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Chapter OneChapter OneAn Introduction to NetworkingAn Introduction to Networking
Welcome to Networking and Telecommunications
Professor:
Ken Clifton, CISSP, MCSE, MCSD, MCDBA, Network+, A+, CTT+, CXE
Networks and Standalone Networks and Standalone ComputersComputers
NetworkNetwork Group of computers and other devices Group of computers and other devices
connected by some type of transmission mediaconnected by some type of transmission media Networks enable users to share devices and Networks enable users to share devices and
data, collectively called a network’s data, collectively called a network’s resourcesresources
Standalone computerStandalone computer Uses programs and data only from its local Uses programs and data only from its local
disks and is not connected to a networkdisks and is not connected to a network
SneakernetSneakernet
Method of sharing data by copying it to a disk Method of sharing data by copying it to a disk and carrying the disk from computer to computerand carrying the disk from computer to computer
Figure 1-1: Data sharing before the advent of networks
Local and Remote ComputersLocal and Remote Computers
Local computerLocal computer Computer on which user is workingComputer on which user is working
Remote computerRemote computer Computer that user controls or works on via Computer that user controls or works on via
network connectionnetwork connection
Peer-to-Peer NetworkPeer-to-Peer Network
Computers communicate on single segment of cable and Computers communicate on single segment of cable and share each other’s data and devicesshare each other’s data and devicesSimple example of a local area network (LAN)Simple example of a local area network (LAN)
Figure 1-2: Simple peer-to-peer network
Local Area Network (LAN)Local Area Network (LAN)
Network of computers and other devices Network of computers and other devices confined to relatively small spaceconfined to relatively small space
LANs involving many computers are LANs involving many computers are usually server-basedusually server-based On a On a server-based networkserver-based network, special , special
computers (known as computers (known as serversservers) process data ) process data for and facilitate communication between for and facilitate communication between other computers on the network (known as other computers on the network (known as clientsclients))
Networking BasicsNetworking Basics
WorkstationWorkstation Computer that typically runs a desktop Computer that typically runs a desktop
operating system and connects to a operating system and connects to a networknetwork
Client/server architectureClient/server architecture Networking model in which clients use Networking model in which clients use
central server to share applications, central server to share applications, devices, and datadevices, and data
The most common network architectureThe most common network architecture
Networking BasicsNetworking Basics
Client/server networkClient/server network Network based on client/server architectureNetwork based on client/server architecture
Network operating systemNetwork operating system Special software designed to manage data Special software designed to manage data
and other resources on a server for a number and other resources on a server for a number of clients.of clients.
Be prepared to identify examples of NOS(s)Be prepared to identify examples of NOS(s)
Advantages of Server-Based Advantages of Server-Based over Peer-to-Peer Networksover Peer-to-Peer Networks
User login accounts and passwords can be User login accounts and passwords can be assigned in one placeassigned in one place
Access to multiple shared resources can be Access to multiple shared resources can be centrally grantedcentrally granted
Servers are optimized to handle heavy Servers are optimized to handle heavy processing loads and dedicated to handling processing loads and dedicated to handling requests from clientsrequests from clients
Servers can connect more than a handful of Servers can connect more than a handful of computerscomputers
MANs and WANsMANs and WANs
Metropolitan area network (MAN)Metropolitan area network (MAN) Network connecting clients and servers in Network connecting clients and servers in
multiple buildings within limited geographic multiple buildings within limited geographic areaarea
Wide area network (WAN)Wide area network (WAN) Network that spans large distance and Network that spans large distance and
connects two or more LANsconnects two or more LANs The The InternetInternet is an example of a very intricate is an example of a very intricate
and extensive WAN that spans the globeand extensive WAN that spans the globe
Elements Common to AllElements Common to AllServer-Based NetworksServer-Based Networks
ClientClient In addition to referring to a computer on the In addition to referring to a computer on the
network, may also refers to human network, may also refers to human useruser of of client workstationclient workstation
Server – what differentiates a server?Server – what differentiates a server?WorkstationWorkstationNetwork interface card (NIC)Network interface card (NIC) Enables workstation to connect to the network Enables workstation to connect to the network
and communicate with other computersand communicate with other computers
Elements Common to AllElements Common to AllServer-Based NetworksServer-Based Networks
Figure 1-6: A network interface
card (NIC)
Network operating system (NOS)Network operating system (NOS) Be able to identify examples of NOS.Be able to identify examples of NOS.
