Chapter Six

The Seventeenth-CenturyThe Period of Revolution and Restoration

I. Historical Background

The burgher class The Parliament

The feudal monarch

Charles I persecuted puritans and disbanded the Parliament.

The English Civil War

Cavaliers fought against the Roundheads. The excution of Charles I in 1649 Oliver Cromwell and the Commonwealth The Restoration The Glorious Revolution In 1688, constitutional monarchy

The English Civil War

The Seventeenth Century Literature

I. The King James Bible of 1611 II. Francis Bacon III. John Donne IV. John Milton V. John Bunyan

I. The King James Bible of 1611

The King James Bible of 1611

Old Testament in Hebrew New Testament in GreekTestament “the covenant between God and the Hebrews”

God & Man

Adam Eve Satan (the serpent) tree of knowledge

The Forbidden Fruit

Cultural information

"Dust thou art and unto dust thou shall return"

“This is now bone of my bones,

and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man”

Original Sin

II. Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Essays Of Studies The Advancement of L

earning Novum Organum (The

New Instrument) New Atlantics

Francis Bacon is the most eminent prose writer

of this period.

His Essays is the first example of that genre in

English literature, an important landmark in the

development of English prose.

His essays are known for their conciseness, br

evity, simplicity and forcefulness.

Of Studiesby

Francis Bacon

1. According to Bacon, how does learning benefit people?

2. How should books be read according to Bacon?

3. How are people influenced by studies?

4. What advice does Bacon give to those who cannot concentrate on learning?

STUDIES serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。

To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. 读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。

Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; 有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，

Quotes

Quotes  Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and s

ome few to be chewed and digested.   书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。

  Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。

 

Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.         读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩：凡有所学，皆成性格。

Terms

1. Metaphysical Poetry A term that can be applied to any poetry that deals with

philosophical or spiritual matters . The term especially

applies to a group of 17th-century English poets who wrote

in the manner of the poet John Donne. Metaphysical poets

used certain common techniques and employed a few

common themes. An analytical approach to subject matter Colloquial language Rhythmic patterns that are often rough or irregular Metaphysical conceit, a figurative device used to capture thought

and emotion as accurately as possible.

III. John Donne (1572-1631)

2. conceit Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a

literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things.

Conceit is extensively employed in John Donne’s poetry.

John Donne (1572-1631)

View of love: When young, love is an animal affair, a matte

r of flesh and sensation; when old, the nature

of love is a perfect union of body and mind.

View of poetry: A blend of emotion and intellectual ingenuity,

characterized by conceit or "wit".

Literary works

The Sun Rising 升起的太阳 The Holy Sonnets 神圣体十四行诗 The Songs and Sonnets 歌谣与十四行诗 Death, Be Not Proud 死神， 别骄傲 The Flea 跳蚤之歌 A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning 别离辞：

莫伤悲

A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning

1. Why does Donne’s “Valediction" (a poem of farewell) forbid mourning?

2. What figure of speech is typical of the poem?3. The poem is organized around a contract of

two kinds of loves: the “laity”, and their implied opposite, the “priesthood”. Are these terms literary or metaphysical? What is the essential difference between their two kinds of love? How, according to the speaker, does their behavior differ when they must separate from each other?

