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CHAPTER CHAPTER
Major Network Major Network Functional Functional
ArchitecturesArchitectures
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Chapter Objectives• Discuss the characteristics, features etc of
Peer-to-peer and client-server networks• Discuss the emerging concept of thin-
clients• Examine the network operating system in
terms of the client and sever components• Provide an overview of the desirable
characteristics of the server and client hardware
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Chapter Modules
• Peer-to-Peer Networks• Client-Server Networks • Server and Client Operating
Systems• An Overview of Client and Server
Hardware
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Key Words
• Peer-to-peer, client-server• User level security, resource level
security• hard-resource and soft resource
sharing • scope
– file/folder level access control (client-server)
– folder level access control (peer-to-peer)
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MODULE
Peer-to-Peer Network Architecture
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Questions
• What are the characterizing features of peer-to-peer architecture?
• Name some application areas of peer-to-peer architecture?
• What are the two different types of access controls that could be imposed on peer-to-peer networks? Focus on the networks that could be set up with Windows 9x and the Windows 2000 or the Windows XP Client operating systems?
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Peer-to-Peer Configuration
WorkstationWorkstation Printer
• Share and share alike among peer stations• Absence of a server
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Characteristics of a Peer-to-Peer Network
• Simple and inexpensive• Each user
– Manages his or her resources on workstation
– User is also the administrator of his or her resources
• Multi-user applications cannot be implemented
• Limited potential for expansion in terms of applications
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Security
• Limited security– If an operating system such as Windows
9x is used for setting the peer-to-peer network
– Uses FAT32• Better Security
– If an operating system such as Windows XP is used for setting the peer-to-peer network
– Uses NTFS
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Peer-to-Peer Implementation
• Any number of computers can be connected as long as they are not used for multi-user applications– An example of a multi-user application
is the SQL database application
• Limiting factor – Narrow scope of directory
implementation and peripheral sharing
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Peer-to-Peer Sharing
• Simple sharing of resources• Share
– Files– Printers– Sharing an Internet connection– etc.
• Simple messaging • Unsuitable for multi-user business applications• Limited number of connections and limited
sharing
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Windows XP Professional
• File and printer sharing• A web server could also be run on
an XP client– However, the connection is limited to
only 10 concurrent users
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Limitations in Windows
• Windows XP– 10 concurrent users at any time
• Windows Home Edition– 5 concurrent users at any time
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Peer-to-Peer OS
• Windows 7• Windows Vista• Windows XP• Linux
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Printer(Password)
Typical Peer-to-Peer Security
Folder(Password)
Network
Workstation (Name)
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Peer-to-Peer Security
• No administrator to administer the overall security of the network resources
• Resources are independently administered by the user on each peer computer (client)
• No centralized control on the resources
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Operating Systems Supporting Peer-to-Peer
Networking
• Nearly all the client operating systems of today support peer-to-peer networking
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Operating Systems Supporting Peer-to-Peer
Networking
• Support for peer-to-peer networking is built into the newer desktop operating systems– Windows 98/95/Me– Windows NT Workstation– Windows 2000 Professional – Windows XP Professional – Windows Vista– Windows 7– Ubuntu Linux (Server and Client OS)– Fedora Linux– Macintosh OS
• A network operating system per se is not required for implementing the peer-to-peer network
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Peer-to-Peer Networks
Peer-to-Peer Networks
Windows 9X Windows NT WorkstationWindows 2000 ProfessionalWindows XP Professional
Windows Vista
Share-level accesscontrol
User-level accesscontrol
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Peer-to-Peer Networks Based on Windows 9x
• Only share level access control is possible– Access to a resource such as a printer, for
example, can be controlled based on passwords only and not based on user names
• User level access control is not possible where access to the resources could be controlled based on user names– Each user may be given a different type of
access to the resource
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A Note on Windows NT, Windows 2000 and
Windows XP
• It is possible to configure peer-to-peer networks with Windows NT Workstation, Windows 2000 Professional, Windows XP Professional, and Windows 7
• Such networks offer better security compared to the same configured with Windows 95/98
• User-level access control is enforced in this case
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File Systems
• Windows– FAT32– NTFS 5.0
• Linux– .ext2
• Mac OS– HFS – older version – HFS+ - Later version
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Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networks
(Windows 2000/XP Based)
Printer(User)
Folder(User)
Network
Workstation (User)
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Peer-to-Peer Sharing of Hard and Soft Resources:
An Example
Folder(Password)
Printer(Password)
Network
Workstation (Name)
Share by attaching as alogical printer to localstation
Shareby accessingat location orcopying to local station
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END OF MODULEEND OF MODULE
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MODULEMODULE
Client-Server Network Architecture
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A Typical Client-Server Physical Architecture
Client Client
ServerPrinter
Note: This is simply a physical client-server architecture.
