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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. General background

1.1.1.Profile of Somaliland

A breakaway, semi-desert territory on the coast of the Gulf of Aden, Somaliland

declared independence after the overthrow of Somali military dictator SiadBarre in

1991.

The move followed a secessionist struggle during which SiadBarre's forces pursued

rebel guerrillas in the territory. Tens of thousands of people were killed and towns

were flattened.

Though not internationally recognized, Somaliland has a working political system,

government institutions, a police force and its own currency. The territory has lobbied

hard to win support for its claim to be a sovereign state.

Somaliland has escaped much of the chaos that plagues Somalia. The former British

protectorate has also escaped much of the chaos and violence that plague Somalia,

although attacks on Western aid workers in 2003 raised fears that Islamic militants in

the territory were targeting foreigners.

Although there is a thriving private business sector, poverty and unemployment are

widespread. The economy is highly dependent on money sent home by members of the

diaspora. Duties from Berbera, a port used by landlocked Ethiopia, and livestock

exports are important sources of revenue.

Somaliland is in dispute with the neighboring autonomous Somali region of Puntland

over the Sanaag and Sool areas, some of whose inhabitants owe their allegiance to

Puntland.

Somaliland's leaders have distanced themselves from Somalia's central transitional

government, set up in 2004 following long-running talks in Kenya, which they see as a

threat to Somaliland's autonomy. In June 2012, however, they agreed to talk’s

inLondon with the Somali government on settling Somaliland's status, under the aegis

of Britain, the European Union and Norway.

Somaliland was independent for a few days in 1960, between the end of British

colonial rule and its union with the former Italian colony of Somalia. More than 40

years later voters in the territory overwhelmingly backed its self-declared

independence in a 2001 referendum.

1.1.2. Profile Darer-Wayne

Darar-Weyneis one of the town’s capital city of SomalilandHargiesa.Darar-Weyne

position is east of hargiesa. It is the one of the main town that planting the

horticulture specially fruits and vegetables.

In Darar-Weyne most of agricultural production areas are small-scale farming system

those farmers planting a basically limited to small land less than 20 ha. Darar-Weyne

is situated in a valley in the Galgodon (Ogo) highlands, and sits at an elevation of

1,334 m (4,377 ft).

1.2. Thesis statement problem

1. Nutrient deficiencies.

Nitrogen:light green or yellow foliage. Nitrogen deficiencies are more acute

on lower leaves.

Phosphorus:purple coloration of leaves; plants are stunted.

Potassium:brown leaf margins and leaf curling

Magnesium:interveinalchlorosis (yellowing between veins of lower leaves).

Boron:development of lateral growth; hollow, brownish stems; cracked

petioles.

Iron:light green or yellow foliage occurs first and is more acute on young

leaves.

Molybdenum:whiptail leaf symptoms on cauliflower and other crops in the

cabbage family.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogo_Mountains

2. Nutrient toxicities.

Toxicity of minor elements: boron, zinc, manganese.

Soluble salt injury: wilting of the plant when wet; death, usually from

excessive fertilizer application or salts in the irrigation water.

3. Soil problems. (Take soil tests of good and poor areas.)

Poor drainage.

Poor soil structure, compaction, etc.

4. Pesticide injury. (Usually uniform in the area or shows definite patterns.)

Insecticide burning or stunting.

Weed-killer (herbicide) burning or abnormal growth.

5. Climatic damage.

High-temperature injury.

Low-temperature (chilling) injury.

Lack of water.

Excessive moisture (lack of soil oxygen).

6. Physiological damage. (Physiological damage).

Air-pollution injury.

7. Poor fruit or seed set due to inadequate pollination

1.3. Aim and objectives

The overall objective is

1. To restore small-scale farmers’ capability to produce high quality and safe

vegetables for suitable areas.

2. To increase vegetable production particularly during raining seasons.

3. To maintain land productivity

4. To minimize environmental damage.

5. Cultivation practices aimed at increasing vegetable yields and product safety

and quality,

1.4. Climate of Darar-Wayne

Average Weather in Darar-Weyne

Sunlight 10 hours a day

Coldest temperature 11°C

Coldest daily temperature 14°C

Warmest daily temperature 26°C

Warmest temperature 32°C

Discomfort* Moderate

Morning Humidity 55%

Evening Humidity 43%

Rain 77 mm

Wet days for 7 days

1.5. Soil ofDarar-Weyne

Sandy Loam Soil

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Introduction for vegetable

Vegetable farming is growing of vegetable crops, primarily for use as human

food.

The term vegetable in its broadest sense refers to any kind of plant life or plant

product; in the narrower sense, as used in this article, however, it refers to the

fresh, edible portion of an herbaceous plant consumed in either raw or cooked

form. The edible portion may be

Root, such as, beet, carrot, and sweet potato;

Tuber or storage stem, such as potato and

Bulb, such as onion and garlic;

Leaf, such as cabbage, lettuce, , and; spinach,

An immature flower, such as cauliflower,

Seed, such as pea and lima bean,

The immature fruit, such as eggplant, cucumber, and sweet corn (maize)

The mature fruit, such as tomato and pepper.

The popular distinction between vegetable and fruit is difficult to uphold. In

general, those plants or plant parts that are usually consumed with the main

course of a meal are popularly regarded as vegetables, while those mainly used

as desserts are considered fruits. This distinction is applied in this article.

Thus, cucumber and tomato, botanically fruits, since they are the portion of

the plant containing seeds, are commonly regarded as vegetables.

This article treats the principles and practices of vegetable farming. For a

discussion of the processing of vegetables, see the article food preservation. For

information on nutritive value, see nutrition: Human nutrition and diet.

2.2. History of Vegetable production

Before the advent of agriculture, humans were hunter-gatherers. They foraged

for edible fruit, nuts, stems, leaves, corms and tubers, scavenged for dead

animals and hunted living ones for food. Forest gardening in a tropical jungle

clearing is thought to be the first example of agriculture; useful plant species

were identified and encouraged to grow while undesirable species were

removed. Plant breeding through the selection of strains with desirable traits

such as large fruit and vigorous growth soon followed. While the first evidence

for the domestication of grasses such as wheat and barley has been found in

the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East, it is likely that various peoples around

the world started growing crops in the period 10,000 BC to 7,000

BC. Subsistence Agriculture continues to this day, with many rural farmers in

Africa, Asia, South America and elsewhere using their plots of land to produce

enough food for their families, while any surplus produce is used for exchange

against other goods.

Throughout recorded history, the rich have been able to afford a varied diet

including meat, vegetables and fruit, but for poor people, meat was a luxury

and the food they ate was very dull, typically comprising mainly

some staple product made from rice, rye, barley, wheat, millet or maize. The

addition of vegetable matter provided some variety to the diet. The staple diet of

the Aztecs in Central America was maize and they cultivated tomatoes,

beans, peppers, and peanuts.

In Ancient China, rice was the staple crop in the south and wheat in the north,

the latter made into dumplings, noodles and pancakes. Vegetables used to

accompany these included soya beans, broad beans, turnips, spring

onions and garlic. The diet of the ancient Egyptians was based on bread, often

contaminated with sand which wore away their teeth. Meat was a luxury but

fish was more plentiful. These were accompanied by a range of vegetables

including marrows, broad beans, lentils, onions, leeks, garlic, radishes and

lettuces.

The mainstay of the Ancient Greek diet was bread, and this was accompanied

by goat's cheese, olives, figs, fish and occasionally meat. The vegetables grown

included onions, garlic, cabbages, and melons. In Ancient Rome a thick

porridge was made of emmer wheat or beans, accompanied by green vegetables

but little meat, and fish was not esteemed. The Romans grew broad beans,

peas, onions and turnips and ate the leaves of beets rather than their roots.

