Chapter13
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Transcript of Chapter13
The Juvenile Justice System
Describe the child-saving movement and its relationship to the doctrine of parens patriae.
The Child-Saving Movement◦ Wealthy, civic minded citizens who were concerned
with the welfare of disadvantaged children
◦ Argued that the state has a responsibility to take control of children who exhibit criminal tendencies or had been neglected by their parents
◦ Instrumental in opening the House of Refuge in 1825.
◦ Parens Patriae is the doctrine that holds that the state has a responsibility to look after the well-being of child and to assume the role of parent if necessary.
List the four major differences between juvenile courts and adult courts.
The Illinois Juvenile Court
◦ Established in 1899
◦ Differences from adult court:
No juries
Different terminology
No adversarial relationship
Confidentiality
◦ All states have juvenile courts by 1945
Delinquency: Status Offender:
Behavior that illegal under federal or statelaw and is committed
bysomeone who isclassified as a minor.
A juvenile who has beenfound to havecommitted behaviordeemed unacceptablefor persons under acertain age.
Constitutional Protections and the JuvenileCourt: Kent vs. United States (1966) In re Gault (1967) In re Winship (1970) McKeiver vs. Pennsylvania (1971) Breed vs. Jones (1975)
Identify and briefly describe the single most important Supreme Court case with respect to juvenile justice.
In re Gault:
◦ Juveniles are entitled to many of the same due process rights granted to adult offenders, including notice of charges, the right to counsel, the privilege against self-incrimination, and the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses.
The Supreme Court decisions from 1966-1975 move the juvenile justice system away from parens patriae and towards a more formalized system.
Today, the legal status of children in the United States varies depending on where they live, with each state making its own policy on age limits.
The Age Question
The Culpability Question◦ Juvenile Behavior
◦ Diminished Guilt
Delinquency by the Numbers
Girls in the Juvenile Justice System
◦ A Growing Presence
◦ Family-Based Delinquency
Questions:
◦ How do you explain the recent rise of female juvenile delinquency?
◦ How does this story defy typical delinquency trends? How can you explain this?
Describe the one variable that always correlates highly with juvenile crime rates.
The older a person is, the less likely s/he will exhibit criminal behavior.
Age of onset is a consistent predictor of future criminal behavior.
Juvenile justice resources should be concentrated on the youngest offenders, with the goal of preventing crime and reducing the long-term risks for society.
Substance Abuse – plays a major role in juvenile delinquency and crime
Child Abuse and Neglect – 1 in 10 children in the U.S. suffers from mistreatment at the hands of a close family member
Indicate some of the reasons why youths join gangs.
Gangs◦ Who Joins Gangs
◦ Why Do Youths Join Gangs? Alienation from families and communities
Sense of identity
Necessity in a high-crime neighborhood
Excitement
Economic incentive
Geography
◦ Gangs and Crime
Questions:
◦ What has the impact of gang violence been on the violent crime rate?
◦ What do you believe can be done to decrease the appeal of gang for juveniles?
Police arrest about 1.2 million youth under 18 each year.
Police can also act in loco parentis, or in the place of the parent, to protect the juvenile.
After arrest, a trial is not automatic.
List the factors that normally determine what police do with juvenile offenders.
In making discretionary decisions, police usually consider:◦ The nature of the offense
◦ Offender’s past history with the system
◦ Setting of the offense
◦ Ability/willingness of the child’s parents to take disciplinary action
◦ Attitude of the offender
◦ Offender’s race and gender
Describe the four primary stages of pretrial juvenile justice procedure.
The intake officer has a number of options:
Dismiss the case
Divert the offender
File a petition
Transfer the case to adult court
Low-risk offenders can be removed from theformal juvenile justice system through
diversion.
Categories of pretrial diversion: Probation Treatment and aid Diversion
Methods of transfer to adult court:
Judicial waiver
Automatic transfer/Legislative waiver
Prosecutorial waiver
Less than 1 percent of all cases that reach juvenile court are waived to adult court.
Detention:
Reasons to detain a juvenile:
◦ Threat to the community
◦ To ensure attendance in court
◦ Protection of the child
Explain the distinction between an adjudicatory hearing and a disposition hearing.
Adjudication Hearing The process by which the court
determines whether there is sufficient evidence to support the petition.
Disposition Hearing The hearing in which the appropriate
sanctions for the delinquent or status offender is determined.
Sentencing Juveniles:
The best interests of the child
Judicial discretion
Predisposition report
Juvenile corrections is based on the concept
of graduated sanctions: Probation (the most common sanction) Non-secure confinement
◦ Foster care programs
◦ Group homes
◦ Family group homes
◦ Rural programs
Secure confinement (e.g.: boot camp) Aftercare