Chapters

2 and 3

Slide Show

Sir Francis Drake was

A. an English slave trader and pirate who raided Spanish possessions in South America.

B. an English explorer who led an expedition to locate the "Northwest Passage.“

C. the Italian mapmaker for whom the continents of the western hemisphere were named.

D. the founder of the colony of Jamestown.

The Beginnings of Colonial America (chap. 2)• Purpose: To gain an understanding of

– the background of English colonization in continental North America

– the earliest successful English colony in continental North America, the “Southern” aka Chesapeake region (Virginia and Maryland)

– the founding and early development of the Carolinas and Georgia– Major problems faced in the Chesapeake, and the other Southern

colonies

• Timeframe: the 17th century (mostly)

Europeans colonize North America

• In the 16th and 17th centuries, the main focus of European colonization was the Caribbean, South, and Central America.

• Spain conquered the largest American empire.

• North America was colonized by less powerful European nations, like France, Holland, Sweden, and England.

• Chapter 2 & 3 focus on the two earliest regions of English colonization in North America: the Chesapeake and New England.

The Spanish Armada wasA. destroyed by a combination of "nimble" English

ships and severe weather off the coast of Ireland.

B. aided in its attack on England by storms known as "the Protestant wind."

C. the most successful Spanish military expedition of the seventeenth century.

D. the beginning of the decline of England's naval power.

English Migration to North America• In the long run, the

English colonies proved more successful than others.

• The main reason for this was the great number of migrants that left England in the 17th and 18th centuries.

The English monarch most responsible for defining the Protestant reformation in England was

A. Mary of Scotland.

B. James II.

C. Charles I.

D. Elizabeth I.

2 3

Edward V, and Richard III

1483-1485 (War of Roses).

1

Which of the following tenants was rejected by the Calvinists

A. papal supremacy

B. veneration of saints

C. clerical celibacy

D. all of the above

Jamestown was established and settled by

A. a joint-stock company.

B. Puritans.

C. coastal fishermen from New England.

D. Elizabeth I.

• Demographic reasons:– Population growth

– Internal migration to cities

• Economic reasons:– Decline in real wages

– Farm enclosures

– Mercantilism

– Joint stock companies

• English power increase:– Victory over the Spanish

Armada, 1588

• Religious unrest (HenryVIII, Bloody Mary, Eliz.I, Mary of Scotland)

Reasons for English

Migration

The Founding of Jamestown,

• In 1606, King James I granted overlapping land grants in Virginia to two joint-stock companies, the Virginia company of London and the Virginia company of Plymouth.

Chesapeake BayChesapeake BayChesapeake BayChesapeake Bay

• The Plymouth company‘s attempt in modern-day Maine was a failure.

• In 1607, the Virginia company of London sent 144 colonists to Virginia. Only 104 even survived the journey.

• In an area the local Native Americans called Tsenacomoco, these survivors founded Jamestown, in modern-day Virginia.

Jamestown: “Starving Times”

• The Jamestown colony had big trouble surviving.

• Many colonists did not want to work in agriculture, hoping to find precious metals instead.

• Many expected the local Indians to feed and serve them.

• Bad hygenic conditions, (swampy land) led to various illnesses.

The primary export of the Virginia Colony was .

A. cotton.

B. tobacco

C. flax.

D. wheat.

Captain John Captain John SmithSmith

Captain John Captain John SmithSmith

John John RolfeRolfeJohn John RolfeRolfe

The Pocahontas Myth• Pocahontas was the daughter of

Powhatan.• She “saved“ John Smith in a mock

execution ritual.• During the first Anglo-Powhatan

war (1610-12), the settlers kidnapped her and held her captive for several years.

• During this time she agreed to marry John Rolfe, one of the leading settlers.

• So why is this important?

• Of the original 104 settlers, only 38 survived the first winter.John Smith, a soldier of fortune, took over the colony‘s leadership in 1608, imposing military discipline and improving conditions. After he left the colony in 1609, discipline collapsed again.