2.3. Types of production

Vegetable production operations range from small patches of crops, producing

a few vegetables for family use or marketing, to the great, highly organized and

mechanized farms common in the most technologically advanced countries.

In technologically developed countries the three main types of vegetable

farming are based on production of vegetables for the fresh market, for

canning, freezing, dehydration, and pickling, and to obtain seeds for planting:-

2.3.1.Production for the fresh market

2.3.2.Production for process

2.3.3.Vegetable raised for seed production

2.3.4.Production factors and techniques

2.3.1. Production for the fresh market

This type of vegetable farming is normally divided into home gardening, market

gardening, truck farming, and vegetable forcing.

Home gardening: provides vegetables exclusively for family use. About

one-fourth of an acre (one-tenth of a hectare) of land is required to

supply a family of six. The most suitable vegetables are those producing

a large yield per unit of area. Bean, cabbage, carrot, lettuce, onion, pea,

pepper, spinach, and tomato are desirable home garden crops.

Market gardening: produces assorted vegetables for a local market. The

development of good roads and of motor trucks has rapidly extended

available markets; the market gardener, no longer forced to confine his

operations to his local market, often is able to specialize in the

production of a few, rather than an assortment, of vegetables; a

transformation that provides the basis for a distinction between market

and truck gardening in the mid-20th century.

Truck gardens produce specific vegetables in relatively large quantities

for distant markets.

In the method known as forcing, vegetables are produced out of their

normal season of outdoor production under forcing structures that admit

light and induce favourable environmental conditions for plant growth.

Greenhouses are common structures used. Hydroponics, sometimes

called soilless culture, allows the grower to practice automatic watering

and fertilizing, thus reducing the cost of labour. To successfully compete

with other fresh market producers, greenhouse vegetable growers must

either produce crops when the outdoor supply is limited or produce

quality products commanding premium prices.

2.3.2. Production for processing

Processed vegetables include canned, frozen, dehydrated, and pickled

products. The cost of production per unit area of land and per ton is usually

less for processing crops than for the same crops grown for market because

raw material appearance is not a major quality factor in processing. This

difference allows lower land value, less hand labour, and lower handling cost.

Although many kinds of vegetables can be processed, there are marked varietal

differences within each species in adaptability to a given method.

Specifications for vegetables for canning and freezing usually include small

size, high quality, and uniformity. For many kinds of vegetables, a series of

varieties having different dates of maturity is required to ensure a constant

supply of raw material, thus enabling the factory to operate with an even flow

of input over a long period. Acceptable processed vegetables should have a

taste, odour, and appearance comparable with the fresh product, retain

nutritive values, and have good storage stability. The major vegetables

processed commercially are indicated in the Table.

Table 0: Major vegetables and kinds of processing

Vegetables Canning Freezing Dehydration Pickling

Bean + + + −

Cabbage − − + +

Carrot + + + +

Garlic − − + −

Onion − − + +

Pea + + − −

Pepper − − + +

Potato − + + −

Spinach + + − −

sweet potato + − + −

Tomato + − + −

Key used: Making (+), Not Making (-)

2.3.3. Vegetables raised for seed production.

This type of vegetable farming requires special skills and techniques. The

crop is not ready for harvest when the edible portion of the plant reaches

the stage of maturity; it must be carried through further stages of growth.

Production under isolated conditions ensures the purity of seed yield.

Special techniques are applied during the stage of flowering and seed

development and also in harvesting and threshing the seeds.

2.3.4. Production factors and techniques

Profitable vegetable farming requires attention to all production operations,

including insect, disease, and weed control and efficient marketing. The

kind of vegetable grown is mainly determined by consumer demands, which

can be defined in terms of variety, size, tenderness, flavour, freshness, and

type of pack. Effective management involves the adoption of techniques

resulting in a steady flow of the desired amount of produce over the whole of

the natural growing season of the crop. Many vegetables can be grown

throughout the year in some climates, although yield per acre for a given

kind of vegetable varies according to the growing season and region where

the crop is produced. We will detail in later.

2.4. Fertilization

Ideally, fertilizer recommendations should be based on the results of recent soil

analysis done on representative soil samples.

Where vegetable crops are to be grown for the first time, or only sporadically, or

on virgin soil, the importance of submitting representative soil samples for

analysis and recommendations, has to be emphasized. Analyzing the soil before

planting each crop or at least annually is recommended.Obvious or serious

nutrient deficiencies or imbalances may then be corrected before planting, and

any lime required could be applied.

Where vegetables have been grown intensively for some time with heavy

fertilizers dressings, the soil nutrient status is likely to be more satisfactory.

While annual soil analysis would still be beneficial, submitting soil samples for

analysis every 2 or 3 years may be adequate. The objectives of such analyses

are to correct imbalances of the major nutrients and to economic on fertilizer

costs by applying only what is required for the following crop.

Notwithstanding the above, many crops are grown without the soil being

analyzed. A general fertilizer recommendation is then necessary.

In the high rainfall areas, the soils tend to be inherently infertile and more

acid. Liming should be considered in these areas. Because of leaching or non-

availability of fixed elements, fertilizer requirements are also likely to be high,

unless intensive cropping with adequate fertilization has been practiced for

some time.

In drier areas, lime and potassium are less likely to be needed in large

quantities, if at all, but phosphorus will probably be deficient in virgin soils.

Where this inherent phosphorus deficiency has been corrected by high

phosphate dressings, the fertilizer requirements are expected to be relatively

low.

Taking the above factors into account, an attempt has been made to give

general fertilizer recommendations which cover the expected nitrogen,

phosphorus and potassium requirements of the crops dealt with in the

following pages.

One recommendation is made for the situation where soil fertility is likely to be

high for example, a history of intensive cropping with good fertilizer practices

and the other where the soil fertility is expected to be inadequate. Obviously,

on very poor soils, crop results would be improved by even higher fertilizer

application rates.

2.5. Climate

Climate involves the temperature, moisture, daylight, and wind conditions of a

specific region. Climatic factors strongly affect all stages and processes of plant

growth.

2.5.1. Temperature

Temperature requirements are based on the minimum, optimum, and

maximum temperatures during both day and night throughout the period of

plant growth. Requirements vary according to the type and variety of the

specific crop. Based on their optimum temperature ranges, vegetables may be

classed as cool-season or warm-season types.

Cool-season vegetables thrive in areas where the mean daily

temperature does not rise above 70° F (21° C). This group includes the

beet, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, garlic, leek, lettuce, onion, pea, potato,

radish, and spinach.

Warm-season vegetables, requiring mean daily temperature of 70° F or

above, are intolerant of frost. These include the bean, cucumber,

eggplant, lima bean, pepper, sweet corn (maize), sweet potato, tomato,

and watermelon.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/472539/potato

Premature seeding, or bolting, is an undesirable condition that is sometimes

seen in fields of cabbage, lettuce, onion, and spinach. The condition occurs

when the plant goes into the seeding stage before the edible portion reaches a

marketable size. Bolting is attributed to either extremely low or high

temperature condition. Specific vegetable strains or varieties may exhibit

significant differences in their tendency to bolt.

Young cabbage or onion plants of relatively large size may bolt upon exposure

to low temperatures near 50° to 55° F (10° to 13° C). At high temperatures of

70° to 80° F (21° to 27° C) lettuce plants do not form heads and will show

premature seeding. The fruit sets of tomatoes are adversely affected by

relatively low and relatively high temperatures. Tomato breeders, however, have

developed several new varieties, some setting fruits at a temperature as low as

40° F (4° C) and others at a temperature as high as 90° F (32° C).

