Chapter One Abnormal Behavior. 9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

30
Chapter One Abnormal Behavior

Transcript of Chapter One Abnormal Behavior. 9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Page 1: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Chapter One Abnormal Behavior

Page 3: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

An example…

• Virginia Tech Massacre Assailant– What did he do? (27 k, 35 w)– Was it abnormal? – Why did he do it? – Could it have been stopped?

Page 4: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Definition

Abnormal Psychology is the

Scientific study

of strange or unusual behavior

in order to

describe, explain, predict, & control them.

Page 5: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Describe

A psychological or psychiatric evaluation determines whether a person has:

–Lost contact with reality–Experiences hallucinations or delusions– Is a danger to himself or others ***

Page 6: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Explain

A psychological or psychiatric evaluation looks for causes of the behavior: – Drugs/alcohol– Biological problems (brain tumor or chemicals)

– Social adjustment (friends, cultural differences)

Page 7: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

PredictionA psychological or psychiatric evaluation

tries to predict the behavior in the: – Individual, using his background information. – Others, who have similar backgrounds.

Page 8: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Control

Psychologists can control abnormal behavior through:

–Therapy–Hospitalization

Page 9: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Determining Abnormality• Psychologists use the Diagnostic and Statistical

Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)– Most widely used classification system

• DSM-IV defines abnormal behavior as: – “clinically significant behavioral or psychological

syndrome or pattern that is associated with present distress or disability or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability or loss of freedom” (APA, 2000)

Page 10: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Definition simplified:

A behavior that departs

from some norm and

that harms the affected

individual or others.

Page 11: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Determining Abnormality• Important questions to ask:

– Distress? -- affect ability to function?– Deviance? -- rare? Culture? Situation?– Dysfunction? -- sudden? Living up to abilities?

– Dangerous? – to herself or others?

Page 12: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Contextual and Cultural Limitations

• Culture:

– Shared learned behavior transmitted from generation to generation

– Culture is a powerful determinant of how behavior is defined and treated

Page 13: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Debate:

• Cultural Universality vs. Cultural Relativism:

Origins, processes, and manifestation of

disorders are the same across cultures

What is normal/abnormal may vary from

culture to culture

What is universal in human behavior?

How do cultural norms, values, & attitudes relate to behavior disorders?

Page 14: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Psychiatric Epidemiology

Study of Abnormal Behaviors and factors that contribute to them.

Page 15: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

…which includes…

• Prevalence: – Percentage of people in a population with a

disorder at a given time• Lifetime Prevalence:

– Total proportion of people in a population who have ever had a disorder

• Incidence: – Onset or occurrence of a disorder over a

period of time

Page 16: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Mental Disorders in America

National Institute of Mental Health

EXCELLENT resource for “Disorders Workbook” information…

Page 17: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Frequency of Mental Disorders

• Gender Differences:– Major depression is twice as common in

women.– The lifetime prevalence rate of alcohol

dependence : twice as high in men– Antisocial personality disorder: three times

as high in men. – No gender differences in schizophrenia and

bipolar disorder.

Page 18: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Burden of Mental Disorders

• Cost and burden to society is great: – At least 30% of adult Americans and 20% of

American children suffer from diagnosable disorder.

– By 2020, neuropsychiatric disorders in children will increase 50%

– Mental illness ranks higher than cancer and other malignant diseases in how in affects individual health and productivity.

Page 19: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Stereotypes

Common Myths about the mentally ill.

They…

…are always recognizable by their deviant behavior.

…have inherited their disorder.

…are incurable.

…are weak.

..suffer from a deficit.

…are unstable and potentially dangerous.

Page 20: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Historical Perspectives

• Prehistoric and Ancient Beliefs: – Demonology

treated by trephining or exorcism

Page 21: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Historical Perspectives• Greco-Roman: Naturalistic Explanations

– Hippocrates believed deviant behavior caused by brain pathology, the dysfunction of brain

Hippocrates first introduced the

concept of disturbed physiology (organic

processes or functions) as the

basis for all illnesses, mental and physical.

Page 22: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Historical Perspectives

• Middle Ages:

– Back to supernatural explanations– Witchcraft:

• A group of young girls in Salem Village, Massachusetts began to display unusual behaviors: convulsive seizures, blasphemous screaming, and trance-like states. The physicians could find no physiological cause for the disturbing behaviors so the community reasoned that it must be the work of Satan and the girls must be witches. (Source: Eyewitnesstohistory.com)

Salem, Massachusetts

Page 23: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Historical Perspectives• The Renaissance:

In 1492, St. Mary of Bethlem, aka "Bedlam", opened to receive mental patients in England and was famous for it's inhumane treatment of the mentally ill.

"The Rakes Progress", by William Hogarh

Page 24: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Historical Perspectives– The rise of humanism

• 1793 Philippe Pinel/William Tuke removed the chains from patients to promote more humane treatment of the mentally ill.

• 1808 Franz Gall wrote about phrenology (the idea that a person's skull shape and placement of bumps on the head can reveal personality traits.

• 1834 Ernst Heinrich Weber published his perception theory of 'Just Noticeable Difference,' now known as Weber's Law (sensory research.)

Page 25: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Dorothea Dix• Instrumental in lobbying for and helping

establish: • first state mental

hospital in Illinois (1847) • First mental institution in

Raleigh, NC, (1849).• first public mental hospital

in Pennsylvania (1853).• …to name a few…

Page 26: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Early Causes/Treatments

• Biological Viewpoint (physical basis)– Kraepelin

• Symptoms occur in clusters (syndromes) to represent mental disorders, each with a unique cause, course, and outcome.

• Classified mental disorders based on organic causes: metabolic disturbance, endocrine difficulty, brain disease, heredity

• Evolved into DSM (now Version IV-TR) of the APA

Page 27: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Early Causes/Treatments• Psychological:

– Mesmerism, Charcot (The Nancy School) , Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud all used mesmerism/hypnotism for the treatment of hysteria. Freud gave it up quickly.

– Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud: Relief by talking about traumatic experiences• Cathartic method: Therapeutic use of verbal

expression to release pent-up emotional conflicts

Page 28: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Causes: Early Viewpoints• Behavioral:

– Stressed conditions that evoke, reinforce, extinguish directly observable behaviors

– Rooted in laboratory science– Remember John Watson? B. F. Skinner?

Albert Bandura?

Page 29: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Contemporary Trends• The Drug Revolution:

– “one of the great medical advances of the 20th century” (Sue, et al.)

– Started with lithium (1949), then Thorazine. – Reduces symptoms so therapy would work.– Only Psychologists in AZ – NM, LA, OR allow

psychologists to prescribe. – Success of psychopharmacology spawned

new interest in brain-behavior relationship

Page 30: Chapter One Abnormal Behavior.  9Ug54M 9Ug54M.

Implications• The study of abnormal psychology is complex

and influenced by historical time• No single explanation fits all situations• Multipath model is necessary in attempting to

understand such complex processes• Multipath model consists of following factors:

– Biological– Psychological – Psychodynamic, behavioral,

cognitive, humanism– Social – families, environment– Sociocultural