Chapter02 Revised
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Go to Section:
What’s the Matter?
All of the materials around you are made up of matter. You are made up of matter, as are the chair you sit on and the air you breathe.
1. Give an example of solid matter.
2. Give an example of liquid matter.
3. Give an example of gaseous matter.
4. Is all matter visible?
5. Does all matter take up space?
Section 2-1
Interest Grabber
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2–1 The Nature of Matter
A. Atoms1. Protons (charge = +1, atomic mass = 1)2. Neutrons (charge = 0, atomic mass = 1)3. Electrons – orbit the nucleus
Charge = -1Atomic mass = 1 x 10-18 0In an atom, the number of electrons = # of protons
B. Elements and Isotopes1. Isotopes – atoms with different number of neutrons (# of protons are
the same)2. Radioactive Isotopes
Radioactive – nucleus is unstable, and will decay (break down) over time
Radioactive dating (Carbon-dating) – uses the calculated radioactive decay of an element to estimate the age of a sample
Half-life – the amount of time it takes for half (50%) of the radioactive isotopes to decay (change)
Carbon’s half-life is about 5700 years, so it can be used to age samples less than 60,000 years old
Section Outline
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6
CCarbon12.011
Section 2-1
An Element in the Periodic Table
Atomic number= # of protons
Atomic mass (average)= # of protons + # of neutrons
= chemical symbol
Go to Section:
Nonradioactive carbon-12 Nonradioactive carbon-13 Radioactive carbon-14
6 electrons6 protons6 neutrons
6 electrons6 protons8 neutrons
6 electrons6 protons7 neutrons
Section 2-1
Figure 2-2 Isotopes of Carbon
Isotopes of Carbon
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Section 2-1 Outline, continued:
C. Chemical CompoundsA. Compound – combination of two or more elements
that are held together by a bondB. Molecule – smallest part of a covalently bonded
compoundD. Chemical Bonds
· Atoms react to fill their outer shell of electrons· Max. # of electrons in first shell = 2· Max. # of electrons in 2nd and 3rd shells = 8· Atoms with atomic number 5 or less try to get 2
electrons in the first energy level · Atoms with atomic number 6 or greater try to get 8
electrons in their outer energy level (8 is the magic number!)
· Atoms that have full outer energy levels are unreactive = noble gases, far right column of the periodic table
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Periodic Table of the Elements
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Ionic Bonds
Ionic bond – weaker bond involving the transfer of electrons
Ex: Salt (NaCl) is an example of an ionic bond, and it dissociates (breaks apart) in water to form sodium+ and chloride- ions
Go to Section:
Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)
Transferof electron
Protons +11Electrons -11Charge 0
Protons +17Electrons -17Charge 0
Protons +11Electrons -10Charge +1
Protons +17Electrons -18Charge -1
Section 2-1
Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding
Ionic bonding:
Go to Section:
Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)
Transferof electron
Protons +11Electrons -11Charge 0
Protons +17Electrons -17Charge 0
Protons +11Electrons -10Charge +1
Protons +17Electrons -18Charge -1
Section 2-1
Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding
…results in formation of ions
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Covalent Bonds
Covalent bond – stronger bond resulting from a shared electron pair between two atoms
Ex: Glucose (C6H12O6) is a molecule
held together with covalent bonds; sugar molecules do not break apart in water!
Go to Section:
Water, Water Everywhere
If you have ever seen a photograph of Earth from space, you know that much of the planet is covered by water. Water makes life on Earth possible. If life as we know it exists on some other planet, water must be present to support that life.
Section 2-2
Interest Grabber
Go to Section:
1. Working with a partner, make a list of ten things that have water
in them.
2. Exchange your list for the list of another pair of students. Did your lists contain some of the same things? Did anything on the other list surprise you?