2.5.2. Moisture

The amount and annual distribution of rainfall in a region, especially during

certain periods of development, affects local crops. Irrigation may be required

to compensate for insufficient rainfall. For optimum growth and development,

plants require soil that supplies water as well as nutrients dissolved in water.

Root growth determines the extent of a plant’s ability to absorb water and

nutrients, and in dry soil root growth is greatly retarded. Extremely wet soil

also retards root growth by restricting aeration. Atmospheric humidity, the

moisture content of the air, also contributes moisture. Certain seacoast areas

characterized by high humidity are considered especially adapted to the

production of such crops as the artichoke and lima bean. High humidity,

however, also creates conditions favourable for the development of certain

plant diseases.

2.5.3. Daylight

Light is the source of energy for plants. The response of plants to light is

dependent upon light intensity, quality, and daily duration, or photoperiod. The

seasonal variation in day length affects the growth and flowering of certain

vegetable crops. Continuation of vegetative growth, rather than early flower

formation, is desirable in such crops as spinach and lettuce. When planted

very late in the spring, these crops tend to produce flowers and seeds during

the long days of summer before they attain sufficient vegetative growth to

produce maximum yields. The minimum photoperiod required for formation of

bulbs in garlic and onion plants differs among varieties, and local day length is

a determining factor in the selection of varieties.

Each of the climatic factors affects plant growth, and can be a limiting factor in

plant development. Unless each factor is of optimum quantity or quality, plants

do not achieve maximum growth. In addition to the importance of individual

climatic factors, the interrelationship of all environmental factors affects

growth.

Certain combinations may exert specific effects. Lettuce usually forms a seed

stalk during the long days of summer, but the appearance of flowers may be

delayed, or even prevented, by relatively low temperature. An unfavorable

temperature combined with unfavorable moisture conditions may cause the

dropping of the buds, flowers, and small fruits of the pepper, reducing the crop

yield. Desirable areas for muskmelon production are characterized by low

humidity combined with high temperature. In the production of seeds of many

kinds of vegetables, absence of rain, or relatively light rainfall, and low

humidity during ripening, harvesting, and curing of the seeds are very

important.

2.6. Common vegetable crops

Vegetables which are farmed include:

2.6.1.Beetroot

2.6.2.Egg plant

2.6.3.Cabbage

2.6.4.Carrot

2.6.5.Hot pepper

2.6.6.Trails cucurbits

2.6.7.Green bean

2.6.8.Green pea

2.6.9.Lettuce

2.6.10. Onion

2.6.11. Potato

2.6.12. Sweet pepper

2.6.13. Sweet potato

2.6.14. Spinach

2.6.15. Tomato

2.6.16. Garlic

2.6.1. Beetroot

Climate

Cool-season crop, but growth is slow under cold conditions and plants

tend to bolt in spring.

Optimum temperaturesforgrowth are 15 to 18 °C. Growth is poor at

temperatures below 5 °C or above 24 °C

Soil

Sandy to loamy soils is best. Soils should not be acid. Fairly tolerant to

brack or saline conditions

Cultivars

Detroit Dark Red, Crimson Globe, Early Wonder

Growth period

Two to 3 months under warmer conditions. About 4 months when cooler

Sowing time

Area Ideal Time Possible Time

Cool Aug–Feb Aug–Apr

Warm Jul–Dec, Feb–Apr All year round

Hot Apr–Sept Feb–Oct

Spacing

Plant seeds 20 to 40 mm apart, later thinned to 50 to 70 mm, in rows

200 to 300 mm apart.

Population

60 to 80 plants/m2

Seeding rate

About 10 kg/ha

Planting

Direct drilled. Thinning’s are sometimes transplanted to fill gaps

Fertiliser (kg/ha)

Fertiliser Application time Fertile soil Infertile soil

2:3:4(30) At planting 400 800

LAN At 4 and 8 weeks 100 + 100 50 + 50

Pests

Nematodes,

cutworm

Diseases

Mainly Cercospora leaf spot

Yield (t/ha)

Conservative: 14

Average: 18

Good: 25

2.6.2. Eggplant

Climate

Warm-season crop, very sensitive to frost and cold. Optimum mean

temperatures are 21 to 29 °C. Flowers may be shed at temperatures

above 35 °C. Temperatures below 18 °C may be harmful

Soil

Well-drained loamy soils with high organic matter and at least 400 mm

deep are ideal, but the crop is fairly adaptable. pH (KCl) of 5,5 to 6,5

Cultivars

Black King, Black Beauty, Florida Market, Long Purple, Imperial and

Little Fingers

Growth period

Cropping may start 65 to 90 days after transplanting under favorable

warm conditions. Harvesting may extend for many months, but the bulk

of the crop matures over 2 or 3 months

Sowing time

Area Ideal time possible time

Cool Sept–Oct Sept–Dec

Warm Aug–Oct July–Jan

Hot Aug–Sept, Jan–Apr Jan–Sept

Spacing

400 to 500 mm x 700 to 1 500 mm, often planted in tram-lines.

Population

20 000 to 30 000 plants/ha

Seeding rate

140 to 200 g for seedlings, 500 g for seedbeds and 2,0 kg for direct

sowing

Planting

Usually transplanted

Fertiliser (kg/ha)

Fertiliser Application time Fertile soil Infertile soil

2:3:4(30) At planting 400 800

LAN At 6 weeks (or split, 4 and 8

weeks)

250 150

Pests

Red spider mite, cutworm, American bollworm, nematodes (tip-wilters,

aphids and leaf-eating beetles)

Diseases

Bacterial wilt, Cercospora or Alternaria leaf spot, botrytis rot

Yield (t/ha)

Conservative: 10 to 15

Average: 20

Good: 25

2.6.3. Cabbage

Climate

Frost hardy. Cool, moist conditions are ideal. Optimum temperatures for

growth are 15 to 18 °C, with monthly means between 5 and 24 °C. Can

withstand temperatures as low as -3 °C. Great variation in tolerance to

temperature extremes between cultivars.

Soil

Deep, well-drained, moisture-retentive loamy soils are preferred. Lighter

soils are less satisfactory than heavier ones (fertility and moisture

requirements are high). Effective rooting depth is 600 mm. Optimum pH

5.3 to 5.8. Acid saturation preferably less than 2

Cultivars

Heat tolerant: Green Star, Hercules, Star 3001 and others

Cold tolerant:Conquistador, Green Coronet and many others

Growth period

Varies, usually 90 to 130 days from transplanting

Sowing time


Cool Dec–Feb, Sept–Oct Aug–Feb

Warm Jan–Mar, Aug–Sept All year round

Hot Feb–Apr, Jul–Aug Feb–Aug

Spacing

350 to 500 mm x 500 to 700 mm

Population

40 000 to 45 000 plants/ha

Seeding rate

120 to 200 g for seed trays, 300 g for seedbeds and 500 to 2

000 g for direct seeding

Planting


Fertilizer (kg/ha)

Fertilizer Application Time Fertile Soil Infertile Soil

2:3:4(30) At planting 500 1 000

LAN At 6 weeks (or split, 600 480

3 and 6 weeks)

Pests

a. American bollworm,

b. Aphids,

c. Diamond-back moth,

d. Cabbage

e. Webworm

Diseases

a. Blackleg,

b. Black rot,

c. Downy mildew,

d. Cubroot,

e. Soft rot,

f. Sclerotinia rot

Yield (t/ha)

Conservative: 30

Average: 50 to 60

Good: 80

2.6.4. Carrot

Climate

Cool-season crop which can withstand moderate frost and is fairly

adaptable to high temperatures of 30 °C and higher. Liable to bolt to seed

in spring if subjected to prolonged exposure to temperatures below 5 °C.

