CHAPTER 7 IMMIGRANTS AND URBANIZATION U.S. HISTORY MR. ALLEN.
CHAPTER SEVEN – IMMIGRANTS AND URBANIZATION Section 1 – The New Immigrants.
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Transcript of CHAPTER SEVEN – IMMIGRANTS AND URBANIZATION Section 1 – The New Immigrants.
Through the “Golden Door”
Immigrants come to America with the promise of a better life
Sought to escape difficult conditions = famine, land shortages, or religious/political persecution
Europeans
1870 – 1920 approximately 20 million Europeans arrived in the United States
First wave of immigration (pre-1890) immigrants came from Western Europe
Post 1890 = Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia
Arrived to the East Coast through Ellis Island
Europeans
Why leave home?1. To escape religious persecution 2. To escape rising populations 3. Too few jobs 4. Too little lands for farming
From 1800 – 1900 the population of Europe grew from about 200 – 400 million
Chinese and Japanese
Wave lasted from 1851-1883, entered U.S.A through Angel Island
300,000 Chinese – came seeking fortune, after gold was found in California
Chinese helped to build the railroads including the first transcontinental railroad
Chinese and Japanese
1920 more than 200,000 Japanese lived on the West Coast
Japanese emigration boom came after U.S.A. annexed Hawaii in 1898
Came to U.S.A searching high wages than were being paid in Japan
The West Indies and Mexico
1880 – 1920 about 260,000 immigrants arrived in the eastern and southeastern U.S. from the West Indies.
West Indies =1. Jamaica2. Cuba3. Puerto Rico
Came in search for work in America during its’ “Industrial Boom”
The West Indies and Mexico
Mexicans came in search for work too
700,000 Mexicans emigrated to America based on favorable farming opportunities
Life in the New Land, a Difficult Journey
By the 1870’s nearly all immigrants traveled by steamship – One week trip from Europe / Three weeks from Asia
Cooperation for Survival
Many immigrants sought out people who1. Shared their cultural values2. Practiced their religion3. Spoke their native language
Once they formed a community they1. Built churches or synagogues2. Formed social clubs and aid societies3. Founded orphanages and old people’s homes 4. Established cemeteries 5. Created newspapers in their home languages
The Rise of Nativism
Native-born people saw new immigrants as a threat to the American way of life
Gave rise to anti-immigrant groups, felt the new immigrants were less desirable than those who had come before (mostly British, German and Scandinavian)
Anti-Asian Sentiment
Native born workers feared losing jobs to Chinese
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act – put an end to open immigration to all Chinese
Allowed to enter1. Students2. Teachers3. Merchants tourists4. Government officials
The Gentlemen’s Agreement Caused by nativism, and fear of losing
jobs
1906 Japanese children were segregated in San Francisco schools
1907-1908 – Japan’s gov’t agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers to the U.S.A in exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco segregation order
Urban Opportunities
Technological boom contributed to urbanization (the growth of cities)
Urban centers were located in the Northeast and Midwest
Immigrants Settle in Cities
Most Immigrants become city dwellers1. Cheapest; most convenient places to
live2. Offered unskilled laborers steady jobs
Immigrants Settle in Cities
Americanization movement – assimilate wide-ranging cultures into the dominate culture
1. Sponsored by the government and concerned citizens
2. Taught skills needed for citizenship; American history and government
Immigrants Settle in Cities
Many immigrants did not wish to abandon their traditions
Ethnic communities provided the social support of people from their home country
1. Allowed them to speak their own language 2. Practice their own customs and religions
Migration from Country to City Farming technology reduced the need for
laborers on farms
Many Southern farmers who lost jobs were African American
Migration from Country to City 1890-1910 – 200,000 African Americans
moved north and west (Chicago & Detroit) African Americans looked to escape1. Racial violence2. Economic hardship3. Political oppression Segregation and discrimination were the
reality in Northern cities too. Job competition created deeper tensions
between blacks whites and immigrants
Migration from Country to City
Segregation and discrimination were the reality in Northern cities too.
Job competition created deeper tensions between blacks white immigrants
Urban Problems
More people… more problems
How to provide so many residents with essential services and a quality standard of living?
Housing
As the urban population increased; new types of housing were designed
1. Row houses; single family dwelling w/a shared sidewall
2. Tenements; overcrowded and unsanitary
Transportation
Mass transit; moved large numbers of people along fixed roads; enabled workers to go to and from work
1. Street cars (San Francisco1873)2. Electric Subways (Boston 1897)
Linked cities and neighborhoods together and to outlying cities
Water
Providing safe drinking water was a serious issue
1840’s and 1850’s New York and Cleveland built public waterworks
Filtration started in the 1870’s, chlorination began in 1908
Early 20th century many residents still had no access to safe water
Crime
Populations increased crime increases1. Pickpockets2. Thieves 3. Murderers New York City introduces professional
police officers
Fire
Major fires occurred in almost every large American city from 1870-1880’s
Wooden dwellings replaced with brick, stone or concrete structures
1853 Cincinnati – first professional fire department, by 1900 most major cities followed Cincinnati’s lead
The Settlement House Movement Social Gospel Movement – preached
salvation through service to the poor
Settlement Houses – community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area - immigrants