• In the second “starving time”, of 1609 400 of 500 died.

Virginia: Native American Relations

• The Jamestown colonists had landed in a Native American power struggle.

• Powhatan, the leader of a powerful confederacy, hoped to get the English on his side.

• The English could provide various militarily and economically useful goods. a drawing of a 17th century

Virginia Native American

Powhatan ConfederacyPowhatan ConfederacyPowhatan ConfederacyPowhatan Confederacy

•Initially, relatively good cooperation between the English and the Native Americans.•Until the English no longer needed the Amerinds.•Three Anglo-Powhatan Wars: 1610-14, 1622-32, 1644-46. Powhatan confederacy crumbled afterwards.

Virginia: Economic Development

• Since Virginia was conceived as a mercantilist venture, it needed to make a profit.

All of the following were problems faced by the early settlers of Jamestown EXCEPTA. The colonists often faced starvation due to lack of

supplies and lack of farming skills.

B. There were not enough gentlemen and specialized craftsmen to provide leadership for the colony.

C. The colony was located in a malaria and typhoid infested area.

D. Local Indians were unpredictable and often hostile toward the colonists.

• John Rolfe found a profitable staple crop: tobacco.

• Initially, tobacco was hugely successful. The crop shaped Virginia‘s way of life.

• Tobacco was Land and Labor intensive. Dispersed plantations, not compact villages, and slavery were the result.

Early Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial Tobacco

16181618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.

16221622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.

16271627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.

16291629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

Virginia: Labor

• Tobacco cultivation was very labor intensive, but labor was in short supply. Planters therefore turned to indentured servants as a solution.

• Indentured servants were single young men and women who came to America, especially Virginia, mainly in the 17th century.

• Instead of paying their passage, they agreed to work for a fixed term, usually seven years. Their contracts could be bought and sold.

The colony that was established as a Catholic refuge was

A. Maryland.

B. Delaware.

C. Massachusetts.

D. New Jersey.

E. Vatican City

Population Population of of

ChesapeaChesapeake ke

Colonies: Colonies: 1610-1750 1610-1750

Population Population of of

ChesapeaChesapeake ke

Colonies: Colonies: 1610-1750 1610-1750

• For every servant a planter brought to Virginia, he received extra land. This was called the “headright” system.

• However, hard work, harsh treatment, and disease resulted in a devastating mortality rate of more than 40% in the first year.

• So why after 1660, were indentured servants increasingly replaced by African slaves?

• The tobacco boom did not last.

• After 1660, only the so-called “First Families“ (FFV) did well.

MarylandMaryland• In 1632, Charles I

gave Cecilius Calvert (Lord Baltimore) a colonial charter.

• In 1634, Maryland was founded, the first colony without a starving time.

ColonizatioColonization of n of

MarylandMaryland

ColonizatioColonization of n of

MarylandMaryland

• Originally intended as a haven for Catholics, Protestants dominated Maryland.

• The 1649 Religious Toleration Act passed to protect CATHOLICS from growing Protestant groups.

• Maryland soon became a tobacco-growing colony much like Virginia.

Under the headright system,A. a colonist received 50 acres of free land for

every person for whom he paid passage to Virginia.

B. serious crimes were punished by decapitation.

C. a head tax was levied on every adult man and woman in the colonies.

D. the wealthiest males in the colony were allowed to go first (at the head) of community processions.

Other “southern colonies”• S. Carolina 1670

– Most slave intensive colony (rice, indigo, tobacco)– Tied to the West Indies (Barbados)– STRICT aristocracy

• N. Carolina 1653:– Rebels, Squatters, Malcontents (Scots-Irish)

• Georgia 1733:– Buffer colony with Spanish Fla.– Paternalistic philanthropic experiment– Failed due to over control and lack of incentives

Carolina• Carolina was granted to a

group of proprietors in 1663.• North Carolina was settled

starting in 1665 by Virginians, and became much like Virginia.

