Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization

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Chapter 18

Changing Trends

in Urbanisation


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What is urbanisation?

Process whereby the proportion of people living in

urban areas increases

Urbanisation in developed countries

76% of the population live in urban areas

Began in the 19th century

Result of industrialisation and steady economic growth

Urbanisation in developing countries !% of the population live in urban areas

"tarted after 19# when the $nformation &ge' began

ndustrialisation and economic growth have not (ept up

with urbanisation) resulting in many urban problems

Chapter 18: Changing Trends in Urbanisation


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Percentage of urban population in the world

0 2,000km


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actors that in!luence urbanisation

Push factors encourage people to leave a certain place

Pull factors attract people to move to a particular place

t is a result of both push and pull factors that rural

people are migrating to urban areas



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"ull !actors o! cities "ush !actors o! ruralareas

More jobs Fewer jobs

Higher-paying jobs Lower-paying jobs

More job security Less job security

More retirement benefits (e.g. pensions) Less retirement benefits

More housing Less housing

Better housing Poorer housing

More educationa opportunities Fewer educationa opportunities

Better heath care ser!ices Poorer heath care ser!ices

Better infrastructure Poorer infrastructureMore accessibe Less accessibe

Better recreation faciities Poorer recreation faciities

Better sporting faciities Poorer sporting faciities

More entertainment Less entertainment

More !ariety of food (restaurants) Less !ariety of food


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Urbanisation in the Caribbean

&bout two*thirds of the countries in the +aribbean have

more than #!% of the population living in urban areas

,he percentage of urban population is pro-ected to

increase to .% by /!0!

Reasons for the increase

12 "ura-urban migration

#. $atura increase in urban popuation

%. Migration from other countries in the &aribbean



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Countr#$ urban

populationCountr#

$ urbanpopulation

'nguia *amaica +#

'ntigua %, Martiniue +

Bahamas / Montserrat %

Barbados + $etherands 'nties 0

Bei1e $.'. Puerto "ico 2&ayman 3sands 4t. 5itts %%

&uba ,0 4t. Lucia %

6ominica , 4t 7incent ++

6ominican "epubic 02 4uriname ,2

8renada % 9rinidad : 9obago ,2

8uadeoupe 9ur;s 2+

8uyana %0


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Rural*urban migration started in the early /!th century

,he push and pull factors include

= Mechanisation on farms has caused increased rura

unempoyment

= Limited agricutura and to support the growing popuation

= Lac; of socia amenities in rura areas

= 6e!eopment of transport infrastructure has made urban areasmore accessibe

= More and better-paying jobs in urban areas

People from some countries in the +aribbean have also

migrated to the urban areas of other countries in theregion in search of more -ob opportunities

,his has contributed to growth in the urban population

of the destination countries



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"opulation gro%th in "ort o! &pain

Port of "pain is the capital) main port) and commercial

and ban(ing centre of ,rinidad

t has a municipal population of 9)!!! 3/!!1 census4)

with a population density of about 0)6#! persons per (m/


'ear


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,he municipal population e5panded between 19!1 and

196!) when it reached a pea( of almost 9)!!!

&fter 196!) the population declined as people movedout to the suburbs in the north) west and northeast of

the city) outside the municipal boundary

,his was because land in and around the central

business district became too e5pensive for manypeople



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(ene!its o! urbanisation in "ort o! &pain

,he city has become a ma-or growth pole of ,rinidad

and ,obago) contributing to the country's overall

economic development

t has developed into an important port and a dynamic

centre for industrialisation and financial services

ost of the government offices are also located in the

city

ts population en-oys higher incomes and generally

better living conditions than those of the smaller towns

and the rural areas



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"roblems o! urbanisation in "ort o! &pain n certain parts of the city)

suatting have developed

8 a result of rising

unemployment and the

lac( of cheap housing

&ssociated socialproblems include higher

crime rates

,he volume of human and motor traffic has grown much

faster than the transport system can support) resulting in

problems such as traffic congestion

&ir) land and noise pollution may cause health problems for

the people living and wor(ing in the city



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&evere !looding in ")& on *ovember 18, 2008


,his was the worst ever recorded in the capital


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Wa#s o! controlling urbanisation in the

