Chapter Thirteen Policing Trends and Issues. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009...
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Transcript of Chapter Thirteen Policing Trends and Issues. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009...
Chapter Thirteen
Policing Trends and Issues
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.2
Contemporary Trends
Labor relations Broad term that includes officers’
employment rights and the related concept of unionization and collective bargaining
Police officers’ rights Peace Officer Bill of Rights
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.3
Contemporary Trends
Common provisions1. Written notice2. Right of representation3. Polygraph examinationGrievancesUnionizationCollective bargaining
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.4
Contemporary Trends
Three models of collective bargaining1. Binding arbitration
Used in 25 states2. Meet and confer
Used in 3 statesGrants few rights to public employees
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.5
Contemporary Trends
3. Bargaining not requiredUsed in 22 states
Impasse resolution1. Mediation2. Fact-finding3. Arbitration
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.6
Contemporary Trends
Job actions1. Vote of confidence2. Work slowdown3. Work speedup4. Work stoppageFair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.7
Contemporary Trends Garcia v. San Antonio Transit Authority
(1985) Brought local employees under the
coverage of the FLSA Key challenges for women Women now represent 11.3% of sworn
personnel in municipal police agencies and 12.9% of sworn personnel in county sheriff’s offices
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.8
Contemporary Trends 6.8% in state agencies 16.1% in federal agencies Underrepresented in leadership
ranks Recent survey identified 157
women serving as chiefs and 25 who were sheriffs
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.9
Contemporary Trends
Key issues1. Recruitment2. Preemployment physical testing3. Academy training4. Field training5. Assignments6. Promotion
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.10
Contemporary Trends7. Sexual discrimination and
harassment8. Mentoring9. Career and family Challenges for minorities 23.6% of sworn full-time municipal
officers 18.8% of sworn personnel in sheriff’s
offices
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.11
Contemporary Trends Griggs v. Duke Power Company
(1971) NOBLE – National Organization of
Black Law Enforcement Executives Double marginality
African-American officers feel accepted neither by their own minority group nor by white officers
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.12
Contemporary TrendsNOBLE purposes1. To unify black law enforcement
officers at executive and command levels
2. To conduct research in relevant areas of law enforcement
3. To recommend legislation relating to the criminal justice process
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.13
Contemporary Trends4. To establish means and strategies for
dealing with racism in the field of criminal justice
5. To sensitize people to the problems of the black community
6. To facilitate the exchange of information among black executives
7. To articulate the concerns of black executives in law enforcement
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.14
Contemporary Trends Private police
Those that provide protective service for profit
Pinkerton Proprietary services
In-house security services, directly hired and controlled by the company
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.15
Contemporary Trends Contract services
Those outside firms or individuals who are hired by the individual or company to provide security services for a fee
Most common security services Contract guards, alarm services,
private investigators, armored-car services
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.16
Contemporary Trends Security training has been an issue
in court cases involving claims of negligent security
Should private police be armed? Public police hired to perform
private-security work
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.17
Contemporary Trends Models used to manage off-duty
employment of officers1. Department contract model2. Officer contract model3. Union brokerage modelSan Francisco’s Patrol Special Police
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.18
Contemporary Issues
StressSeveral potential sources of stress1. Stressors originating within the
organizationPoor supervision, absence of career development opportunities, inadequate reward systems, offensive policies, offensive paperwork, poor equipment
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.19
Contemporary Issues
2. Stressors external to the organizationJurisdictional isolationism, seemingly ineffective corrections system, the courts, distorted press accounts of police incidents, unfavorable civilian attitudes, derogatory remarks by neighbors and others, adverse government actions
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.20
Contemporary Issues
3. Stressors connected with the performance of dutiesPolice work itself, role conflict, adverse work scheduling, fear and danger, sense of uselessness and inefficiency of referral agencies, absence of closure, people in pain
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.21
Contemporary Issues4. Stressors particular to the individual
officerThe fear-ridden officer, the nonconformist officer, the minority officer
5. Effects of critical incidents
Estimated that at any one time 15% of a department’s officers will be in a burnout phase
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.22
Contemporary Issues The blue plague of American policing Cops kill themselves three times more
often than other Americans As many as one in four officers have
alcohol abuse problems 8 times more likely to commit suicide
than to be killed in a homicide
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.23
Contemporary Issues The most common and debilitating
source of stress in law enforcement comes from within the agency itself
Cops rate personal stress management as their most pressing need
Solutions begin with awareness and education
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.24
Contemporary Issues Higher education Today a relatively small proportion
of officers have a college degree Of all local agencies, only 8%
require officers to have some college, 9% require a two-year college degree, and only 1% require a four-year degree
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.25
Contemporary Issues Efforts to involve college-educated
personnel in police work were first made by August Vollmer in 1917
Comments made by the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice in 1967 and by the ABA in 1972 indicating a need for education
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.26
Contemporary Issues College-educated officers are more
professional, communicate better with citizens, are better decision makers, and have better written and verbal skills than less educated officers
1985 lawsuit challenging educational requirements
Supreme Court upheld the Dallas requirements
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.27
Contemporary Issues In local policing, more than 80% of all
agencies require only a GED or high school diploma
This questions professionalism of policing Abundant empirical evidence indicates the
benefits of having a college education Those against requiring a college degree
state that it will hurt minority recruits
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.28
Contemporary Issues Arlington, Texas, Police Department
has required a bachelor’s degree since about 1983
Dover Township, New Jersey has required a bachelor’s degree since 1994
Lakewood, Colorado, Police Department has required a bachelor’s degree since 1970 and many have graduate degrees
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.29
Contemporary Issues Tulsa, Oklahoma, Police Department,
required a bachelor’s degree in 1996 Redlands, California, requires 60 credit
hours, but most have a bachelor’s degree
Some studies have found negative effects Officers are more likely to become
frustrated with the job and leave early
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.30
Contemporary Issues Homelessness Problem since the early 1980s About one-third of adult homeless
are chronically mentally ill About one-half are alcoholics or
abuse drugs Poverty, declining supply of low-
income housing, lack of available public housing
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.31
Contemporary Issues What can be done? Transitional housing and support
services Appropriating adequate funds to social
services Police are caught in the middle Under COPPS, allow police to manage
significant social problems while making efficient use of police resources