3. Did either list contain any living things?
Section 2-2
Interest Grabber continued
Go to Section:
2–2 Properties of WaterA. The Water Molecule
1. Polarity
2. Hydrogen Bonds
B. Solutions and Suspensions
1. Solutions
2. Suspensions
C. Acids, Bases, and pH
1. The pH Scale
2. Acids
3. Bases
4. Buffers
Section 2-2
Section Outline
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Oven cleaner
Bleach
Ammonia solution
Soap
Sea water
Human bloodPure waterMilkNormalrainfall
Acid rainTomatojuice
Lemon juice
Stomach acid
NeutralIn
crea
sing
ly B
asic
Incr
easi
ngly
Aci
dic
Section 2-2
pH Scale
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Cl-
Water
Cl-
Na+
Water
Na+
Section 2-2
Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution
Go to Section:
Section 2-2
Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution
Cl-
Water
Cl-
Na+
Water
Na+
Go to Section:
Life’s Backbone
Most of the compounds that make up living things contain carbon. In fact, carbon makes up the basic structure, or “backbone,” of these compounds. Each atom of carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, which makes it possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds with other atoms.
As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A huge number of different carbon compounds exist. Each compound has a different structure. For example, carbon chains can be straight or branching. Also, other kinds of atoms can be attached to the carbon chain.
Section 2-3
Interest Grabber
Go to Section:
1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of at least ten things that contain carbon.
2. Working with a partner, review your list. If you think some things on your list contain only carbon, write “only carbon” next to them.
3. If you know other elements that are in any items on your list, write those elements next to them.
Section 2-3
Interest Grabber continued
Go to Section:
2–3 Carbon CompoundsA. The Chemistry of Carbon
B. Macromolecules
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
E. Nucleic Acids
F. Proteins
Section 2-3
Section Outline
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CarbonCompounds
include
that consist of
which contain
that consist of that consist of that consist of
which contain which contain which contain
Section 2-3
Concept Map
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
Sugars and starches
Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
C H O C H O NC H O N PC H O
Carbo = carbon Hydrate = H2O
=Mono-saccharides
=fatty acids
=sugar,phosphate group,nitrogenous base
Go to Section:
Methane Acetylene Butadiene Benzene Isooctane
Section 2-3
Figure 2-11 Carbon Compounds
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Starch
Glucose
Section 2-3
Figure 2-13 A Starch
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General structure Alanine Serine
Section 2-3
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Amino group Carboxyl group
Amino acid – building block of protein•20 unique amino acids•Chains of amino acids are called polypeptides and are held together by peptide bonds
Go to Section:
General structure Alanine Serine
Section 2-3
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Amino group Carboxyl group
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General structure Alanine Serine
Section 2-3
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Amino group Carboxyl group
Go to Section:
Aminoacids
Section 2-3
Figure 2-17 A Protein
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Nucleic acids
= DNA and RNA (deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid)
-Nucleic acids contain the genetic code
-The “genetic code” codes for PROTEINS
-The building block of a nucleic acid is a NUCLEOTIDE
-NUCLEOTIDE = sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
Go to Section:
Matter and Energy
Have you ever sat around a campfire or watched flames flicker in a fireplace? The burning of wood is a chemical reaction—a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. A chemical reaction always involves changes in chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds. The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are called reactants. The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are called products. As wood burns, molecules of cellulose are broken down and combine with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapor, and energy is released.
Section 2-4
Interest Grabber
Go to Section:
1. What are the reactants when wood burns?
2. What are the products when wood burns?
3. What kinds of energy are given off when wood burns?
4. Wood doesn’t burn all by itself. What must you do to start a fire? What does this mean in terms of energy?
5. Once the fire gets started, it keeps burning. Why don’t you need to keep restarting the fire?
Section 2-4
Interest Grabber continued
Go to Section:
2–4 Chemical Reactions and EnzymesA. Chemical Reactions
B. Energy in Reactions
1. Energy Changes
2. Activation Energy
C. Enzymes
D. Enzyme Action
1. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex
2. Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Section 2-4
Section Outline
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Reaction pathwaywithout enzyme Activation energy
without enzyme
Activationenergywith enzymeReaction pathway
with enzyme
Reactants
Products
Section 2-4
Effect of Enzymes
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Enzymes and Substrates: A Lock and Key
Enzymes are proteins (generally) that are specialized to act as catalysts to speed up the rate of reaction by lowering the amount of activation energy required to start the reaction.
