At the wartime Teheran Conference,A) the Soviet Union agreed to declare war on Japan within three months.

B) the Big Three allies agreed to divide postwar Germany into separate occupied zones.

C) the Soviet Union agreed to allow free elections in Eastern European nations that its armies occupied at the end of the war.

D) plans were made for the opening of a second front in Europe.

E) it was agreed that five Big Powers would have veto power in the United Nations.

209. The cross-channel invasion of Normandy to open a second front in Europe was commanded by GeneralA) George Patton.

B) Dwight Eisenhower.

C) Douglas MacArthur.

D) Bernard Montgomery.

E) Omar Bradley.

210. In a sense, Franklin Roosevelt was the “forgotten man” at the Democratic Convention in 1944 becauseA) so much attention was focused on who would gain the vice presidency.

B) he remained in Washington, D.C., to conduct the war.

C) poor health prevented him from taking an active role.

D) the issue of a fourth term was prominent.

E) Vice President Henry Wallace controlled the convention.

211. Franklin Roosevelt won the election in 1944 primarily becauseA) Republican Thomas E. Dewey favored an international organization for world

peace.B) labor unions turned out for Roosevelt.

C) Harry Truman was his running mate.

D) questions arose regarding Thomas E. Dewey's honesty.

E) the war was going well.

212. Hitler's last-ditch attempt to achieve a victory against the Americans and British came inA) the Battle of the Bulge.

B) the Battle of the Rhineland.

C) the attempt to assassinate Churchill and Roosevelt.

D) an attempt to arrange a negotiated peace with Stalin.

E) the final U-boat campaign against the American navy.

213. As a result of the Battle of Leyte Gulf,A) Japan stalled an Allied victory.

B) Admiral William F. “Bull” Halsey lost his first naval engagement.

C) Japan was nearly able to take Australia.

D) the United States could bomb Japan from land bases.

E) Japan was finished as a naval power.

214. The Potsdam conferenceA) determined the fate of Eastern Europe.

B) brought France and China in as part of the “Big Five.

C) concluded that the Soviet Union would enter the war in the Pacific.

D) was Franklin Roosevelt's last meeting with Churchill and Stalin.

E) issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender or be destroyed.

215. The spending of enormous sums on the original atomic bomb project was spurred by the belief thatA) a nuclear weapon was the only way to win the war.

B) the Germans might acquire such a weapon first.

C) the Japanese were at work on an atomic bomb project of their own.

D) scientists like Albert Einstein might be lost to the war effort.

E) the American public would not tolerate the casualties that would result from a land invasion of Japan.

216. The “unconditional surrender” policy toward Japan was finally modified byA) assuring the Japanese that there would be no “war crimes” trials.

B) guaranteeing that defeated Japan would be treated decently by American occupiers.

C) agreeing not to drop more than two atomic bombs on Japan.

D) agreeing to let the Japanese keep Emperor Hirohito on the throne.

E) permitting the Japanese to retain a strong army but no real navy.

217. Which of the following was not among the qualities of the American participation in World War II?A) a group of highly effective military and political leaders

B) an enormously effective effort in producing weapons and supplies

C) a higher percentage of military casualties than any other Allied nation

D) the preservation of the American homeland against invasion or destruction from the air

E) the maintenance and re-affirmation of the strength of American democracy

Chapters 31 35

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