Chapter Six
description
Transcript of Chapter Six
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Chapter Six
Networking
Hardware
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Network Interface Cards (NICs)
Connectivity devices enabling a workstation, server, printer or other node to receive and transmit data over the network media
Sometimes called network adapters NICs are physical and data link layer
devices
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Network Interface Cards (NICs)
Types of NICs Industry Standard
Architecture (ISA) MicroChannel
Architecture (MCA) Extended Industry
Standard Architecture (EISA)
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)
FIGURE 6-1 Four primary bus architectures
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Network Interface Cards (NICs)
NICs may connect to interfaces other than a PC’s bus. For example:– For laptop computers, Personal Computer Memory
Card International Association slots may be used to connect NICs
• PCMCIA
• Also called PC card
• Developed in the early 1990s to provide a standard interface for connecting any type of device to a portable computer
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Network Interface Cards (NICs)
FIGURE 6-3 Typical PCMCIA NIC
FIGURE 6-4 Parallel port NIC
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Network Interface Cards (NICs)
FIGURE 6-5 Wireless NIC and transceiver
FIGURE 6-6 Ethernet NICs for printers
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Network Interface Cards (NICs)
Installing NICs– Installing hardware– Configuring software
• Installing driver—software the tells OS how to communicate with NIC
• Specifying IRQ, memory range, I/O port
– Configuring firmware• Utilities supplied with NIC that enables you to write
configuration changes to the EPROM chip on the NIC card
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Installing and Configuring NIC Software
After NIC is physically installed, restart the PC
The driver for the NIC card must be installed and configuration information entered
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Repeaters
Connectivity device that regenerates and amplifies an analog or digital signal
FIGURE 6-14 Repeater
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Hubs
Multiport repeater containing one port that connects to a network’s backbone and multiple ports that connect to a group of workstations
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Hubs
Passive hubs– Only repeats signal
Active hubs– Regenerate or amplify
signal
Intelligent hubs– Possesses processing
capabilities
Standalone Hubs– Serves a workgroup of computers that are
separated from the rest of the network Stackable Hubs
– Designed to be linked with other hubs in a single telecommunications closet
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Modular Hubs andIntelligent Hubs
Modular hub– Provide a number of interface options within
one chassis• Connection point for networks using with different
cabling, e.g., 10base2 and 10baseT
Intelligent hubs– Also called managed hubs– MIB (management information base)
• Collection of data used by management programs to analyze network performance
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Choosing the Right Hub
Performance Cost Size and growth Security Management benefits Reliability
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Bridges
Reduce network traffic bottleneck
Regenerate signals to extend network lengths
Operate at the Data Link Layer of the OSI model because they have to read packet addresses
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Bridges Filtering database
– Collection of data created and used by a bridge that correlates the MAC addresses of connected workstations with their locations
– Also known as a forwarding table
Segment 1
Segment 2
Bridge
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Bridges
Transparent Bridging– Method used on most Ethernet networks
Source Route Bridging– Method used on most Token Ring networks
Translation Bridging– Method that can connect Token Ring and
Ethernet networks
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Switches
Switches subdivide a network into smaller logical pieces
Collision domain– Portion of a LAN
encompassing devices that may cause and detect collisions among their group
Switches are layer 2 devices
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Switches
Switch Methods– Cut-through mode—switch reads only the
header to determine where to forward the packet.
– Store and forward mode—switch reads the entire packet and checks for accuracy before forwarding
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Using Switches to Create VLANs
Virtual local area networks (VLANs)– Means by which a
switch can logically group a number of ports into a broadcast domain
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Higher-Layer Switches
Switch capable of interpreting Layer 3 is called a Layer 3 switch
Switch capable of interpreting Layer 4 is called a Layer 4 switch
Higher-layer switches may also be called routing switches or application switches
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Routers Routers connect two or
more networks Consist of hardware and
software– Hardware
• Network server, separate computer, special black box
• Physical interface for various networks
– Software • Operating system and Routing
protocol
Routers operated at the Network layer
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Routers Can connect dissimilar LANs and WANs
running at different transmission speeds and using a variety of protocols
Read the network address information in a packet
Calculates the optimal path to a particular network– Reroute packets if a path is not available
Routing tables stored in the router list all known addresses and possible paths
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How do Routers Select Routes
Dynamic route selection– Routers continually adjusts the routes based on
network conditions
Static route selection– Route is designated in a table and router cannot
vary from that route
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Router Features and Functions
Filter out broadcast transmission to alleviate network congestion
Prevent certain types of traffic from getting to a network
Provide high network fault tolerance through redundant components
Monitor network traffic and report statistics to a MIB Diagnose internal or other connectivity problems and
trigger alarms
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Routers
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Routing Protocols
Means by which routers communicate with each other about network status Routing protocol characteristics
– Convergence time• The time it takes for a router to recognize a best path in the event of a change or outage
– Bandwidth overhead• Burden placed on an underlying network to support the routing protocol
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Routing Protocols
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) for IP and IPX
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) for IP– Best path refers to the most efficient route from one
node on a network to another
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) for IP, IPX, and AppleTalk
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) for IP
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Brouters and Routing Switches
Bridge router– Also called a brouter– Industry term used to describe routers that take
on some characteristics of bridges
Routing switch– Another term for a Layer 3 or Layer 4 switch
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Gateways
Combination of networking hardware and software that connects two dissimilar kinds of networks– E-mail gateway
– IBM host gateway
– Internet gateway
– LAN gateway