Enzymes are shaped to fit a particular set of reactants in a chemical reaction.
Reactants fit into the active site of the enzyme.
These reactants are called substrates when they are fitting into the active site.
Once lined up in the active site, they combine to form new products and are released by the enzyme.
Because the shapes are specific, the enzyme and substrate are compared to a lock and key.
Go to Section:
Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction
Products
Products
Activation energy
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Section 2-4
Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions
Go to Section:
Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction
Products
Products
Activation energy
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Section 2-4
Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions
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Glucose
Substrates
ATP
Substratesbind toenzyme
Substratesare convertedinto products
Enzyme-substratecomplex
Enzyme(hexokinase)
ADPProducts
Glucose-6-phosphate
Productsare released
Section 2-4
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Active site
Go to Section:
Glucose
Substrates
ATP
Substratesbind toenzyme
Substratesare convertedinto products
Enzyme-substratecomplex
Enzyme(hexokinase)
ADPProducts
Glucose-6-phosphate
Productsare released
Section 2-4
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Active site
Go to Section:
Glucose
Substrates
ATP
Substratesbind toenzyme
Substratesare convertedinto products
Enzyme-substratecomplex
Enzyme(hexokinase)
ADPProducts
Glucose-6-phosphate
Productsare released
Section 2-4
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Active site
Go to Section:
Glucose
Substrates
ATP
Substratesbind toenzyme
Substratesare convertedinto products
Enzyme-substratecomplex
Enzyme(hexokinase)
ADPProducts
Glucose-6-phosphate
Productsare released
Section 2-4
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Active site
Videos
Click a hyperlink to choose a video.
Atomic Structure
Energy Levels and Ionic Bonding
Covalent Bonding
Enzymatic Reactions
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 1
Atomic Structure
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 2
Energy Levels and Ionic Bonding
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 3
Covalent Bonding
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 4
Enzymatic Reactions
Career links on forensic scientists
Interactive test
Articles on organic chemistry
For links on properties of water, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-1022.
For links on enzymes, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-1024.
Go Online
1. Give an example of solid matter.
Sample answers: books, desks, chairs
2. Give an example of liquid matter.
Sample answers: water, milk
3. Give an example of gaseous matter.
Sample answers: air, helium in a balloon
4. Is all matter visible?
No
5. Does all matter take up space?
Yes
Interest Grabber Answers
Interest Grabber Answers
1. Working with a partner, make a list of ten things that have water in them.
Possible answers: bodies of water, rain and snow, soft drinks and other beverages, juicy foods such as fruits, and so on.
2. Exchange your list for the list of another pair of students. Did your lists contain some of the same things? Did anything on the other list surprise you?
Students’ answers will likely be similar, but not exactly alike.
3. Did either list contain any living things?
Students’ lists may include plants, animals, or other living things.
Interest Grabber Answers
1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of at least ten things that contain carbon.
Students will likely know that charcoal and coal contain carbon. They may also list carbohydrates (starches and sugars), oil, gasoline, wood, or carbon dioxide.
2. Working with a partner, review your list. If you think some things on your list contain only carbon, write “only carbon” next to them.
Students will say that charcoal and coal contain only carbon. While these materials do contain small amounts of other elements, such as sulfur, they are composed mostly of carbon.
3. If you know other elements that are in any items on your list, write those elements next to them.
Students may know that many carbon compounds also contain oxygen and/or hydrogen.
Interest Grabber Answers
1. What are the reactants when wood burns?Reactants are oxygen and cellulose.
2. What are the products when wood burns?Products are carbon dioxide and water.
3. What kinds of energy are given off when wood burns?Light and heat are given off. Some students may also mention sound (the crackling of a fire).
4. Wood doesn’t burn all by itself. What must you do to start a fire? What does this mean in terms of energy?To start a fire, you must light it with a match and kindling. You are giving the wood some energy in the form of heat.
5. Once the fire gets started, it keeps burning. Why don’t you need to keep restarting the fire?Once the fire gets going, it gives off enough heat to start more of the wood burning.
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