File ServerApplication ServerThin-client Server
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Logical Client-Server Application Architectures
• File server• Application server• Thin-client
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Network Servers
• Basic network operating system• DNS server• DHCP server etc.
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Client-Server Network Architecture and
Applications• The presence of a client-server physical
network architecture does not necessarily imply that client-server applications are running on the network
• Distinguishing between client-server physical network architecture and client-server applications is important
• A client-server network physical architecture is required to support client-server applications
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Client-Server Access Control
• Possible to exercise control at the user level
• Access control can be imposed based on user names
• Different levels of access can be given to different users– Read and Write– Read Only etc.
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Client Server Access Control On a Folder
Server
Client Client
TariffUser1 R & WUser2 R
User1 User2 User3
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Client-Server Characteristics
• One or more servers are present• Server is the lifeline of the network• The server is optimized for performance• Higher level of security
– User level and share level access control– Login password, station restrictions etc.
• Architecture of choice for most business applications
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The Scope
• Networks based on powerful client-server operating systems can support a large number of users and workstations
• Very large networks can be configured by linking smaller client-server network segments together– Active Directory based networks
• Windows 2003 Server
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Client-Server Network Application Architecture
• File Server • Application server • Thin-Client
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Functional Architectures
Peer-to-Peer Client-Server
File Server
Application Server
Thin-Client
Functional Architectures
Share-Level
Access Control User Level
Access Control
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Physical and Application Architectures
Client Client
ServerPrinter File Server
Application ServerThin-client Server
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Factors Used in the Comparison of Architectures
• Place of execution for application• Network traffic implications• TCO • Enforcing security• Software requirements
– Server side– Client side
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END OF MODULEEND OF MODULE
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MODULEMODULE
File Server Networks
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File Server and Application Servers
• File server is the simplest architecture
• Application server is the more advanced architecture– Forms the core of the implementation
of the client server technology
• Thin-client is also an advanced architecture
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Questions to be Asked
• Place of execution for application• Network traffic implications• TCO • Enforcing security• Software requirements
– Server side– Client side
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Client
Functional Features of a File Server Running a
DatabaseDepository of shared data, shared applications etc.
Processing of data data takes place at the client
Data files and application files
Database search is performed on the client
Server
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Word Execution Alternatives
Client
Server
Microsoft Word stored on local hard disk
(Dedicated application)
Microsoft Word stored on logical hard disk(Shared application)
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File Server in a Nut Shell
• The file server basically operates as one large shared storage space for the clients
• Any client with the permission to access the resources on the file server can share folders etc. on the file server
• In effect, the file server functions as a logical disk (network drive) as far as the client is concerned– Compared to a local disk, the difference is that
the logical disk can be shared by other clients as well
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The Logical Drive Concept
PhysicalDrive c:
Logical or NetworkDrive f:
Logical drive is physically located at the server.
Client Station
Physically presenton the client
Shared storage from the server
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File Server Characteristics
• Shared data is stored on the server and brought to the client for processing
• Shared application software are also stored on the server
• Entire execution takes place at the client• Consequently, considerable network traffic
is generated as the files are ported to the client for processing– Application server networks overcome this
drawback by executing part of the application on the server
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Some File Server Concerns
• Powerful clients are necessary as the execution takes place at the client– Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) is high
• More network traffic is generated
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File Server Features
• Advantage– Easy to set up
• Disadvantage– Higher network traffic– Higher TCO
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END OF MODULEEND OF MODULE
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MODULEMODULE
Application Servers and the Client-Server Technology
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A Note
• Presence of a physical client-server network architecture does not necessarily imply the presence of applications running based on the client-server technology
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Client-Server Network and Technology
• Client-Server Network– Physical architecture of a network
• Client-Server Technology– Logical implementation of the
technology for running applications– Presence of an application server is
required to indicate that the client-server technology is in operation
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Client
Functional Features of an Application Server
Shared Data and Database Engine
Front-end software
Request for data
Cooperativeand sharedprocessing
ApplicationServer Retrieved
data
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Software Examples of the Components of Client-Server
Technology
• Database engine– Microsoft SQL server
• Front-end tool– Microsoft Office suite
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Client
Network Traffic in Application Server
Networks
Server
Database data
Retrieved Data
Request for data, not for the entire file
Requested data only
Retrieved data can be processed by anfront end tool such as Excel
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Advantages of Client-Server Technology
• Reduction in network traffic– Only the requested data and not the
entire data file is transmitted over the network
• Data can be better administered and controlled– Located on a centralized server and
processed on the server itself
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Application Server Characteristics • Server
– Network operating system– Data and database engine– Data search is performed at the server by the
database engine resulting in a reduction in the network traffic
– Better control is exercised on the centralized data
• Client– Front-end software formulates the query– Process and manipulate the data retrieved
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Some Application Server Issues
• Because Front-End software is still executed on the client, powerful clients are still required – Total Cost of Operation (TCO) is still
high
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END OF MODULEEND OF MODULE
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MODULEMODULE
Terminal Server and the Thin-Client Concept
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A Note
• Terminal server is not synonymous with thin-client– Microsoft’s implementation is terminal
server
• There are other implementations of the thin-client concept as well– Sun Microsystems implementation
(Network Computer ??? Java Machine ??)
