Chapter Twelve Crimes Involving Illegal Immigrants, The Mob, Hate, and Youth.
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Transcript of Chapter Twelve Crimes Involving Illegal Immigrants, The Mob, Hate, and Youth.
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.2
Policing Our Borders According to the Center for
Immigration Studies January 2000 there were 7 million illegal
aliens in the US Illegal alien population estimated at 10
million in 2007 Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
Within Department of Homeland Security
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.3
Policing Our Borders Responsible for guarding 7,000 miles of
land border and 2,000 miles of coastal waters
11,000 CBP agents and 18,000 CBP officers
Deploying modern technology, strengthening border infrastructure, increasing the number of highly trained law enforcement personnel
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.4
Policing Our Borders New Terrorist Watch Program
U. S. Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology (US-VISIT)
24 million foreigners are expected to be checked at nation’s airports annually
Check against terrorist lists and national database
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.5
Policing Our Borders U.S. Southwestern Border
700 mile fence Over $1.2 billion
Congress also passed a DHS bill that included $380 million to hire 1,500 more CBP agents and money to build detention facilities
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.6
Policing Our Borders One crime that has been
disproportionately associated with undocumented migrants in the Southwest is drug trafficking
Police officials say this is a false impression
Aliens are a prime target for criminals
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.7
Policing Our Borders “Coyotes” – people sellers “Vendepollo” – work the streets in
Mexico looking for new clients “Brincador” – guides migrants
across the border Operation Ice Storm (2003)
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.8
Policing Our Borders Rescue beacons and border drones Monitor illegal activity along the
Arizona-Mexico border Use thermal and night-vision
equipment to spot illegal immigrants and can detect movement from 15 miles of altitude, read a license plate, and detect weapons
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.9
Policing Organized Crime Organized crime
Any group having some manner of formalized structure and whose primary objective is to obtain money through illegal activities
Oldest, most profitable, and most dangerous form of organized crime in the US is the Mafia
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.10
Policing Organized Crime Origins can be traced back to 13th
century Sicily “Morte Alle Francia Italia Anela”
meaning “Death to the French is Italy’s Cry”
The acronym of this is MAFIA Mafia families have a formally
organized nature
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.11
Policing Organized Crime By the 1960s the Mafia’s influence in
America had grown to a multibillion-dollar syndicate of criminal enterprises run by 26 families nationwide
Beginning in the mid-1980s, the FBI led an assault on the Mafia
Put away two generations of godfathers
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.12
Policing Organized CrimeHow was this success obtained?1. Expanded use of electronic eavesdropping
(wiretapping)2. Use of informants3. Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt
Organizations Act (RICO)
Now more of an illicit mom-and-pop operation
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.13
Policing Hate Crimes Hate Crime Statistics Act (1990)
Forced police to collect statistics on hate crimes
Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) Developed expertise in identifying
and tracking hate-crime groups and incidents
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.14
Policing Hate Crimes Authority on hate crimes and groups Intelligence Project
Conducts training for law enforcement Counts 803 active hate groups in US Include black separatist groups, Christian
identity groups, the KKK, neo-Nazis, neo-Confederates, racist skinheads
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.15
Policing Hate Crimes FBI reports about 9650 hate-crime
victimization each year About 52.1% are motivated by
racial-bias About 15% are aimed at sexual
orientation About 18% religion About 1% aimed at victim’s
disability
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.16
Policing Youth Crimes About 46.3% of all persons arrested in
the US are under the age of 24 26.2% are under 19 Juvenile crime remains one of the
nation’s most serious problems During a recent ten-year period,
juveniles ages 12 to 14 and 15 to 17 experienced average annual rates of nonfatal violence that were about 2.5 times higher than rate for adults
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.17
Policing Youth Crimes Four in five victims of nonfatal violent
crime, ages 12 to 14, perceived the offender to be a juvenile
Laws enacted that make the juvenile system more punitive and easier to transfer juveniles into the adult system
Incarceration rate of 645 makes the US second only to that of Russia at 685
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.18
Policing Youth Crimes School violence and bullying Strategies for police and citizens to
help prevent school violence1. Publicizing the philosophy that a
gang presence will not be tolerated2. Alerting students and parents about
school rules and punishments
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.19
Policing Youth Crimes
3. Creating alternative schools for students that cannot function in a regular classroom
4. Training parents, teachers, and school staff to identify at risk children
5. Developing community initiatives focused on breaking family cycles of violence
6. Establishing peer counseling
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.20
Policing Youth Crimes School resource officers (SROs) Bullying Two key components1. Repeated harmful acts2. An imbalance of power
Between 5 and 9 percent of students bully others with some regularity
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.21
Policing Youth Crimes SARA fights bullying in Ohio Survey, interviews, and focus
groups conducted by academics from Kent State University’s justice studies department
Geographic Information System mapped hot spots in the schools
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.22
Policing Youth Crimes
Four areas of concern1. The environmental design of the
school areas2. Teachers’ knowledge and response
to the problem3. Parents’ attitude and responses4. Students’ perceptions and
behaviors
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.23
Policing Youth Crimes Assessment found the bullying
incidents dropped by 60% in the hallways and 80% in the gym area
Surveys indicated positive attitudinal change among students
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.24
Policing Youth Crimes Gun violence Overall homicide rate declined in
1980s and 1990s Youth violence, particularly gun
homicide began increasing dramatically
Research as linked urban gun violence to gang conflicts over drug markets
Operation Cease Fire
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.25
Policing Youth CrimesDisorderly conduct in public placesResponse to the problem1. Creating alternative legitimate
places and activities for youth2. Encouraging youth to gather
where they will not disturb others3. Reducing the comfort level of
popular gathering places
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.26
Policing Youth Crimes
4. Installing and monitoring closed-circuit television cameras
5. Establishing and enforcing rules of conduct
6. Denying youth anonymity by getting to know the names and faces of young people
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.27
Policing Youth Crimes Underage drinking The average age when youth first try
alcohol is 11 years for boys and 13 years for girls
Average age at which Americans begin drinking regularly is 15.9 years
Adolscents who began drinking before age 15 are four times more likely to develop alcohol dependency than those who began at 21
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.28
Policing Youth Crimes Estimated 3 million teenagers are
alcoholics Of the three leading causes of
death for 15- to 24-year-olds – automobile crashes, homicides, and suicides – alcohol is a leading factor in all three