Caribbean

. 6e!eop the rura areas

,he government could improve the road lin(s between the rural

areas and the urban areas

,his would facilitate the transportation of agricultural products

to the urban ports for e5port) thereby enhancing the profitabilityof farming and raising rural incomes

,he government could also develop social amenities to

improve the uality of life in the rural areas

#. >stabish new centres of growth ,his would redistribute the population away from the traditional

centres of growth

2g2 :uyana has developed secondary towns in the interior

regions through the building of factories) housing) etc


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%. ?ffer incenti!es

,a5 incentives can be offered to encourage the development

of industries in the rural areas ,his would provide employment opportunities for the rural

population

2. 3mpose tra!e restrictions

,he government can ma(e it more difficult for foreigners to

migrate into the country through visa reuirements

+. 3ncrease the pace of urban renewa

Rebuilding in the city can be sped up to (eep pace with thegrowth in the urban population

n Port of "pain) familiar buildings are being torn down to

ma(e way for new structures such as multi*storey buildings

to house shopping malls and government offices


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+igration

ovement of people from one place to another

,emporary migration is movement that occurs on a

seasonal or daily basis

Permanent migration involves a change of residence

nternal migration

ovement of people within a country

ncludes rural*urban migration and seasonal migration

;oes not affect the total population of the country) but

changes the distribution of the population



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Rural*urban migration

+ommon in developing countries


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"easonal migration

=ften for agricultural reasons

2g2 people moving to an area temporarily to wor( as

e5tra labour during harvest time

nternational migration

ovement of people across international boundaries &ffects the total population of a country

any people move voluntarily) i2e2 of their own free will

>hen people are forced to move due to social) political

or economic factors) it is called involuntary migration

2g2 prolonged droughts in "ahel) &frica) had forced

millions to flee thiopia to avoid starvation



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mmigration in the Caribbean

?rom outside the +aribbean

n the middle of the 19th century) people from +hina)

ndia and ndonesia migrated to the +aribbean to wor(

on the sugar cane and banana plantations

,hey later became citi@ens of the destination country

?rom within the +aribbean

n the early /!th century) Puerto Ricans migrated to the

;ominican Republic) +uba and the


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-migration in the Caribbean

,he main destinations of

+aribbean migrants have

been the


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nternal migration in the Caribbean

,he most common form is rural*urban migration

,he push and pull factors are similar to those in most

other countries



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+igration in .u#ana n the 19th century) migrants came from

&frica) ndia and +hina to wor( on thesugar cane plantations

Between 1.0 and 1917) about /!)!!!

uns(illed males from ndia aged /! to /#

years old migrated to :uyana

,hese migrants eventually became citi@ens

and started families in :uyana) accounting

for some #!% of the country's population

today

n the mid*/!th century) emigration started

to e5ceed immigration) resulting in negative

net migration migration increased sharply in the 19.!s)

with 1!)!!! to 0!)!!! emigrants each year


"estination countries of emigrants from #u$ana

0 2,000km


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+auses of emigration

.!% of the country is forested and sparsely populated

ac( of good -obs and opportunities for socialadvancement

Cigh levels of unemployment and under*employment

&griculture) which contributes more than #!% of the

:;P) is the main employer Datural ha@ards such as floods are a constant threat to

the agricultural sector

ittle potential for the development of sun) sea andsand tourism

Bau5ite) gold and diamonds are the most importantminerals to be mined



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mpact of emigration on the country

"ignificant $brain drain'

7!% of the emigrants are highly*educated and s(illed

middle*class professionals such as doctors) engineers)

teachers and nurses

oss of s(illed wor(ers who are necessary for the

economic development of the country

"tagnation of economic development

Rise in unemployment and fall in foreign investments

due to the stagnant economy



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,he future

,he economy is showing signs of rebounding

:rowth has been based on the e5pansion of the

agricultural and mining sectors

+ontributing factors include a more realistic e5change

rate) fairly low inflation) and the continued support of

international organisations

,he rate of negative net migration is decreasing

Degative net migration in /!!6 was less than *. per

1)!!! persons) compared to a high of *1026 per 1)!!!

persons in 199!


Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization

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