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Chapter 26
Tradition and Change in East Asia
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The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
n Ming (“Brilliant”) dynasty comes to power after Mongol Yuan dynasty driven out
n Founded by Emperor Hongwu (r. 1368-1398) n Used traveling officials called mandarins and
large number of eunuchs to maintain control n Emperor Yongle (r. 1403-1424) experiments with
sea expeditions, moves capital north to Beijing to deter Mongol attacks
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Ming China, 1368-1644
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The Great Wall
n Origins before fourth century B.C.E., ruins from Qin dynasty in third century B.C.E.
n Rebuilt under Ming rule, fifteenth to sixteenth century
n 1,550 miles, 33-49 feet high q Guard towers q Room for housing soldiers
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The Great Wall of China
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Eradicating the Mongol Past Eradicating the Mongol Past
n Ming emperors encourage abandonment of Ming emperors encourage abandonment of
Mongol names, dress n
Support study of Confucian classics Civil service examinations renewed
6
n
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Ming Decline Ming Decline
Sixteenth century, maritime pirates harm coastal trade
n Navy, government unable to respond effectively Navy, government unable to respond effectively n Emperors secluded in Forbidden City, palace Emperors secluded in Forbidden City, palace
compound in Beijing compound in Beijing q q Hedonists Hedonists q Emperor Wanli (r. 1572-1620) abandons imperial
activity to eunuchs activity to eunuchs
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Ming Collapse
n Famine, peasant rebellions in early seventeenth century
n n
n
Famine, peasant rebellions in early seventeenth
Manchu fighters enter from the north and retake century city
n n
Rebels take Beijing in 1644 n n Establish Qing (“Pure”) Dynasty
Manchu fighters enter from the north and retake 8 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
The Qing Empire, 1644-1911
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The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
n Manchus originally pastoral nomads, north of Great Wall
n Chieftain Nurhaci (r. 1616-1626) unifies tribes into state, develops laws, military
n Establishes control over Korea, Mongolia, China q War with Ming loyalists to 1680 q Support from many Chinese, fed up with Ming corruption
n Manchus forbid intermarriage, study of Manchu language by Chinese; force Manchu hairstyles as sign of loyalty
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Emperor Kangxi (r. 1661-1722)
n Confucian scholar, poet n Military conquests: island of Taiwan, Tibet,
central Asia n Grandson Emperor Qianlong (r. 1736-1795)
n
Confucian scholar, poet n
Military conquests: island of Taiwan, Tibet, q Great prosperity, tax collection cancelled on several central Asia
occasions
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The “Son of Heaven”
Ming, Qing emperors considered quasi-divine n Hundreds of concubines, thousands of eunuch
servants n Clothing designs and name characters forbidden
to rest of population n The kowtow: three bows, nine head-knocks The kowtow: three bows, nine head-knocks
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The Scholar-Bureaucrats
essay writing q
Also: history, literature n Graduates from intense civil service examinations q Open only to men q Curriculum: Confucian classics, calligraphy, poetry,
essay writing q Also: history, literature
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The Civil Service Examinations
n District, provincial, and metropolitan levels District, provincial, and metropolitan levels n Only 300 allowed to pass at highest level q Only 300 allowed to pass at highest level
n q
for three-day uninterrupted examinations Multiple attempts common Students searched for printed materials before entering private cells
n
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Examination System and Society
Qing dynasty: One million degree holders compete for 20,000 government positions q Remainder turn to teaching, tutoring positions
n Some corruption, cheating n Advantage for wealthy classes: hiring private
tutors, etc. n n But open to all, tremendous opportunity for social
mobility mobility
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The Patriarchal Family The Patriarchal Family
n Filial piety understood as duty of child to parent; Filial piety understood as duty of child to parent; individual to emperor
individual to emperor n
Eldest son favored n
Clan-based authority groups augment government
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Gender Relations
n Males receive preferential status Males receive preferential status n n Economic factor: girls join husband’s family
Economic factor: girls join husband’s family q
Infanticide common n
Widows strongly encouraged not to remarry q
Chaste widows honored with ceremonial arches n
Men control divorce q Grounds: from infidelity to talking too much
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Foot Binding
Origins in Song dynasty (960-1279 CE) n Linen strips bind and deform female child’s feet n Perceived aesthetic value
Perceived aesthetic value n Statement of social status and/or expectations n Statement of social status and/or expectations
q
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Woman with Bound Feet
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Population Growth and Economic Development Population Growth and Economic
n
Only 11% of China arable n Intense, garden-style agriculture necessary n n American food crops introduced in seventeenth
Only 11% of China arable century q n Maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts
n Intense, garden-style agriculture necessary Rebellion and war reduce population in seventeenth century n q Offset by increase due to American crops American food crops introduced in seventeenth
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Chinese Population Growth