• South Carolina was settled by colonists from Barbados. Its staple was rice and it was similar to the West Indies colonies.

• The split into North and South was formalized in 1729.

Which of the following is true of slavery in the English colonies?A. The Dutch first introduced slavery to the

Virginia colony in 1618.B. By the time of the American Revolution,

most colonies had outlawed slavery.C. Most of the slaves in North America lived in

the new England colonies. D. Since slavery was common in England, it

also was a basic feature of all the colonies.

Georgia• Founded in 1732, Georgia

was not a Restoration colony.• Proprietor James Oglethorpe

intended a debtor colony, a military outpost against Spanish Florida.

• Savannah was designed with its military purpose in mind.

• Originally, alcohol and slavery were forbidden.

• In 1752, Georgia became a royal colony, growing rice and allowing slavery like S. Carolina.

a sketch of Savannah

Start of Chapter 3

Was religious persecution a major “Push Factor” in the

colonization of English America?

Early New England society would best be described as

A. a society with no interest in liberties or rights.

B. competitive in nature.

C. communitarian in nature.

D. open and liberal.

Puritans believed that a person's salvation depended on

A. good works.

B. following the teachings of the church.

C. God's covenant of grace.

D. chance.

All of the following religious groups followed Calvinist principles except

A. Lutherans.

B. Presbyterians.

C. Puritans.

D. Huguenots.

Martin Luther asks a question• How to make the Gospels and the Old Testament reconcile???? • He became convinced that the church had lost sight of what he

saw as several of the central truths of Christianity — the most important being the doctrine of justification by faith alone.

• Luther's study of theology was based on the via moderna, or "modern way," it emphasized on the one hand the all-powerful will of God and, on the other hand, human being's ability to contribute toward their salvation through Faith.

• Lutherans did not accept this. They were accused of Antinomianism: the charge of religious lawlessness, for how could God’s will be fulfilled if everyone had “Grace”, and could do whatever they want. influenced Grace is the the idea of the elect, people saved regardless of what they did.

• Relics are objects considered to be holy and the viewing of which considered meritorious, allowing the viewer to receive relief from temporal punishment for sins in purgatory. By 1509 the Elector "already owned 5,005 of them, including several vials of the milk of the Virgin Mary, straw from the manger [of Jesus], and the entire corpse of one of the innocents massacred by King Herod

• Luther said of his excommunication by the Pope: "As for me, … I do not wish to be reconciled with her; or even to hold any communication with her. Let her condemn and burn my books; I, in turn …will condemn and publicly burn the whole pontifical law, that swamp of heresies.“ In 1545, Luther wrote a pamphlet entitled, Against the Papacy Established by the Devil, and during his life became known for diatribes against the papacy.

1560 Geneva Bible. Inexpensive printed bibles (In

German—not Latin) led to

questioning the Catholic Church

• A Jesuit (Catholic Priest) converted to Protestantism

20,000 Lutherans Evicted (Ger)

Dutch Mennonites

Irish Catholics drowned by

English Anglicans

Catholics butchered by

French Hugonots

(Protestants)

Hugonots butchered by Catholics

Puritans and the smaller Pilgrims came over for:

• COVENANT—GOD TOLD THEM TO BUILD A “CITY ON THE HILL—A BEACON IN THE NIGHT”

• ECONOMIC REASONS (most were from the Woolen Districts)

• During the Catholic reign of Mary—they came to avoid persecution.

• To be intolerant of others.

COTTON MATHER -helps start

Salem Witch Trials 1688

Lutheran Church Service

Puritan Capital laws—based on Bible. Mostly

Exodus & Leviticus

More…

The New England

(NORTHERN ) Colonies

Puritanism: The English Reformation• In the 16th century,

Henry VIII had separated the Church of England from Rome.

• Elizabeth I consolidated the Church of England along moderate lines.

a portrait of Henry VIII

• Some members of the Church of England, the Puritans, demanded more radical Calvinist reforms.

• They opposed church government through bishops, and came into conflict with the absolutist ambitions of the Stuart kings in the 17th century.