Optimum temperatures for growth are 5 to 18 °C with monthly means

between 7 and 24 °C

Soil

Deep, loose, well-drained, sandy to loamy soils, not subject to capping.

Heavy soils, more than 35 % clay, are less suitable. Depth 600 mm,

although 400 mm is acceptable, particularly if planted on ridges.

Optimum pH 5.0 to 6.0. Free of root-knot nematode.

Cultivars

Cape Market,

Fancy,

Ideal Red,

Kuroda and other

Growth period

Usually 90 to 120 day.

Sowing time


Cool Jan–Mar, Sept–Nov Sept–Mar

Warm Feb–May, Aug–Oct Jan–Nov

Hot Mar–Aug Feb–Sept

Spacing

20 to 50 mm x 200 to 400 mm

Population

80 to 150 plants/m

Seeding rate

2 to 4 kg/ha

Planting

Direct drilled, possibly thinned

Fertilizer (kg/ha)


2:3:4(30) At planting 500 1 000

LAN At 6 weeks 150 50

Pests

a. Nematodes,

b. American bollworm,

c. Plusialooper,

d. Aphids,

e. Cutworm,

f. Wireworm

Diseases

a. Leaf spot,

b. soft rot,

c. Sclerotinia

Yield (t/ha)

Conservative: 20

Average: 30

Good: 40+

2.6.5. Hot pepper

Climate

Warm-season crop damaged by cold.

Optimum mean temperatures are 20 to 30 °C

Soil

Fairly adaptable. Loamy soils, well-drained to at least 400 mm, are ideal

Cultivars

Long Red Cayenne,

Long Slim Cayenne,

Thai Chilli,

Serrano,

Spitfire,

Super Chilli,

Skyline

Growth period

The first green fruits may be picked about 70 days after

transplanting. Harvesting may continue for several months, but

the bulk matures over 2 or 3 months

Sowing time


Cool Sept–Oct Sept–Dec

Warm Aug–Oct Aug–Feb

Hot Jul–Oct, Jan–Feb July–Mar

Spacing

300 to 500 mm x 500 to 750 mm.

Population

30 000 to 45 000 plants/ha

Seeding rate

150 to 200 g for seed trays; 200 to 300 g for seedbeds

Planting

Transplanted

Fertilizer (kg/ha)


2:3:4(30) At planting 400 800

LAN At 6 weeks (or split, 250 150

4 and 8 weeks)

Pests

a. Mainly nematodes and red spider mite.


c. Cutworm,

d. Aphids,

e. Beetles,

f. Thrips

Diseases

a. Virus and bacterial wilt. Also other wilt diseases,

b. powdery mildew and

c. various fruit spots

Yield (t/ha)

Green Dry

Conservative: 5 to 7 Conservative: 1.5

Average: 10 Average: 3

Good: 15 Good: 5

2.6.6. Trails

Cucurbits

Climate

Warm-season crops, very sensitive to frost and low temperatures.

Optimum temperatures for growth are 18 to 30 °C, with monthly means

between 10 and 32 °C. At very high temperatures (above 35 °C) male

flowers sometimes predominate, resulting in fewer fruit for that period

Soil

Well-drained loamy soils. Ideally deeper than 1 000 mm, but

450 mm is acceptable. Optimum pH 6.0 to 7.0

Growth period

Gems: 85 to 95 day.

Butternuts: 90 to 100 days.

Hubbards: 100 to 115 days.

Pumpkins: 120 to 130 days

Storing

One to 3 months when mature

Sowing time


Cool Oct Sept–Dec

Warm Sept–Nov Aug–Jan

Hot Aug–Dec Jul–Mar

- Late plantings may be infected with virus, through insect vectors,

at early growth stage, and crop will be affected adversely

Spacing

Gems and butternuts: 300 to 500 mm x 1 200 to 1 800 mm

Hubbards and pumpkins: 500 x 2 000 to 2 700 mm

Seeding rate

Gems and butternuts: 2 to 3 kg

Hubbards and pumpkins: 4 to 6 kg

Planting

Direct seeded; usually 2 to 3 seeds per site, thinned to 1 plant.

Occasionally grown in seed trays

Fertilizer (kg/ha)


2:3:4(30) At planting 400 800


Pests


b. Pumpkin fly,

c. Ladybird,

d. Aphids,

e. Nematodes

Diseases

a. Powdery mildew,

b. leaf spot,

c. fruit rot,

d. mosaic

Yield (t/ha)


Average: 17 to 20

Good: 25+

2.6.7.

Green bean

Climate

Warm-season crop, susceptible to cold and light frost. Optimum

temperatures for growth are 15 to 21 °C, with monthly means between

10 and 27 °C. Temperatures below 12 °C or above 3 °C affect fruit set

and quality. Cultivars differ slightly

Soil

Well-drained sandy to loamy soils, not subject to capping (crusting).

Depth 400 mm. Optimum pH 5.3 to 6.0. Very sensitive to brack

conditions. Soil must be free of root-knot nematodes

Cultivars

Contender,

Espada,

Provider,

Wintergreen (latter tolerates cooler condition)

Growth period

Usually 50 to 60 days to first pick. Pick over 10 to 15 days

Sowing time


Cool Oct–Nov, Jan Sept–Feb

Warm Sept–Oct, Jan–Feb Aug–Mar

Hot Mar–Aug Feb–Sept

Spacing

40 to 70 mm x 450 to 600 mm

Seeding rate

60 to 100 kg

Planting

Direct drilled

Fertilizer (kg/ha)


2:3:4(30) At planting 250 500


Pes

a. Nematodes,


c. Aphids,

d. CMR and chafer beetles,

e. Plusialooper,

f. Red spider mite,

g. Bean flies,

h. Snail

Diseases

a. Rust, common and halo blights,

b. Sclerotinia rot,

c. Root rot

Yield (t/ha)

Conservative: 5

Average: 7 to 8

Good: 11+

2.6.8. Green pea

Climate

Cool-season crop. Plants can withstand moderate frost, but

flowers and young pods are sensitive. Optimum monthly mean

temperatures are 15 to 18 °C. Growth ceases below 5 °C.

Prolonged moist spells favour foliage diseases

Soil

Cool, well-drained, medium to heavy loams are preferred, but

will grow successfully on a wide range of soil types

Cultivars

Garden peas:

- Cape Freezer,

- Dark Skinned Perfection,

- Greenfeast,

- Kelvedon Wonder and Onward

Edible podded peas:

- Oregon Sugar Pod II is grown for its edible

pods, picked before the seeds swell. Sugar Daddy is grown for

its edible pods, picked after the seeds have swollen

Growth period

Growing period is mainly determined by prevailing temperatures.

Generally 100 to 120 days, picked at about 3 weeks

Sowing time

In most areas from May to June. In areas which experience late frost or

where summers are cool, plant in July In cool frost-free areas plantings

may start in March.

Spacing

For the fresh market, plant seeds 20 to 40 mm deep, and about 50 mm

apart, in rows 600 mm apart. Planting in twin rows, spaced 200 mm

apart, instead of single rows, is recommended

Seeding rate

50 to 100 kg/ha

Fertilizer (kg/ha)

Fertilizer Application time Fertile soil Infertile soil

2:3:4(30) At planting 250 500


Irrigation

Critical times for irrigation are at very early flowering stage and again at

pod swell. Avoid any drought stress from flowering onwards

Pests

a. Various caterpillars are the major pests

Diseases

a. Ascochyta leaf,

b. Stem and pod rot under moist conditions,

c. Downy mildew, mainly on young plants,

d. Powdery mildew, mainly on bearing plants

Yield (t/ha)

Conservative: 3

Average: 5to 6

Good: 8

2.6.9. Lettuce

Climate

Cool-season crop. Optimum temperatures for growth are 15 to 18 °C,

with monthly means between 7 and 24 °C. Can withstand only light

frost, especially at heading stage, when lettuce is also susceptible to sun-

scald. Hot, moist conditions favour head rots. Temperatures above about

30 °C tend to induce seeding. Cultivars differ greatly in tolerance to high

temperatures.