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Foreign Trade
n Silk, porcelain, tea, lacquerware n Chinese in turn import relatively little
q Spices, animal skins, woolen textiles n Pay for exports with silver bullion from Americas n After Emperor Yongle’s early maritime
expeditions (1405-1433), Ming dynasty abandons large-scale maritime trade plans q In part to appease southern populations
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Trade in Southeast Asia
n Chinese merchants continue to be active in southeast Asia, especially Manila
n Extensive dealings with Dutch VOC
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Government and Technology n During Tang and Song dynasties (seventh to
thirteenth century), China a world leader in technology
n Stagnates during Ming and Qing dynasties q European cannons purchased, based on early Chinese
invention of gunpowder n Government suppressed technological
advancement, fearing social instability would result q Mass labor over productivity
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Classes in Chinese Society
n Privileged classes q Scholar-bureaucrats, gentry q Distinctive clothing with ranks q Immunity from some legal proceedings, taxes, labor service
n Working classes q Peasants, artisans/workers, merchants q Confucian doctrine gives greatest status to peasants q Merchant activity not actively supported
n Lower classes q Military, beggars, slaves
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Neo-Confucianism
n Version of Confucian thought promoted by Zhu Xi (1130-1200 C.E.) q Confucian morality with Buddhist logic
n Education at various levels promoted q Hanlin Academy, Beijing q Provincial schools
n Compilation of massive Yongle Encyclopedia n Development of popular novels as well
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Christianity in China
n Nestorian and Roman Catholic Christians had presence in China q Disappeared with plague and social chaos of fourteenth
century n Jesuits return under Matteo Ricci (1552-1610),
attempt to convert Ming Emperor Wanli q Mastered Chinese before first visit in 1601 q Brought western mechanical technology
n Prisms, harpsichords, clocks
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Confucianism and Christianity
n Argued that Christianity was consistent with Confucianism q Differences due to neo-Confucian distortions
n Yet few converts in China q Approximately 200,000 mid-eighteenth century, about 0.08
percent of population q Christian absolutism difficult for Chinese to accept
n Franciscans and Dominicans convince pope that Jesuits compromising Christianity with Chinese traditions (e.g. ancestor worship)
n Emperor Kangxi bans Christian preaching in China
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The Unification of Japan
q Shoguns rule Japan, twelfth to sixteenth century q Large landholders with private armies q Emperor merely a figurehead q Constant civil war: sixteenth century sengoku, “country
at war” n
n
Tokugawa Ieyasu (r. 1600-1616) establishes military government q Bakufu: “tent government” q q Establishes Tokugawa dynasty (1600-1867)
Bakufu: “tent government”
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Tokugawa Japan, 1600-1867
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Control of Daimyo (“Great Names”)
n Approximately 260 powerful territorial lords q Independent militaries, judiciaries, schools, foreign
n Approximately 260 powerful territorial lords From capital Edo (Tokyo), shogun requires “alternate attendance”: daimyo forced to spend every other year q
q Independent militaries, judiciaries, schools, foreign relations, etc. n
From capital Edo (Tokyo), shogun requires “alternate attendance”: daimyo forced to spend every other year at court q
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Economic Growth in Japan
n End of civil conflict contributes to prosperity n
End of civil conflict contributes to prosperity
n agricultural production New crop strains and irrigation systems improve n agricultural production Yet population growth moderate q
n
q Contraception, late marriage, abortion
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Population Growth
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1600 1700 1850
Millions
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Social Change
n n
End of civil disturbances create massive unemployment of daimyo, samurai warriors n
Encouraged to join bureaucracy, scholarship n
Many declined to poverty n Urban wealthy classes develop from trade activity
n
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Neo-Confucianism in Japan Neo-Confucianism in Japan
n Chinese cultural influence extends through n
Chinese cultural influence extends through Tokugawa period
n Chinese language essential to curriculum n n
Zhu Xi and neo-Confucianism remains popular n “Native learning” also popular in eighteenth
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Floating Worlds (ukiyo)
n Urban culture expressed in entertainment, pleasure industries
n Urban culture expressed in entertainment, Marked contrast to solemn bakufu proceedings pleasure industries q n Ihara Saikaku (1642-1693), The Life of a Man Who
Marked contrast to solemn bakufu proceedings q Ihara Saikaku (1642-1693), The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love n
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Christianity in Japan
Jesuit Francis Xavier in Japan, 1549 n Remarkable success among daimyo
q Daimyo also hoping to establish trade relations with Europeans
n Government backlash q Fear of foreign intrusion q Confucians, Buddhists resent Christian absolutism Confucians, Buddhists resent Christian absolutism n
Anti-Christian campaign 1587-1639 restricts Christianity, executes staunch Christians q
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Persecution of Catholics
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Dutch Learning
Japanese scholars study Dutch to approach European science, medicine, and art European science, medicine, and art
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