HostHost Server that manages shared resourcesServer that manages shared resources
NodeNode Client, server, or other device that can Client, server, or other device that can
communicate over a network and that is communicate over a network and that is identified by a unique identifying number, identified by a unique identifying number, known as its network addressknown as its network address
Elements Common to AllElements Common to AllServer-Based NetworksServer-Based Networks
Elements Common to AllElements Common to AllServer-Based NetworksServer-Based Networks
TopologyTopology Physical Physical
layout of layout of computer computer networknetwork
Figure 1-7: Commonly used network topologies
Elements Common to AllElements Common to AllServer-Based NetworksServer-Based Networks
ProtocolProtocol Rules network uses to transfer dataRules network uses to transfer data
Data PacketsData Packets The distinct units of data transmitted from one The distinct units of data transmitted from one
computer to another on a networkcomputer to another on a network
Elements Common to AllElements Common to AllServer-Based NetworksServer-Based Networks
AddressingAddressing Scheme for assigning unique identifying Scheme for assigning unique identifying
number to every workstation on networknumber to every workstation on network The number that uniquely identifies each The number that uniquely identifies each
workstation and device on a network is its workstation and device on a network is its addressaddress
Elements Common to AllElements Common to AllServer-Based NetworksServer-Based Networks
Transmission Transmission mediamedia Means Means
through through which data which data are are transmitted transmitted and receivedand received
Figure 1-8: Examples of network transmission media
How Networks Are UsedHow Networks Are Used
ServicesServices Features provided by a networkFeatures provided by a network
File and print servicesFile and print services
Application services (not in text)Application services (not in text)
Communications servicesCommunications services
Mail servicesMail services
Internet servicesInternet services
Management servicesManagement services
Network ServicesNetwork Services
File servicesFile services Refers to capability of a server to share data Refers to capability of a server to share data
files, applications, and disk storage spacefiles, applications, and disk storage space Server that provides file services is called a Server that provides file services is called a
file serverfile server
Print servicesPrint services Allows printers to be shared by several users Allows printers to be shared by several users
on a networkon a network
Network ServicesNetwork Services
Application servicesApplication services Database servers, voice mail, terminal services, etc.Database servers, voice mail, terminal services, etc. Actually running a program.Actually running a program.
Communications servicesCommunications services Allow remote users to connect to a networkAllow remote users to connect to a network
Remote userRemote user Person working on a computer in a different geographical Person working on a computer in a different geographical
location from the LAN’s serverlocation from the LAN’s server Communications serverCommunications server
Server that runs communications servicesServer that runs communications services
Also referred to as Also referred to as access serversaccess servers and and remote access remote access serversservers
Network ServicesNetwork Services
Mail servicesMail services Coordinate storage and transfer of e-mail between Coordinate storage and transfer of e-mail between
users on a networkusers on a network
Gateway servicesGateway services Combination of software and hardware enabling two Combination of software and hardware enabling two
different kinds of networks to exchange datadifferent kinds of networks to exchange data
Internet servicesInternet services Enable networks to communicate with the InternetEnable networks to communicate with the Internet
Network ServicesNetwork Services
Management servicesManagement services Centrally administer and simplify complicated Centrally administer and simplify complicated
management tasks on the networkmanagement tasks on the network Numerous services fall under category of Numerous services fall under category of
network managementnetwork management
Important Management Important Management ServicesServices
Traffic monitoring and controlTraffic monitoring and control TrafficTraffic
Data transmission and processing activity taking Data transmission and processing activity taking place on a computer network at any given timeplace on a computer network at any given time
SegmentSegmentPart of LAN that is logically separated from other Part of LAN that is logically separated from other parts of LAN and that shares fixed amount of parts of LAN and that shares fixed amount of traffic capacitytraffic capacity
Important Management Important Management ServicesServices
Load balancing (aka. Clustering)Load balancing (aka. Clustering) Distributing process activity evenly across a Distributing process activity evenly across a
network so that no single device is network so that no single device is overwhelmedoverwhelmed
Hardware diagnosis and failure alertHardware diagnosis and failure alert Determining when a network component Determining when a network component
fails and automatically notifying network fails and automatically notifying network administrators through e-mail or pageradministrators through e-mail or pager
Important Management Important Management ServicesServices
Asset managementAsset management Collecting and storing data on number and Collecting and storing data on number and
types of software and hardware assets in an types of software and hardware assets in an organization’s networkorganization’s network
License trackingLicense tracking Determining how many copies of a single Determining how many copies of a single
application are currently in use on a networkapplication are currently in use on a network
Important Management Important Management ServicesServices
Security auditingSecurity auditing Evaluating what security measures are Evaluating what security measures are
currently in force and notifying network currently in force and notifying network administrator if a security breach occursadministrator if a security breach occurs
Software distributionSoftware distribution Automatically transferring data file or program Automatically transferring data file or program
from the server to a client on the networkfrom the server to a client on the network
Important Management Important Management ServicesServices
Address managementAddress management Centrally administering a finite number of Centrally administering a finite number of
network addresses for an entire LANnetwork addresses for an entire LAN
Backup and restoration of dataBackup and restoration of data Backing upBacking up
Copying critical files to a secure storage areaCopying critical files to a secure storage area RestoringRestoring
Retrieving data if original files are lost or deletedRetrieving data if original files are lost or deleted
Mastering the Technical Mastering the Technical ChallengesChallenges
Specialty areas in high demand for Specialty areas in high demand for networking professionals:networking professionals: Network securityNetwork security Internet and intranet designInternet and intranet design Network managementNetwork management Voice/data integrationVoice/data integration
* Consider what is easiest to outsource in this * Consider what is easiest to outsource in this environment (programming or networking)?environment (programming or networking)?