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General Implementation Architectures
• Network PC (NetPC)• Network Computer• Task:
– Perform an Internet search to study the difference between the two types of implementations
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NetPC
• Industry specification for thin-client computing
• Typical use is for OLTP• Basic bare minimum terminal that
would access a powerful thin-client server– It is also known as server based computing
• Access Dell and find the properties of a thin-client
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Network Computer
• Proposed by Oracle and Sun• No CD-ROM players, diskette
drives, and expansion slots,• Managed centrally• Likely to be based on a non-Intel
microprocessor• Unlike Windows, this may be based
on a Java based operating system
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Terminal Server and Remote Execution Software
• PCAnywhere– This is not a terminal server
application– It is a remote execution software
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Thin-Client Architecture
• Presence of a thin-client server is often required
• A server that supports the thin-client architecture
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Client
Operation of an Thin-Client Server
Shared Data and Database Engine
MinimalSoftware
Keystrokes and mouse clicks
Screen images
Thin-ClientServer
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Commercial Examples
• Microsoft Terminal Server• Citrix MetaFrame• www.sun.com
– Explore Sun’s thin-client solution
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Web Research
• Explain the features of the following two thin client implementations– Network Computer– NetPC
• Visit www.compaq.com and obtain information about Compaq’s thin client offerings
• Visit www.citrix.com and obtain an exploratory information on Citrix’s implementation of thin-clients also know as Metaframe
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Key Words
• Embedded OS• Application Service Providers• Virtual Private Network
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Multiple Architectural Configurations
NFS File Server
SQL Database Engine
Unix Machine
File Server
Application Server
Terminal Server
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END OF MODULEEND OF MODULE
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Module
Client Server Technology
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Basis for Client-Server Technology
– Client-server networks– Application servers– Information storage and retrieval is at
the server– Manipulation of the retrieved
information is at the client
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Client-Server Advantages
• Centralized administration and control
• Better security• Powerful network operating system• Support for Internet and Intranet
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Client-Server Scope
• Large number of users– As per network OS License
• Large number of servers and clients
• Larger networks can be supported– Clustering and linking or workstations
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Security
• Centralized and powerful• User and share level access control• Login password• Station and time restrictions• etc.
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Client-Server Reliability
TapeDisk DiskMirror
Redundancy Backup
Different levels of RAID implementation are available to ensure reliability.
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END OF MODULEEND OF MODULE
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MODULEMODULE
Server and Client Hardware
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Server Hardware
• Powerful hardware should be used – Because it is engaged in multitasking– Largely limited by the scale of
economy
• Hardware changes rapidly• It is not possible to give specific
examples as to the exact type hardware that should be used
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Guideline for Server: CPU
• Highest speed at the time of implementation
• Consider using a server with multiple processors
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Guide for Server: Memory
• 1G Bytes –16G Bytes is not unusual • Higher memory is recommend• Better memory technology
– SDRAM, RDRAM, DDR, DDR2 RAM etc.