Soil

Well-drained soils, from light sandy to heavy clay. Depth ideally

600 mm, but 400 mm is acceptable. Optimum pH 5,0 to 6,0

Cultivars

Commander,

Summer Gold,

Emperor (tolerates higher temperatures),

Victory, Greenway,

Frosty,

Winter Crisp, and many more

Growth period

Usually 55 to 90 days from transplant

Sowing time


Cool Jan–Feb, Sept–Oct Aug–Mar

Warm Feb–Apr, Jul–Sept Jan–Oct

Hot Apr–May Mar–Jul

Spacing

300 to 400 mm x 400 to 600 mm

Population

60 000 to 80 000 plants/ha

Seeding rate

300 to 500 g for seed trays, 500 g for seedbeds and 1 500 to 3 000 g for

direct sowing

Planting

Usually transplanted, sometimes direct seeded and then thinned

Fertilizer (kg/ha)


2:3:4(30) At planting 500 1 000


Pests


b. Nematodes,

c. Snails,

d. Cutworm,

e. Aphid

Diseases

a. Downy mildew,

b. Leaf spot,

c. Soft rot,

d. Mosaic,

e. Spotted wilt

Yield (t/ha)


Average: 20 to 25

Good: 30+

2.6.10. Onion

Climate

Frost tolerant. Cool conditions during vegetative growth and hot, dry

conditions nearing maturity, in early summer. Optimum temperatures

for growth are 12 to 24 °C, with monthly means between 7 and 29 °C.

Rainy spells in late spring and early summer reduce quality, especially

keeping quality. Bulb formation is

influenced by day length—grow short-day cultivars only

Soil

Sandy to clayey soils suitable. Depth 600 mm if direct drilled or

450 mm for transplants. Optimum pH 5,0 to 6,0

Cultivars

a. Granex types,

b. Hojem,

c. Pyramid,

d. Texas Grano

Growth period

180 to 230 days from sowing

Sowing time

Ideal time possible time

- Feb–Mar Jan–Apr

Early sowings tend to produce larger bulbs, but more bolters

and split bulbs.

- Mid-February to mid-March plantings are advised for all areas

- Transplant in May (Apr–Jun)

Spacing

50 to 80 mm x 200 to 400 mm

Seeding rate

2 to 2.5 kg for seed trays, 3 to 5 kg for seedbeds, 6 to 8 kg for direct

drilling

Planting


Fertilizer (kg/ha)


2:3:4(30) At planting 500 1 000

LAN At 6 to 8 weeks 300 200

(or split, 4 and8 weeks)

Pests

a. Thrips

Diseases

a. Downy mildew,

b. Purple blotch,

c. Leaf mould,

d. Black mould,

e. Soft rot,

f. Bulb rot

Yield (t/ha)


Average: 25 to 30

Good: 40+

- Note: Production is best under irrigation in areas where

conditions are hot and dry during August to November

2.6.11. Potato

Climate

Sensitive to frost. Optimum temperatures for growth 15 to 18 °C, with

monthly means between 7 and 24 °C.

Soil

Well drained, well aerated and moisture retentive, with high fertility.

Sandy loam to loamy soils is preferred; high clay content causes

harvesting problems. Tolerates acid soil, pH 4.3 to 6.1. High pH promotes

scab disease. Rooting depth 500 mm

Cultivars

a. BP1, Up-to-Date,

b. Vanderplank,

c. Buffelspoort, Astrid,

d. Hoëvelder,

e. Mnandi

Seed quality

Certified seed potatoes

Growth period

105 to 150 days

Sowing time


Cool Aug–Oct, Jan Jul–Feb

Warm Jul–Sept, Feb Jun–Mar

Hot Mar–Jun Feb–Sept

Spacing

200 to 450 mm x 700 to 1 000 mm, depending on seed size and

equipment

Population

130 000 to 150 000 stems/ha for table potatoes; 160 000 stems/ ha for

seed potatoes.

Seeding rate

100 to 120 x 30 kg pockets/ha

Planting

Direct

Special practices

Ridging when tuber initiation commences

Fertilizer (kg/ha)


2:3:4(30) At planting 600 1 200


Pests

a. Nematodes,

b. Aphids,

c. Tuber moth,

d. Millipedes,

e. Cutworm,

f. Wireworm,

g. Black maize beetl

Diseases

a. Early blight, late blight,

b. Leaf roll,

c. Mosaic,

d. Common scab,

e. Bacterial wilt,

f. Soft rot,

g. Fusarium wilt,

h. Dry rot,

i. Black dot,

j. Silver scurf,

k. Black scurf

Yield (t/ha)

Conservative: 16

Average: 28

Good: 45

2.6.12.

Sweet pepper

Climate

Sensitive to frost or cold. Optimum mean temperatures are 20 to 27 °C.

Temperatures above 32 °C may cause shedding of flowers. Growth

becomes progressively poorer at temperatures below 15 °C. Sunscald can

be a problem. Prolonged cloudy weather is harmful.

Soil

Fairly adaptable, provided drainage is good up to a depth of 400 mm.

Humus-rich loams are preferred.

Cultivars

California Wonder,

Jupiter,

Pip,

Florida Resistant Giant,

Keystone Resistant

Growth period

First fruits attain full size (green) within 70 to 80 days aftertransplanting.

May take 3 to 5 weeks extra to reach mature colour (red or yellow).

Harvesting may extend for several months, but is generally discontinued

after about 2 months

when the bulk of the crop has been picked

Sowing time


Cool Sept–Oct Sept–Nov

Warm Aug–Oct Aug–Jan

Hot Jul–Sept, Feb Jul–Mar

Spacing

400 to 500 mm x 500 to 1 000 mm, usually in tram-lines

Population

25 000 to 45 000 plants/ha

Seeding rate

150 to 200 g for seed trays; 200 to 300 g for seedbeds

Planting

Transplanted

Fertilizer (kg/ha)


2:3:4(30) At planting 400 800

LAN At 4 to 8 weeks 225 + 225 175 + 175

Pests

a. Mainly nematodes and red spider mite. Also


c. Cutworm,

d. Aphids,

e. Beetles,

f. Thrips

Diseases

a. Virus and bacterial wilt.

b. Bacterial spot,

c. Powdery mildew,

d. Other wilts and soft rot may occur

Yield (t/ha)

Conservative: 15

Average: 25

Good: 40+

2.6.13.

