CHAPTER SIX DATA: BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE
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Transcript of CHAPTER SIX DATA: BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE
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Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin
CHAPTER SIX
DATA: BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE
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CHAPTER OVERVIEW
SECTION 6.1 – Data, Information, Databases• The Business Benefits of High-Quality Information• Storing Information Using a Relational Database
Management System• Using a Relational Database for Business Advantages• Driving Websites with Data
SECTION 6.2 – Business Intelligence• The Business Benefits of Data Warehousing• Performing Business Analysis with Data Marts• Uncovering Trends and Patterns with Data Mining• Supporting Decisions with Business Intelligence
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SECTION 6.1
DATA, INFORMATION,
AND DATABASES
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LEARNING OUTCOMES1. Explain the four primary traits that determine
the value of information
2. Describe a database, a database management system, and the relational database model
3. Identify the business advantages of a relational database
4. Explain the business benefits of a data-driven website
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THE BUSINESS BENEFITS OF HIGH-QUALITY INFORMATION
Information is everywhere in an organization
Employees must be able to obtain and analyze the many different levels, formats, and granularities of organizational information to make decisions
Successfully collecting, compiling, sorting, and analyzing information can provide tremendous insight into how an organization is performing
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THE BUSINESS BENEFITS OF HIGH-QUALITY INFORMATION
Levels, Formats, and Granularities of Information
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INFORMATION TYPE: TRANSACTIONAL AND ANALYTICAL
• Transactional information – Encompasses all of the information contained within a single business process or unit of work, and its primary purpose is to support the performing of daily operational tasks
• Analytical information – Encompasses all organizational information, and its primary purpose is to support the performing of managerial analysis tasks
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INFORMATION TYPE: TRANSACTIONAL AND ANALYTICAL
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INFORMATION TIMELINESS
Timeliness is an aspect of information that depends on the situation• Real-time information – Immediate, up-to-
date information• Real-time system – Provides real-time
information in response to requests
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INFORMATION QUALITY
Business decisions are only as good as the quality of the information used to make the decisions
You never want to find yourself using technology to help you make a bad decision faster
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INFORMATION QUALITY
Characteristics of High-quality Information• Accurate• Complete• Consistent• Unique• Timely
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INFORMATION QUALITY
Low Quality Information Example
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UNDERSTANDING THE COSTS OF USING LOW-QUALITY INFORMATION
The four primary sources of low quality information include
1. Customers intentionally enter inaccurate information to protect their privacy
2. Different entry standards and formats
3. Operators enter abbreviated or erroneous information by accident or to save time
4. Third party and external information contains inconsistencies, inaccuracies, and errors
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UNDERSTANDING THE COSTS OF USING LOW-QUALITY INFORMATION
Potential business effects resulting from low quality information include• Inability to accurately track customers• Difficulty identifying valuable customers• Inability to identify selling opportunities• Marketing to nonexistent customers• Difficulty tracking revenue• Inability to build strong customer relationships
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UNDERSTANDING THE BENEFITS OF GOOD INFORMATION
High quality information can significantly improve the chances of making a good decision
Good decisions can directly impact an organization's bottom line
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STORING INFORMATION IN A RELATIONAL DATABASE
Information is everywhere in an organization
Information is stored in databases
• Database – maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses)
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STORING INFORMATION IN A RELATIONAL DATABASE
Database management systems (DBMS) –Allows users to create, read, update, and delete data in a relational database
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STORING INFORMATION IN A RELATIONAL DATABASE
Data element – The smallest or basic unit of information
Data model – Logical data structures that detail the relationships among data elements using graphics or pictures
Metadata – Provides details about data
Data dictionary – Compiles all of the metadata about the data elements in the data model
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STORING DATA ELEMENTS IN ENTITIES AND ATTRIBUTES
Entity – A person, place, thing, transaction, or event about which information is stored
• The rows in a table contain entities
Attribute (field, column) – The data elements associated with an entity
• The columns in each table contain the attributes
Record – A collection of related data elements
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CREATING RELATIONSHIPS THROUGH KEYS
Primary keys and foreign keys identify the various entities (tables) in the database• Primary key – A field (or group of fields)
that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table
• Foreign key – A primary key of one table that appears an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship among the two tables
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USING A RELATIONAL DATABASE FOR BUSINESS ADVANTAGES
Database advantages from a business perspective include• Increased flexibility• Increased scalability and
performance• Reduced information redundancy• Increased information integrity
(quality)• Increased information security
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INCREASED FLEXIBILITY
A well-designed database should• Handle changes quickly and easily• Provide users with different views• Have only one physical view
Physical view – Deals with the physical storage of information on a storage device
• Have multiple logical viewsLogical view – Focuses on how
individual users logically access information to meet their own particular business needs
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INCREASED SCALABILITY AND PERFORMANCE
A database must scale to meet increased demand, while maintaining acceptable performance levels• Scalability – Refers to how well a
system can adapt to increased demands• Performance – Measures how quickly a
system performs a certain process or transaction
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REDUCED DATA REDUNDANCY
Databases reduce data redundancy
• Data redundancy – The duplication of data or storing the same information in multiple places