Puritanism: Central Beliefs

• Puritans were inspired by the theology of John Calvin.

• Predestination• Covenant of Grace v. Covenant of

Works• They engaged in constant soul-

searching and study of scripture.

• They opposed many church rituals, such as Christmas.

• Separatist Puritans (a minority group called Pilgrims) wanted to form a new church, Non-Separatists Puritans SAID that they wanted to “reform the system from within”.

• Puritans were often persecuted by the English state in the early 17th century because they were so difficult to get along with. (Bloody Mary had 250 burned)

Plymouth Plantation: The Pilgrims• In 1620, a group of

separatist Puritans (“Pilgrims”) traveled to North America aboard the ship Mayflower.

• The Mayflower compact established a “civil body politic“ for themselves and their non-Pilgrim companions.

• The plan was to establish a spiritually pure colony in the new world, away from corrupt England.

• On their second landing site, they established a settlement they called Plymouth after the hometown of some of the colonists.

Plymouth: Survival ProblemsThe Pilgrims had arrived as family groups, ready to

farm.Also, the Native American population had been

decimated by an epidemic introduced by European traders, so land was available.

However, The Pilgrims arrived in December, giving them no time to farm, just to build some shelter.

A starving time resulted.Native’s, (decimated by disease, and internecine

warfare), helped the Pilgrims survive in order to win over these strange “allies”.

• However, the good cooperation between local Indians and English settlers was very short.

• The idea of a single Thanksgiving event is mythical.

• Absorbed by Puritans in 1690. So why are they remembered as so important?

Puritan Work Ethic

Massachusetts Bay Colony

• While Plymouth (Pilgrims) remained small, a second colony, Massachusetts Bay, (Puritan) prospered.

• Not QUITE a Theocracy• In the Great English

Migration 1630-1642 over 20,000 came to New Eng.

• The colony was relatively well-prepared and profited from a large # of settlers.

Why the mass Puritan migration

• Charles 1st wanted to reclaim supreme power from Parliament

• Believed that the High Anglican church had to control the rise of Puritanism

• Many noblemen including Lord Cromwell had converted to Puritanism

• Thus, if he crushed Puritanism he might also crush the growing power of a growing Puritan Parliament.

• He dismissed Parliament in 1630• By 1642 he had to recall it to fund his war with Scotland

“A City Upon A Hill“

• Massachusetts was founded as a Christian utopia, outlined by John Winthrop in his sermon “A Model of Christian charity.”

• The colony was to be based on strict Puritan theology, as an example to the old world.

• It was supposed to be a model of brotherly love and economic cooperation.

• Emphasis on education (Harvard 1636)• These ideals were reflected in the New

England village settlement patterns.• The focus on subsistence agriculture

and family coherence led to a rapid increase in population.

New England: Native American

Relations

• The Merrymounters showed why it was not a place of toleration

• Settlement spread and the new colonies of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire were formed by Puritan dissenters kicked out of the Commonwealth.

Puritans (NOT Pilgrims)• Came for ECONOMIC reasons as much as religious

reasons

• “cruel and Unusual” punishment???

• John Cotton: “Toleration is liberty to tell lies in the name of the Lord”.

• You can tell a lot about a group by the names they give their children:– Constance – Increase– Joy From Above – Hope– Kill Sin – Wrestle With The Devil

What do you

suppose the “F” is

for?

The large-scale warfare between European settlers and the Indians of New England was called

A. King James's War.

B. Metacom's War.

C. Bacon's Rebellion.

D. Leisler's Rebellion.

Religious Dissent and Secularization• Even though the Puritans had left

England to escape religious persecution, they did not advocate religious toleration.

• 3 famous dissenters were exiled in the 1630s: Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson and Thomas Hooker.

• Quakers were first exiled and then executed on return.

Antinomianism

• Anti = against Nomian = Law • In other words: antinomianism is emphasizing faith

over doctrine (rules, law, Gospels).• Puritans had been accused of this heresy by Catholics,

now the Puritans use it against anyone who preached that piety and moral behavior did not assure electness.