Sweet potato

Climate

Very sensitive to frost and cold. Requires hot days and warm nights for

optimum growth, with mean monthly temperatures of 21 to 29 °C

Soil

Sandy to loamy soils are preferred. Good drainage to at least 500 mm is

essential. Heavy soils produce misshapen roots and favour root rots

Cultivars

a. Blesbok,

b. Bosbok,

c. Impala,

d. Brondal,

e. Koedoe,

f. Mafutha and

g. Ribbok

Growth period

Usually 4 to 5 months. May be harvested earlier, when tubers have

attained a satisfactory size, but yields will be reduced. Where soil

temperatures remain above 0 °C and top growth stays green, the crop

may be left in DRY soil, and harvested as required

Sowing time


Cool Nov Oct–Nov

Warm Nov–Dec Oct–Feb

Hot Jan–Mar, Aug–Oct Aug–Mar

Spacing

Usually 300 mm apart in rows about 1 000 mm apart

Planting material

300 to 400 mm long, healthy vine cuttings. Use virus-tested material

Population

30 000 to 35 000 plants/ha

Planting

Best on ridges, 300 to 400 mm high. The lower half of the cuttings

should be covered by soil

Fertilizer (kg/ha)


2:3:4(30) At planting 400 800


Irrigation

Survive dry conditions when well established, but irrigation

necessary for good yields

Pests

a. Nematodes are a major problem.

b. Weevils,

c. Leafminers,

d. Red spider mite and

e. Soil insects can cause damage

Diseases

Virus degeneration is the main problem. Post-harvest tuber rots

of uncured tubers can cause great losses

Yield (t/ha)


Average: 30

Good: 40+

2.6.14. Spinach

Climate

Cool-season crop. Does best at temperatures between 7 and 24 °C. Can

withstand light frost. Under high temperatures leaves remain small and

inferior. Foliage often affected by leaf spots in late summer. Tends to run

to seed in spring if subjected to winter cold

Soil

Highly adaptable, provided soils are well drained to about

500 mm

Cultivars

a. Fordhook Giant,

b. Lucullus

Growing period

First harvest may take place within 2 months. Harvesting can

extend for several months, but should last for 2 to 3 months

Sowing time


Cool Aug–Nov, Feb Aug–Mar

Warm Jul–Nov, Feb–Mar Jul–Apr

Hot Mar–Aug Feb–Oct

Spacing

200 to 300 mm x 450 to 600 mm

Population

60 000 to 80 000 plants/ha

Seeding rate

7 to 9 kg/ha for direct seeding

Planting

Generally direct seeding and later thinned to stand. Transplant easily,

but cropping is delayed. Thinnings often used for transplanting

Fertilizer (kg/ha)


2:3:4(30) At planting 500 1 000

LAN At 4 and 8 weeks 225 + 225 175 + 175

Pests

a. Nematodes,

b. Cutworm,

c. American bollworm,

d. Loopersand

e. Aphids

Diseases

a. Fungal foliar diseases, especially Cercospora leaf spot

Yield (t/ha)

Conservative: 10

Average: 20

Good: 30

2.6.15. Tomato

Climate

Very sensitive to frost. Optimum temperatures for growth are 20 to 25

°C, with monthly means between 18 and 27 °C. Temperatures below 12

°C and above 35 °C affect fruit set and fruit quality detrimentally, as do

prolonged cloudy conditions. Cultivars differ slightly

Soil

Ideally soils should be well drained to a depth of at least 1 200 mm,

although 600 mm depth is acceptable. Tomatoes are fairly adaptable to

texture, with 15 to 35 % clay being ideal. Moderately tolerant to soil

acidity; ideal pH 5,0 to 6,0. Soil should be free of root-knot nematodes

Cultivars

Floradade,

Karino,

Rodade,

Star 9001,

Zeal, Zest

Growth period

Usually about 90 days to first pick, with a picking season of about 80

days

Sowing time


Cool Oct Sept–Nov

Warm Sept–Nov Aug–Dec

Hot Feb–Jul Jan–Jul

Spacing

300 to 500 mm x 1 500 to 2 500 mm

Population

12 000 to 16 000 plants/ha

Seeding rate

100 to 200 g for seed trays; 200 to 300 g for seedbeds; and 500 to 750

g/ha for direct seeding

Planting

Normally transplanted

Fertilizer (kg/ha)


2:3:4(30) At planting 500 1 000

LAN At 3 and 6 weeks 250 + 250 200 + 200

KNO At 6, 9 and 12 weeks 100 + 100 + 100 100 + 100 + 100

Ideally, the 2:3:4(30) fertilizer should be replaced with

chlorinefreefertilizers.

Pests

a. Nematodes,

b. American Bollworm,

c. American Leafminer,

d. Aphids,

e. Red Spider Mite,

f. PlusiaLooper,

g. Mites

Diseases

Early blight,

Late blight,

Grey mould,

Leaf mould,

Powdery

Mildew,

Fruit rot,

Soft rot,

Bacterial canker,

Bacterial spot,

Bacterial speck,

Bacterial wilt,

Fusariumwilt,

Anthracnose,

Septorialleaf spot,

Yield (t/ha)

Conservative: 30

Average: 40 to 50

Good: 80+

2.6.17. Garlic

Climate

Frost tolerant. Cool conditions during vegetative growth and hot,

dry conditions nearing maturity, in early summer. Optimum

temperatures for growth are 12 to 24 °C, with monthly means

between 7 and 29 °C. Rainy spells in late spring and early summer

reduce quality, especially keeping quality. Bulb formation is

influenced by day length—grow short-day cultivars only

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Garlic.jpg

Soil

Sandy to clayey soils suitable.

Growth period

180 to 230 days from sowing

Sowing time

Ideal time possible time

- Feb–Mar Jan–Apr

Early sowings tend to produce larger bulbs, but more bolters

and split bulbs.

- Mid-February to mid-March plantings are advised for all

areas

- Transplant in May (Apr–Jun)

Spacing

50 to 80 mm x 200 to 400 mm

Seeding rate

2 to 2.5 kg for seed trays, 3 to 5 kg for seedbeds, 6 to 8 kg for

direct drilling

Planting


Fertilizer (kg/ha)


2:3:4(30) At planting 500 1 000


(or split, 4 and8 weeks)

Pests

b. Stem nematode

c. Bulb mites

d. Leek moth

Diseases

g. Penicilliummould

h. White rot

Yield (t/ha)


Average: 25 to 30

Good: 40+

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Research design

The problem that we are addressing in this research is to study the

Vegetable production and Technology in Somaliland specially Darar-

wayne area in district East of Hargeisa.

This research was composed of a case study that allowed us collection of

information and data about Vegetable production and Technology. Data

was gathered with in the same time frame from all respondents, and then

analyzed according to the research objectives to help establish the nature

of the relationship between the variables and the gathered data.

3.2. Research approach

This research derived its data by means of both questionnaire and

interview so data was used to answer questions that we asked our

objectives of the research. In this research a qualitative and quantitative

research strategy was applied. Based on the circumstances the study is

conducted, it will only be reasonably representative of its population.

3.3. Study location

This study took place in Darar-wayne in Hargeisa district, Somaliland.

The target was to know the Vegetable production and Technology its

marketing. And the reason that we choice for this area was is the best

place that Vegetable production can be cultivated well in Somaliland and

it is the area that we can get a number of farmers to share for more

information, because time and resource was limited.

3.4. Research techniques

The primary data of the study is collected from through questionnaires,

interviews. Therefore, in order to make the chosen research competent to

reflect research purpose and objectives the above mentioned instruments

are used during the data collection. And the people that suitable for

interview were people that are not educated, while the people those are

educated are good for questionnaire.

3.5. Sample design

The sample design that we are employed or used is explorative design

that characterized by flexibility and allows us to consider the different

aspects of the research and also the major areas of emphasis are

discovery of ideas and insights relating to the problems facing the

Vegetable production in Darar-wayne villages at the relevant.

3.6. Population of the study

The population of the study was farmers in Darar-wayne villages,

because of it is the area that Vegetable production is high in Somaliland

and is the production dominated by irrigation farms.

3.7. Sampling techniques

The sampling method we used was the convenience sampling method

(non- probability sampling ),because of lower cost of sampling lesser time

and effort involved in the process and allows the selection of samples

more related to the study and also it is the most efficiency sampling

method.

3.8. Instruments for data collection

3.8.1. Document analysis

The data were collected using questionnaires, interviews and documents

analysis guide. The questionnaire was preferred for its suitability to this

study. It was suitable as a method of data collection because it allowed

the researcher to reach a larger sample within limited time. It also

ensures confidentially and thus gathers more candid and objective

replies. The questionnaires were prepared farmers in the field.