4. If the poem ended with line 24, what would it mean? How would it differ from the complete version?

5. Comment on the relation of the various images to each other. Is there a development of some kind?

别离辞：莫伤悲 [ 英 ] 多恩

正如德高人逝世很安然， 对灵魂轻轻的说一声走， 悲伤的朋友们聚在旁边， 有的说断气了，有的说没有。

让我们化了，一声也不作， 泪浪也不翻，叹风也不兴； 那是亵渎我们的欢乐—— 要是对俗人讲我们的爱情。

地动会带来灾害和惊恐， 人们估计它干什么，要怎样， 可是那些天体的震动， 虽然大得多，什么也不伤。

世俗的男女彼此的相好， ( 他们的灵魂是官能 ) 就最忌 别离， 因为那就会取消 组成爱恋的那一套东西。

我们被爱情提炼得纯净， 自己都不知道存什么念头 互相在心灵上得到了保证， 再不愁碰不到眼睛、嘴和手。

两个灵魂打成了一片， 虽说我得走，却并不变成 破裂， 而只是向外伸延， 像金子打到薄薄的一层。

就还算两个吧， 两个却这样 和一副两脚规情况相同； 你的灵魂是定脚，并不像 移动， 另一脚一移，它也动。

虽然它一直是坐在中心， 可是另一个去天涯海角， 它就侧了身，倾听八垠； 那一个一回家，它马上挺腰。

你对我就会这样子， 我一生 像另外那一脚，得侧身打转； 你坚定，我的圆圈才会准， 我才会终结在开始的地点。 (卞之琳译 )

IV. John Milton (1608-1674) A. Life -- In a Puritan family -- At Cambridge M.A. in 1632 -- As Latin Secretary to the

Council of State (1649—1660)

-- Finished Paradise Lost in 1665

-- Lost his sight (1652—1674)

Milton is dictating his poem

B. Literary Achievements

Lycidas (1637) 列西达斯 Areopagitica (1644) 论出版自由 Paradise Lost 失乐园 Paradise Regained 复乐园 Samson Agonistes 力士参孙

Paradise Lost

1. Characteristics of Epic Great hero Vast setting Action of great deeds Supernatural forces Grand style Objectivity

Paradise Lost

Plot Purpose Major themes

Structure Character Analysis Miltonic style

plot

Fallen life in hell The creation of man Man's disobedience Man’s loss of Paradise

Purpose

“assert eternal Providence and justify the ways of God to man”

Major themes

The fall of man First Satan falls, then man falls.

Freedom and choice Adam falls by consciously choosing human love

rather than obeying God.

Structure

Book I: Fallen life in Hell

Book II: Fallen life in Hell

Book III: Heaven/Satan;

Book IV: Garden of Eden

Book V: Raphael's Narration

Book VI: Raphael's Narration

Book VII: Raphael's Narration

Book VIII: Raphael's Narration

Book IX: Garden of Eden

Book X: Heaven/Satan

Book XI: Fallen life on Earth

Book XII: Fallen life on Earth

Book I General introduction, Satan recovers from the Fall

Book II Satan begins his journey through chaos to the

world

Book III Satan's arrives on earth; God prophecies man's

disobedience

Book IV Satan views Adam and Eve and tempts her in a

dream

Book V Eve's Dream; Raphael comes to warn them, tells of

the war in heaven

Book VI Raphael completes the war story and tells of

victory by the Son

Book VII Raphael tells of the creation of the world and man Book VIII Adam tells his own story; Raphael again cautions

him Book IX Satan succeeds in tempting Eve, and she corrupts

Adam Book X Divine retribution; Adam and Eve's remorse and

reconciliation Book XI The Son's intercession, God's decision, Michael's

prophecies Book XII Michael's prophecies, continued, and the final

expulsion

Time arrangement Fall of the angels (13 days)

Creation of the world (7days)

Fall of Man (13 days)

Expulsion

Character Analysis

Character Analysis

Satan (Lucifer)

Satan

(1) He has strength, the courage, and the capacity for leadership

(2) His defiance of God (3) His egoistic pride, his false conception of f

reedom, and his alienation from all good; (4) His unconquerable will (5) His despairing consciousness of his own

evil and damnation

“What though the field be lost? All is not lost; the unconquerable will, And study of revenge, immortal hate, And courage never to submit or yield: And what is else not to be overcome?” ……

战场上虽然失利，怕什么？ 这不可征服的意志， 报复的决心 ,切齿的仇恨， 和一种永不屈膝，永不投降的意志——却都未丧失； 除此以外，还有什么不能克服的？ 这种荣誉是他的愤怒或威力所永远不能夺取的。 要低头认罪 ,或屈膝求和 , 那要比这次失败更下流，更无耻！

Road to Heaven

Miltonic style

-- blank verse

-- long and involved （复杂的） sentences

-- Latinate poetical style – inversion

-- allusions

Questions

How has Bible or Christianity influenced you so far?