Inconsistency is one of the primary problems with redundant information
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INCREASE INFORMATION INTEGRITY (QUALITY)
Information integrity – measures the quality of information
Integrity constraint – rules that help ensure the quality of information
• Relational integrity constraint
• Business-critical integrity constraint
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INCREASED INFORMATION SECURITY
Information is an organizational asset and must be protected
Databases offer several security features
• Password – Provides authentication of the user
• Access level – Determines who has access to the different types of information
• Access control – Determines types of user access, such as read-only access
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DRIVING WEBSITES WITH DATA
Data-driven websites – An interactive website kept constantly updated and relevant to the needs of its customers using a database
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DRIVING WEBSITES WITH DATA
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DRIVING WEBSITES WITH DATA
Data-driven website advantages
• Easy to manage content
• Easy to store large amounts of data
• Easy to eliminate human errors
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DRIVING WEBSITES WITH DATA
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SECTION 6.2
BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
5. Define a data warehouse and provide a few reasons it can make a manager more effective
6. Explain ETL and the role of a data mart in business
7. Define data mining and explain the three common forms for mining structured and unstructured data
8. Identify the advantages of using business intelligence to support managerial decision making
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THE BUSINESS BENEFITS OF DATA WAREHOUSING
Data warehouses extend the transformation of data into information
In the 1990’s executives became less concerned with the day-to-day business operations and more concerned with overall business functions
The data warehouse provided the ability to support decision making without disrupting the day-to-day operations
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THE BUSINESS BENEFITS OF DATA WAREHOUSING
Data warehouse – A logical collection of information – gathered from many different operational databases – that supports business analysis activities and decision-making tasks
The primary purpose of a data warehouse is to aggregate information throughout an organization into a single repository for decision-making purposes
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PERFORMING BUSINESS ANALYSIS WITH DATA MARTS
Extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL) – A process that extracts information from internal and external databases, transforms the information using a common set of enterprise definitions, and loads the information into a data warehouse
Data mart – Contains a subset of data warehouse information
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PERFORMING BUSINESS ANALYSIS WITH DATA MARTS
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MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Databases contain information in a series of two-dimensional tables
In a data warehouse and data mart, information is multidimensional, it contains layers of columns and rows• Dimension – A particular attribute of information
• Cube – Common term for the representation of multidimensional information
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MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Cubes of Information
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INFORMATION CLEANSING OR SCRUBBING
An organization must maintain high-quality data in the data warehouse
Information cleansing or scrubbing – A process that weeds out and fixes or discards inconsistent, incorrect, or incomplete information
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INFORMATION CLEANSING OR SCRUBBING
Contact Information in an Operational System
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INFORMATION CLEANSING OR SCRUBBING
Standardizing Customer Name from Operational Systems
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INFORMATION CLEANSING OR SCRUBBING
Information Cleansing Example
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INFORMATION CLEANSING OR SCRUBBING
Cost of Accurate and Complete Information
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UNCOVERING TRENDS AND PATTERNS WITH DATA MINING
Data mining – The process of analyzing data to extract information not offered by the raw data alone
Data-mining tools – use a variety of techniques to find patterns and relationships in large volumes of information
• Classification • Estimation • Affinity grouping • Clustering
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UNCOVERING TRENDS AND PATTERNS WITH DATA MINING
Structured data – Data already in a database or a spreadsheet
Unstructured data – Data does not exist in a fixed location and can include text documents, PDFs, voice messages, emails
Text mining – Analyzes unstructured data to find trends and patterns in words and sentences
Web mining – Analyzes unstructured data associated with websites to identify consumer behavior and website navigation
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UNCOVERING TRENDS AND PATTERNS WITH DATA MINING
Common forms of data-mining analysis capabilities include
• Cluster analysis• Association detection• Statistical analysis
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CLUSTER ANALYSIS
Cluster analysis – A technique used to divide an information set into mutually exclusive groups such that the members of each group are as close together as possible to one another and the different groups are as far apart as possible
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ASSOCIATION DETECTION
Association detection – Reveals the relationship between variables along with the nature and frequency of the relationships
• Market basket analysis
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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Statistical analysis – Performs such functions as information correlations, distributions, calculations, and variance analysis
• Forecast – Predictions made on the basis of time-series information
• Time-series information – Time-stamped information collected at a particular frequency
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THE PROBLEM: DATA RICH, INFORMATION POOR
Businesses face a data explosion as digital images, email in-boxes, and broadband connections doubles by 2010
The amount of data generated is doubling every year
Some believe it will soon double monthly
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THE SOLUTION: BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE
Improving the quality of business decisions has a direct impact on costs and revenue
BI enables business users to receive data for analysis that is:• Reliable• Consistent• Understandable• Easily manipulated
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THE SOLUTION: BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE
BI Can Answer Tough Questions
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LEARNING OUTCOME REVIEW
Now that you have finished the chapter please review the learning outcomes in your text