3.8.2. Interviews

Face to face interviews of 20farmers involved to give detailed information

on the study. The interviews were administered to the farmers of high

average and low performing field with an aim of getting more information

on the vegetable production and technology. Responses from interviews

were recorded under headings emerging from interviews with the

interviewees.

3.8.3. Methods of data analysis

In the study were conducted. The farmers were better placed the data

collected from questionnaires was analyzed by the use of descriptive

statistics (frequencies and percentages). The descriptive analysis was

appropriate for this study because it involved the description, analysis

and interpretation of circumstances prevailing at the time of the study.

Data collected was analyzed according to the nature of the response.

Once the coding was completed the responses were transferred into a

summary sheet tabulating. This was then tallied to establish frequencies,

which were converted to percentage of the total number.

Data collected through questionnaire, was analyzed at three levels. Part

One General information regarding farmers for vegetable production was

presented in the form of tables and also charts (Bar and Pie Chart). Part

Two of questionnaires was analyzed by taking frequency occurrence and

percentages.

CHAPTER FOUR

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Table 1: The ages of the farmers

Age Frequency Percentage

15 – 30 6 30%

30 – 45 6 30%

45 – 55 7 35%

55 – 65 1 5%

Total 20 100%

Table 1: Shows that ages of the farmers in Darar-Weynbetween 45-55

(35%). This is also presented in the following figure.

Figure 1: Ages of Farmers

Table 2: The market of Vegetable production of Darar-Weyne Village

Market Normal Good low Total

Frequency 11 8 1 20

Percentage 55% 40% 5% 100%

Table 2: Indicates the ration of market value of Darar-weyn was normal (55%).

This is also presented in the following figure.

6 67

10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

15-30 30-45 45-55 55-65

15-30

30-45

45-55

55-65

Figure 2:The market of Vegetable production of Darar-Weyne Village.

Table 3: Comparing the soil textures for Vegetable production in Darar-

wayne Area

Soil Texture Sandy soil Loamy soil Silt soil All soil are good Total

Frequency 12 5 0 3 20

Percentage 60% 25% 0% 15% 100%

Table 3: Shows that soil texture in darar-weyne in majority is sandy soil

60%. This is also presented in the following figure.

Figure 3: Comparing the soil textures for Vegetable production in Darar-

wayne Area

11

8

10

2

4

6

8

10

12

Good Normal Low

Good

Normal

Low

12

5

03

Sandy Soil

Loamy Soil

Silt Soil

All Soils Are Good

Table 4: Seasonal requirement for Vegetable production in Darar-wayne

Area

Climate Hot Climate Cool Climate Middle climate Total

Frequency 5 4 11 20

Percentage 25% 20% 55% 100%

Table 4: Shows the majority of climatic requirements that 55% is middle

climate. This is also presented in the following figure.

Figure 4: Seasonal requirement for Vegetable production in Darar-wayne

Area

Table 5: Irrigation needs in Vegetable growing production

Level irrigation Much

irrigation

Low

irrigation

Middle

irrigation

Total

Frequency 15 2 3 20

Percentage 75% 10% 15% 100%

Table 5: shows that all farmers in Darar-Weyn are irrigated farms, this

also indicates that all vegetable grown are need 75% much irrigation.

This is also presented in the following figure.

54

11

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Hot Climate/Hot Temperature

Cool Climate/Cool Temperature

Middle Climate/Middle Temperature

Hot Climate/Hot Temperature Cool Climate/Cool Temperature

Middle Climate/Middle Temperature

Figure 5: Irrigation needs in Vegetable growing production

Question 6

What are the varieties of Vegetable that are grown in Darar-wayne

Area?

Onion, Cabbage, Carrot, Lettuce, Beetroot, Tomato.

Table 6: The seasonsthat are Vegetable harvested in Darar-wayne

in Area

Seasons Frequency Percentage

Spring season 2 10%

Winter season 2 10%

Summer season 13 75%

Autumn season 0 0%

All seasons 3 15%

Total 20 100%

Table 6: This table shows that vegetables are majority harvested

about 75% in summer season. This is also presented in the

following figure.

15

2 30

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Much Irrigation Low Irrigation Middle Irrigation

Much Irrigation Low Irrigation Middle Irrigation

Figure 6: The seasonsthat are Vegetable harvested in Darar-wayne

in Area

Question 10: The transplanting methods that they use for

Vegetable production.

They used for specific tools such as Garden Trowel, Shovel, Fork Jembe.

Table 7: Duration of storing seeds before sowing

Table 7: Shows that storing seeds before sowing 60% are none storing

seed while 30% storing for one week. This is also presented in the

following figure.

2 2

13

0

3

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Spring Season Winter Season Summer Season

Automn Season

All Season

Spring Season Winter Season Summer Season

Automn Season All Season

Time for storing Week Months None Total

Frequency 6 2 12 20

Percentage 30% 10% 60% 100%

Figure 7: Duration of storing seeds before sowing

Table 8: Transportation vehicles that they use for Vegetable

marketing

Vehicles Dyna Buses Other Total

Frequency 12 0 8 20

Percentage 60% 0% 40% 100%

Table 8: Shows transportation vehicles that they used for vegetable

marketing are 60% Dyne while other vehicles are 40%. This is also

presented in the following figure.

Figure 8:Transportation vehicles that they use for Vegetable

marketing

6

2

12

Weeks

Months

None

12

0

8

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Dyna Buses Others

Dyna

Buses

Others

Table 9:Maintaining outside help for Vegetable during time of

production, if they exist who are they?

Assistance Group Frequency Percentage

Ministry of agriculture 0 0%

Local NGOs 0 0%

International NGOs 0 0%

Extension NGOs 6 30%

None 14 70%

Total 20 100%

Table 9: Shows that outside helping are rarely assistance for 30% is

extension workers while 70% are not assistance (none). This is also


Figure 9: Maintaining outside help for Vegetable during time of

production.

Table 10: The yield that farm produces.

Yield production 2 boxes 3 Boxes Not accounted Total

Frequency 3 6 11 20

Percentage 15% 30% 55% 100%

Table 10: shows that 55% are not accounted while 45%

accounted. This is also presented in the following figure.

0 0 0

6

14

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Ministry Of Agriculture

Local NGOs International NGOs

Extension Workers

None

Ministry Of Agriculture

Local NGOs

International NGOs

Extension Workers

None

Figure 10: The yield that farm produces

Table 11: Types of fertilizers that they use forVegetable production

in their farms

Fertilizers Natural Chemicals Total

Frequency 9 11 20

Percentage 45% 55% 100%

Table 11: shows the fertilizers that 55% are used by chemicals

while 45% used by natural fertilizers (Manures).This is also


Figure 11: Types of fertilizers that they use for Vegetable

production in their farms.

3

6

11

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

2 Boxes or Bags 3 Boxes or Bags Not Counted

2 Boxes or Bags

3 Boxes or Bags

Not Counted

911

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Natural Fertilizers like Manure

Chemical Fertilizers

Natural Fertilizers like Manure

Chemical Fertilizers

Table 12: Method of water conveying in their farms

Irrigation By pipes By canals By hands Total

Frequency 18 2 0 20

Percentage 90% 10% 0% 100%

Table 12: shows the methods of water conveying which are 90%

irrigate by pipes and machines while 10% irrigate by canals. This

is also presented in the following figure.

Figure 12: Method of water conveying in their farms

Question 17: Weed control in Vegetable production andtheireffect:

Uprooting, sometimes we don’t control weed because poor economy

and the main effect is to reduce yield production.

Table 13: Types of labors in the field

Types of labours Hired Family Total

Frequency 12 8 20

Percentage 60% 40% 100%

Table 13: shows the labours that works in their fields, 60% are hired

labours while 40% are family labours. This is also presented in the

following figure.