What do you think of Satan? If there was a choice between Satan and Saint, which one would you like to be?

On His Blindness WHEN I consider how my light is spent    E're half my days, in this dark world and wide,    And that one Talent which is death to hide,    Lodg'd with me useless, though my Soul more bent  To serve therewith my Maker, and present          My true account, least he returning chide,    Doth God exact day-labour, light deny'd,    I fondly ask; But patience to prevent  That murmur, soon replies, God doth not need    Either man's work or his own gifts, who best   Bear his mild yoak, they serve him best, his State  Is Kingly. Thousands at his bidding speed    And post o're Land and Ocean without rest:    They also serve who only stand and wait.

我的失明　　我这样考虑到：末及半生，就已然 　　在黑暗广大的世界里失去了光明， 　　同时那不运用就等于死亡的才能 　　对我已无用，纵然我灵魂更愿 　　用它来侍奉造我的上帝，并奉献 　　我的真心，否则他回首斥训—— 　　于是我呆问：“上帝不给光．却要人 　　在白天工作？”——可是忍耐来阻拦 　　这怨言，答道：“上帝不强迫人作工， 　　也不收回赐予：谁最能接受 　　他温和的约束，谁就侍奉得最好： 　　他威灵显赫，命千万天使奔跑， 　　赶过陆地和海洋，不稍停留：—— 　　只站着待命的人，也是在侍奉。”

“When I consider how my light is spent” The sonnet presents religious doubt

within the narrator regarding his

relationship to God and to his work as

service to God.

V. John Bunyan (1628-1688)

1. Life and Career Had very little schooling, but abnormally active

imagination with dreams and fears of devils and

hell-fire

Worked in the tinker's trade

Served in the parliamentary army

Married in 1649

Joined a non-sectarian church

Was arrested and imprisoned for making illegal

preaching in the surrounding villages

Wrote Pilgrim’s Progress in Prison

3. The Pilgrim's Progress

(1) Story A tale of adventure on a perilous

(dangerous) path, encountering giants,

wild beasts, hobgoblins (monsters) , etc.

The tale based on human experience:

e.g. the moving account of his death with

Hopeful

(2) Major characters Christian

Faithful

Hopeful

Giant Despair

Ignorance

Christiana

Ten Stages:

1. City of Destruction

2. Slough of Despond

3. Interpreter’s house

4. Palace Beautiful

5. Valley of Humiliation

Ten Stages

6. Valley of the Shadow

7. Vanity Fair

8. Doubting Castle

9. Delectable Mountains

10. Celestial City

The Plots

John Bunyan in Bedford Gaol. "As I slept, I dreamed a dream."

Christian tells his wife and children of his distress.

The Plots

Christian before the Cross. "His burden fell off his back, and began to tumble."

The man put his fingers in his ears, and ran on, crying, Life! life! Eternal life!

The Plots

Christian enters the town of Vanity Fair.

(3) Major theme: Spiritual salvation for

mankind The cost of salvation

The road to salvation is difficult and lonely

Salvation is attainable by all who seek it.

To grow in holiness is a daily battle, in

which there will be setbacks and

encouragements, but which is a battle worth

fighting

(4) The basic metaphor: Life is a journey. "Everyone sojourning in the flesh is passing

through this earth to a mysterious state of

future bliss .... the Pilgrim's progress is toward

no earthly destination.“

The journey is from this world to the next

world.

Pilgrim, one who strives to obtain salvation of

their soul through a physical journey in which

love for God, and not love for material things,

drives them.

(5) Special features The most successful religious allegory in

English language

Vivid characterization: Travelers who

represent states of the soul, or moral

attitudes

Style: Modeled on the prose style of the

English Bible; Simple diction; colloquial

expressions; and straightforward sentence

structures