Mastering the Technical Mastering the Technical ChallengesChallenges
Specialty areas in high demand for Specialty areas in high demand for networking professionals (cont.):networking professionals (cont.): Data integrity and fault toleranceData integrity and fault tolerance In-depth knowledge of Microsoft networking In-depth knowledge of Microsoft networking
productsproducts In-depth knowledge of NetWare networking In-depth knowledge of NetWare networking
productsproducts In-depth knowledge of router configuration In-depth knowledge of router configuration
and managementand management
Pursuing CertificationPursuing Certification
CertificationCertification Process of mastering material pertaining to a Process of mastering material pertaining to a
particular hardware system, operating system, particular hardware system, operating system, programming language, or other software programming language, or other software program, then proving your mastery by passing program, then proving your mastery by passing a series of examsa series of exams
Computer Technology Association Computer Technology Association (CompTIA)(CompTIA) An association that sets industry-wide An association that sets industry-wide
standards for computer professionalsstandards for computer professionals
Pursuing CertificationPursuing Certification
A+ A+ Certification established by CompTIACertification established by CompTIA Verifies knowledge about PC operation, repair, Verifies knowledge about PC operation, repair,
and managementand management
Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE)(MCSE) Certification established by MicrosoftCertification established by Microsoft Demonstrates in-depth knowledge about Demonstrates in-depth knowledge about
Microsoft’s productsMicrosoft’s products Current Counts: Current Counts:
http://www.microsoft.com/learning/mcp/certified.asphttp://www.microsoft.com/learning/mcp/certified.asp
Pursuing CertificationPursuing Certification
Certified NetWare Engineer (CNE)Certified NetWare Engineer (CNE) Certification established by NovellCertification established by Novell Demonstrates in-depth understanding of Novell’s Demonstrates in-depth understanding of Novell’s
networking softwarenetworking software
Network+ (Net+)Network+ (Net+) Certification established by CompTIACertification established by CompTIA Verifies broad, vendor-independent networking Verifies broad, vendor-independent networking
technology skillstechnology skills
CCNA and CCIE Cisco CertificationCCNA and CCIE Cisco CertificationCISSP – ISC2 International Information Systems CISSP – ISC2 International Information Systems Security ConsortiumSecurity Consortium
Pursuing CertificationPursuing Certification
Benefits of becoming certified include:Benefits of becoming certified include: Better salaryBetter salary Greater opportunitiesGreater opportunities Professional respectProfessional respect Access to better supportAccess to better support
Chapter SummaryChapter Summary
A Network is a group of computers or other A Network is a group of computers or other devices connected by some type of devices connected by some type of transmission mediatransmission mediaNetworks may be small or large, connecting Networks may be small or large, connecting computers in one office or across the worldcomputers in one office or across the worldAll networks offer advantages relative to the All networks offer advantages relative to the use of standalone computersuse of standalone computersSimplest form of a network still used today Simplest form of a network still used today connects a handful of computers through one connects a handful of computers through one cable and uses peer-to-peer communicationcable and uses peer-to-peer communication
Chapter SummaryChapter Summary
A LAN is a network of computers and other A LAN is a network of computers and other devices confined to a relatively small spacedevices confined to a relatively small spaceA WAN is a network connecting two or more A WAN is a network connecting two or more geographically distinct LANsgeographically distinct LANsAll server-based networks share some common All server-based networks share some common elementselementsThe physical layout of a computer network is The physical layout of a computer network is called a topologycalled a topologyNetwork protocols are rules the network uses to Network protocols are rules the network uses to transfer datatransfer data
Chapter SummaryChapter Summary
File and print services provide foundation for File and print services provide foundation for networkingnetworking
Communications services allow remote users to Communications services allow remote users to connect to the networkconnect to the network
Mail services allow networks users to exchange Mail services allow networks users to exchange and store e-mailand store e-mail
Internet services enable organizations to connect Internet services enable organizations to connect to the Internetto the Internet
Network management services centrally Network management services centrally administer and simplify complicated management administer and simplify complicated management tasks on networktasks on network