• Slowly, Puritans were moving back toward the Catholic idea of “works” as a sign of “sainthood”.

• WHY????????????

• Several major wars were fought, such as the Pequot War (1637) and King Philip‘s War (1675-76).

• Puritan efforts at christianizing New England Indians (Praying Towns) were relatively unsuccessful and mostly abandoned after 1676.

Amerinds and 3-D’s• Disease• Disunity• Disposability

King Philip’s War • Indian – White relations at low ebb by 1670s.• Treaties with Indians not kept, no real attempt by

whites to engage with Indians, nefarious tactics to get land.

• Metacom – named ‘King Philip’ by whites, chief of Wampanoags, Grandson of Massasoit (at thanksgiving feast).

• Specific grievances over loss of tribal lands, effect of alcohol and guns on people, also Puritan treatment of ‘praying Indians’ – confined to praying villages, taken away from homes and families

King Phillip’s War

• Wampanoags have better of initial skirmishes – success leads to other tribes such as Nipmuc, Narragansett, Pocasset and Pocomtuck joining in – general Indian war

• But as the war drags on into 1676, Indians unable to continue a long war (lack supplies and planning). English were able to re-group and re-supply, then counter-attack – eventually capture and kill King Phillip.

What did enemy’s of the Pequot do?

Consequences of King Phillip’s War• 3000 Indians killed (50% of pop), loss of tribal leaders, exile of

many Indians to west, captives sold into slavery, remaining tribes confined to praying villages. End of threat in New England

• cost £100,000 - came close to bankrupting many colonies. 2500 white settlers killed, (10% of white men of fighting age), damaged 52 of the 90 settlements in New England, totally destroying 12 of them.

• Psychological - KPW ‘so dreadful a judgment’ for straying from path of righteousness; a warning from God, yet victory showed God still on white side.

• White settlement restricted, doesn’t reach 1675 levels again until 1710

The "half-way covenant" refers to

A. religious concessions made to those who had not had the salvation experience.

B. the responsibilities a person had to the community in which they lived.

C. the status of a couple between engagement and marriage.

D. contractual landholding responsibilities.

-Most people did not consider themselves religious -Most people did not consider themselves religious during the colonial period- only about 1/5during the colonial period- only about 1/5-Most colonists arrived for nonreligious reasons-Most colonists arrived for nonreligious reasons-Church membership never surpassed 20% during -Church membership never surpassed 20% during the colonial periodthe colonial period-Approximately 80% of Americans, slaves excluded, -Approximately 80% of Americans, slaves excluded, were WASPS (were WASPS (WWhite hite AAnglo-nglo-SSaxon axon PProtestants)rotestants)-Other forms of Christianity were opposed by the -Other forms of Christianity were opposed by the ProtestantsProtestants

Religious Prevalence in Colonial America

• The second and third generations of Puritans often did not become full church members. The Halfway covenant was adopted in 1662 to accommodate them.

• Church membership continued to decline and ultimately became today’s Non-Denominational or Congregationist churches.

• Puritans are important to us culturally and historically because of the ideas and ideals they left behind– Puritan work ethic– Blue Laws– Importance of community– Etc.

The colony of New Yorkattracted thousands of English colonistsA. because of its democratic government and elected

assembly.

B. was established by a charter written by John Locke.

C. remained predominately Dutch in population and culture throughout the seventeenth century.

D. was founded by Quakers escaping from religious persecution in England.

The Middle Colonies. Half way between New England and the Southern colonies;

politically, geographically, culturally

• New York: taken from the Dutch by the Duke of York

• New Jersey

• Delaware: Taken from Swedes but really part of Penn.

• Pennsylvania: Proprietary colony for Quakers

Settlers were attracted to Pennsylvania in large numbers because of

A. liberal land grants.

B. religious toleration.

C. the democratically elected assembly.

D. all of the above.

The Stuart Restoration• 1642-1660, the Stuart dynasty was

interrupted by the Civil War and the Cromwell (Very Puritan) Interregnum.