18

20

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

By Pipes and Machines

By Canals By Hands

By Pipes and Machines

By Canals

By Hands

Figure 13: Types of labors in the field

Table 14:The profit that they get for their Vegetable production

Profit High Low Middle Total

Frequency 5 4 11 20

Percentage 25% 20% 55% 100%

Table 14: This table indicates that the profit they get for market

with their yield about 55% is middle while 25% is high and 20% is

low. This is also presented in the following figure.

Figure 14: The profit that they get for their Vegetable production

12

8

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Hired Family

Hired

Family

54

11

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

High Low Middle

High

Low

Middle

Table 15: The sellers of Vegetable that they produce in their farms

Sellers Your own Agent Brokers Relatives Total

Frequency 9 0 9 2 20

Percentage 45% 0% 45% 10% 100%

Table 15: indicates that sellers are majority divided two equally

sellers, one for his/her (own) is 45% and the other is brokers

about45% while 10% is relatives.This is also presented in the

following figure.

Figure 15: The sellers of Vegetable that they produce in their farms

Table 16: The favorable conditions that Vegetables are preferredin

their farms

Seasons Frequency Percentage

Spring 8 40%

Winter 4 20%

Summer 4 20%

Autumn 0 0%

All seasons 4 20%

total 20 100%

Table 16: shows that favorable condition 40% preferred spring seasons

while others are same preferred except autumn seasons. This is also


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9

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2

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Your Own Agent Brokers Relatives

Your Own

Agent

Brokers

Relatives

Figure 16: The favorable conditions that Vegetables are preferred in

their farms.

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4 4

0

4

0

1

2

3

4

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Spring Season

Winter Season

Summer Season

Autumn Season

All Seasons

Spring Season

Winter Season

Summer Season

Autumn Season

All Seasons

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1. Discussion

In the previous chapter, the researcher has presented the detailed results

of the instruments experimented during this study .Here critical analysis

of the results along with findings and recommendations are presented.

There are a number of research studies undertaken in the past in the

context of Vegetable production and technology; however, this study is

trying to build a new thesis in Somaliland context.

5.2. Findings

This research study aimed at finding out the Vegetable production and

technology. Research questions were developed to determine

competencies of the farmers. This is to find out how far these managing

competencies are practiced.

These researchers are mainly focusing on the Vegetable production and

technology, and described ‘one which vegetable production progress

further than might be expected from consideration of its intake’ various

researchers are continuing to measure vegetable production and

technology.

The statistical technique of quantitative and qualitative

research, which is adopted from the vegetable production and

technology researchers, in order to investigate various factors

that might influence vegetable production such as market,

labour, transport.

It was concluded that majority of farmers were in favor of

lower qualification academically as well as non-professionally,

because according to them these the way that we can improve

of their job effectiveness by done workshops.

5.3. Conclusion

Behind collecting all theseinformation in

thefourthsectionwemusthavetoconcludein this research

andwerecognizetheproblemsofthis thesis and we seek to resolve it as the

proper ways.

In this research werecollected 20 target peopleall 20 respondents

separatein both ages and educationallevels.Theobjective of this research

was to increasethe actual image and requirements ofvegetable production

and technology.

5.4. Recommendation

1. Governments of various countries must promote and encourage

vegetable seed production in a larger way by creating adequate

infrastructure and facilities. The private sector must be encouraged

to take up seed production of improved varieties of vegetables.

2. There shouldbegreater regional cooperation among the countries

of South Asia.

3. Different countries must promote integrated plant nutrient

application.

4. Delivery systems for fertilizer must be improved and strengthened.

5. Disbursement procedures need to be simplified and collection systems

improved.

6. Low-cost and more efficient farm implements must be designed as

labor-saving devices.

7. Small-scale irrigation systems and technology for optimum use of

irrigation water must be developed, and proper operation and

maintenance systems developed.

8. Extension capabilities on vegetable crops, deploying extension

specialists trained particularly in vegetables must be

strengthened.

9. Strengthening postharvest technology and the infrastructure for

handling and store', through low cost alternatives at the farm level

and through the of private sector investment for domestic and

export market must be given higher priority

10. Integrated pest management must be promoted for controlling

diseases and insect pests.

11. There should be regulations on the use of plant protection

chemicals to ensure the use of only safe pesticides.

12. Resources allocations for vegetable must be appropriately

increased.

Reference

Resource Centre, Directorate Agricultural Information Services Private Bag X144, Pretoria 0001, and South Africa or on the web at:

www.nda.agric.za/publications.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1359100/vegetable-farming#toc67899.

http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/vegetable/

http://www.nda.agric.za/publications

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1359100/vegetable-farming#toc67899

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1359100/vegetable-farming#toc67899

http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/vegetable/

________________________________________Appendix

RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE TO DESIGN

VEGETABLE PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY

Dear respondents

We are conducting a study about Vegetable production And Technology

in Darar-Wayne district Hargeisa Somaliland

Therefore, we kindly request from you to answer the following questions,

which help us to identify a baseline for the current standards of

Vegetable production andTechnology, its usage in the populations.

Sincerely,

YousufMatanAbdi and Fardus Mouse Du’ale

Gollis University of Hargeisa Somaliland

Email:[email protected]

MALE:

FEMALE:

1. How about your age?

A. 15-30

B. 30-45

C. 45-55

D. 55-65

2. How about the market of Vegetable production in Darar-wayne

Villages?

A. Good

B. Normal

C. Low

mailto:[email protected]

3. Which soil is good for Vegetable production in Darar-wayne

Area?

A. sandy soil

B. Loamy soil

C. silt soil

D. all soils are good

4. What is the climatic requirement of Vegetable production in

Darar-wayne Area?

A. Hot Climate/Hot Temperature

B. Cool Climate/Cool Temperature

C. Middle Temperature/Climate

5. How much irrigation is needed in Vegetable growing

production period?

A. Much Irrigation

B. Low Irrigation

C. Middle Irrigation

6. What are the varieties of Vegetable that are grown in Darar-

wayne Area?

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

7. What season of Vegetable harvested in Darar-wayne in Area?

A. Spring Season

B. Winter Season

C. Summer Season

D. Autumn Season

E. All Seasons

8. What are the transplanting methods that you use for Vegetable

production?

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

9. How long can be stored seed before sowing?

A. weeks

B. Months

C. None

10. How is seed bed prepared in your farms?

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

11. What are the transportation vehicles that you use for

Vegetable marketing?

A. Dyna

B. Buses

C. Others

12. How about the space of Vegetable trees and by rows in your

farm?

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

13. Is there any help for Vegetable problems during time of

production? If they are who they are?

A. Ministry of Agriculture

B. Local NGOs

C. International NGOs

D. Extension workers

E. None

14. How many boxes or bags can each plant produce?

A. 2 Boxes Or Bags

B. 3 Boxes Or Bags

C. Not Counted

15. What are the fertilizers that you use for Vegetable production

in your farm?

A. Natural Fertilizers Like Manure

B. Chemical Fertilizers

16. Which method you use for water conveying in your farm?

A. By Pipes And Machines

B. By Canals

C. By Hands

17. How about weed control in Vegetable production and cause of

it?

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

18. Who are the labors that work for your farm do you hired

them or your family?

A. Hired

B. Family

19. How about the profit that you get for your Vegetable

production?

A. High

B. Low

C. Middle

20. Who are the sellers of Vegetable that you produce in your

farm?

A. your own

B. Agent

C. Brokers

D. relatives

21. What is the favorable condition that Vegetable is more

production in your farm?

A. spring season

B. winter season

C. summer season

D. autumn season

E. all seasons

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