chapter

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CHAPTER OUTLINE

•Factors that influence personality•The Social Self •Agents of Socialization

5SOCIALIZATION

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4-25-1 Nature v Nurture

– Interaction of heredity and environment shape human development

– Parents must concern themselves with children’s social development as well

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4-3Factors influencing personality

█Heredity

█Birth Order

█Parents

█Culture

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4-4Factors Influencing Personality

█Heredity or Environment?– Studies of Identical Twins

• Intelligence tests show:

Similar scores when twins are reared apart in roughly similar social settings

Quite different scores when twins are reared apart in dramatically different social settings

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4-5Parents

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4-6Parents

Hands off or on

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4-7Impact of Isolation

– Shyness / Introversion / Anti-social

– The “forbidden experiment”

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4-8The story of “Genie”What happens when

someone has NO socialization?

Nature: Wouldn’t matter

Nurture: Serious problems

Video Clip of Genie

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4-9Institutionalization

█Lack of social interaction in these facilities have shown to create social and psychological developmental delays.

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4-10Isolation

– Appalachian Mountain regions

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4-115-2 The Social Self

█Socialization: interactive process by which people learn the skills, beliefs, values, etc of their culture.

█“Self”: distinct identity that sets us apart from others

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4-12The Social Self - Theories

█John Locke’s Tabula Rasa

–Human are born with a clean slate (no personality)

–Their upbringing fills the slate through socialization

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4-13The Social Self - Theories

Charles Cooley: Looking-Glass Self

• We learn who we are by interacting with others

• Our view of ourselves (good & bad) comes from impressions of how we think others perceive us

• The self is the product of our social interactions with other people

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4-14Looking-Glass Self

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4-15Looking-Glass Self

Image

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4-16Looking-Glass Self

Image

Signals / Messages

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4-17Looking-Glass Self

Image

Signals / Messages

•Smart•Dumb•Ugly•Pretty•Weird•Etc.

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4-18Looking-Glass Self

OMG !I’m ugly.

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4-19The Social Self - Theories

Role Taking: process of mentally assuming the perspective of another

• Generalized Others: attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that child takes into account

• Significant Others: Individuals most important in the development of the self

█George Herbert Mead: Role Taking

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4-20The Social Self - Theories

Continued...

• Prep/Imitation Stage: children imitate people around them.

█ Mead: Role Taking Stages

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4-21The Social Self - Theories

Continued...

• Play Stage: children develop skills in communicating through symbols and role taking. (Ex. cops & robbers)

█ Mead: Role Taking Stages

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4-22The Social Self - Theories

Continued...

• Game Stage: children of about 8 or 9 consider several actual tasks and relationships simultaneously (Ex. Boss)

█ Mead: Role Taking Stages

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4-235-3 Agents of Socialization

– Role of family in socializing a child cannot be overestimated

– Cultural Influences

– The Impact of Race and Gender

█Family

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4-24Agents of Socialization

– As children grow older, peer groups increasingly assume the role of Mead’s significant others.

█Peer Group

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4-25Agents of Socialization

– Schools teach children values and customs of the larger society

– Schools traditionally socialized children into conventional gender roles

█School

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4-26Agents of Socialization

– Changing norms / values

– Sex

– Violence

– Multitasking

– Keep up w/Jones’

– Internet

█Mass Media and Technology

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4-27Agents of Socialization

– Learning to behave appropriately within occupational setting is fundamental aspect of human socialization

Level of teenage employment in U.S. is highest among industrial nations

█ Workplace

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4-28Agents of Socialization

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4-29Agents of Socialization

– The family’s protective function steadily transferred to outside agencies in 20th century

– “The state” took over many of the traditional family functions

█ The Government

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4-30Socialization and the Life

Course

█ReSocialization– Total Institution: institution—prison,

military, mental hospital, or convent—that regulates all aspects of a person’s life under a single authority