• In 1660, the Stuarts were reinstated: Charles II (1660-85 Very Anglican) and James II (1685-88 Catholic). Both had ambitions to absolute monarchy.

• To pay off political and financial debts, Charles II issued colonial patents: the Restoration Colonies.

• In the late 1680s James II tried to unite New England and New York into the Dominion of New England. James II

Colonists objected to the Dominion of New England becauseA. it established an autocratic government without an

elected assembly.

B. the royal governor was not given enough authority to enforce the navigation Acts effectively.

C. it forced both Puritans and non-Puritans to pay taxes to support the Congregational Church.

D. all of the above.

The Glorious Revolution• The Stuart dynasty ended

because James II tried to reimpose Catholicism on England.

• Leading Englishmen called on James II daughter Mary (Protestant) and her husband William to replace him. The bloodless Glorious Revolution, 1688.

• Important results:– Dominion of New England ends.

(Pilgrims lose charter—Salem Witch trials begin)

– End of Puritan power– Bill of Rights– Era of salutary neglect

William and Mary

Colonists in North America reacted to the Glorious Revolution

A. with indifference.

B. by overthrowing the governors of the Dominion of New England and Maryland.

C. with public protests against the new King.

D. by attacking Dutch settlements in Delaware.

New York• New York had originally been a

Dutch fur-trading colony, New Netherlands, since 1625.

• In 1664, Charles II granted a charter to his brother James, ignoring the Dutch title.

• The colony was conquered against little resistance.

• Dutch property titles and many laws remained. Religious toleration was practiced.

• New York became the central commercial harbor in the 18th century.

New Jersey• New Jersey was also part of the

New Netherlands conquest.• James granted titles to his

friends Sir George Carteret and John Lord Berkeley, splitting the land into East and West Jersey.

• East Jersey was similar to New York in population and economy.

• West Jersey was dominated by Quakers, like later Pennsylvania.

• In 1702, the Jerseys were united as the royal colony of New Jersey.

Pennsylvania• In 1681, Charles II gave a grant to William

Penn, the son of a major creditor.• Penn, a Quaker leader, envisioned his colony

as a haven for Quakers and a center of tolerance and fair treatment for all.

• Philadelphia, the main city, was meticulously planned.

• Pennsylvania was very successful: Many immigrants, including Native Americans.

• Land clashes marred the egalitarian vision, but still more tolerance than elsewhere.

• Despite the colony‘s success, Penn went bankrupt and died in a debtor‘s prison, 1718.

Quakers were persecuted for all except which of the following reasons?

A. They believed in the absolute authority of a trained minister over the congregation.

B. They were pacifists.

C. They believed that God dwelt within each individual in the form of an Inner Light.

D. They granted women almost complete social and spiritual equality.

Delaware• Delaware was part of New

York until 1682, when James ceded it to Pennsylvania as an outlet to the sea.

• In 1703 Penn permitted a separate colonial assembly for Delaware.

• This made Delaware into a de facto colony of its own.

Conclusion• Overall process of colonial maturity. In only 100 years

from desperate settlers fighting for survival to full-blown complex societies, economically dynamic and with a tradition of considerable self-government.

• Despite many initial problems, the English colonies in the Chesapeake, New England, and Middle colonies endured and sometimes prospered.

• They were greatly aided by the large numbers of migrants from England in the early 17th century.

• At same time, a mother-child metaphor was widely used for colonial-imperial relationship. Trouble is built-in: what happens when the child grows up?

• All regions faced similar problems and shared some experiences, such as the decimation of the Native Americans.

• New England and the Chesapeake also differed significantly in many ways such as their basic goals and outlook, family structure, settlement patterns, economic development, labor systems and political institutions.

• The Middle Colonies were in all aspects--”in the middle”

• Next week: process of conflict in the colonies, witchcraft, and slavery