• Higher front-side bus speed– newer computers operate at a speed of 800
M HZ– There are newer memory chips that support
this bus speed as well
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Guideline for Server: Storage
• Require storage in Gigabytes• Use a faster and better storage
technology– ATA/66,100,133– Serial ATA– SCSI 1, 2 and 3– SCSI 3 operates at 160M Bytes per second
• Cutting edge of storage technology– Fiber channel storage
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RAID Storage
• Multiple disk arrays for fault tolerance
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Storage Area Network (SAN)
• Storage Area Network– Built on fiber channel
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Advantage of Fiber Channel Technology
• Operates at a speed of 200M Bps• Storage bus can span several miles• A large number of storage devices
can be clustered together– Possible to support terabytes of
storage
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Client Hardware• Rule of thumb
– As powerful as a single user microcomputer required to run the applications
• Reason– A number of applications are still
executed at the workstation• Exception
– Thin clients• Terminals supported by the Windows
Terminal Server
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A Guideline for Choosing Client Hardware
• Largely determined by the client operating system and the network applications
• Example: Windows XP, Windows Vista– Choose the hardware to satisfy Windows XP
requirements on a single desktop
• Exception is a thin client– Network PC– Network Computer based on a Java oriented
network architecture
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Microsoft-Intel Hardware Specifications
• Released on a yearly basis• Combined effort between Microsoft
and Intel• Sample specifications for a
particular year– Access Microsoft’s website
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Web Research
• Visit a server vendor such as www.compaq.com and obtain the special features of a server– RAID storage– Hot-swappable components– I/O technology– UPS
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In Summary
• In a file server or client-server environment:– the client must be powerful to run the
client OS and the associated applications
• In a thin client environment: – CPU, memory and the hard disk
storage space could be kept to a minimum
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END OF MODULEEND OF MODULE
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MODULEMODULE
Practical Network Operating Systems
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Overview of Operating Systems in a Network
• Basic network operating system– Windows 2008 – Windows 2003 Server R2– Windows 2003 Server– Windows 2000 Server– Windows NT Server– Mac OS – Linux
• Client operating system– Windows Vista, Windows XP, Windows 2000
Professional, Windows ME, Windows 95/98, Windows NT Workstation, Linux etc.
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Examples of Basic Network Operating System• Windows 2008
– Replacement for Windows 2003 Server
• Windows 2003 Server– Replacement for Windows 2000 Server
• Windows 2000 Server– Successor to Windows NT
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Network Operating Systems (Continued)
• Novell NetWare– Still a popular OS– Market share is being eroded by the
Windows NT Server operating system• OS/2
– Released by IBM• Unix/ Linux
– A true multi-user operating system
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Observations on Practical Operating Systems
• Most popular current NOS is Windows 2003/2000– Outsells both Unix and Novell
• Supports the hosting of specialized server operating systems
• Unix, however, has been popular for a considerable period of time mainly on mini and mainframe computers– By way of Linux, it is now emerging as a
viable networking operating system for the microcomputer as well
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END OF MODULEEND OF MODULE
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MODULEMODULE
Unix
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UNIX the Multi-user Operating System
• A popular operating system• Not considered as a classical
network operating system• Difference is in the method of
execution of the applications
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Client(Terminal)
Execution Process in a True Unix Environment
TCP/IP
Central UNIX Unit
Shared spreadsheet data
Spreadsheet software (Excel)
Input (information) from the terminal
Output (results) to the terminal
Shared data and execution
Display and input of data
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Comparison with File Server and Execution
Server Environment
• File server– Entire execution takes place at the
client• Application server
– Execution is shared between the server and the client
• True Unix operating environment– Entire execution takes place at the
central unit
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Advantages
• Clients need not be powerful– They operate only as a terminal
• Operation and data are confined to a central unit– Entire computer system can be managed at
a lower cost
• Central storage and execution is gaining popularity– Microsoft Terminal Server
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Unix as a File Server
Unix FileServer
Windows95/98
Windows NTWorkstation
UnixClient
Storage device
NFS
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Linux as a File Server
Linux withSAMBAServer
Windows95/98
Windows NTWorkstation
UnixClient
Storage device
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Difference Between the Two Implementations of
Unix
• True Unix implementation– Execution of the application takes place
on the (Unix) server– Shared data is also stored on the server
• Unix as a file server– Only the shared data is stored on the
Unix server– Execution of the application is
performed on the workstations (Clients)
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Popular Unix Implementations
• SCO Unix• Red Hat Linux• AIX• Mac OS 10
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SCO Unix
• Popular implementation of Unix on LANs– Especially on the Ethernet network
• Supports the implementation of a true multi-user Unix environment
• Could also be used to configure a Unix file server
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Linux
• Released as a shareware• Refined by many commercial
companies– Linux is available as a professional
network operating system
• Available at a very low price• For example: Apache web server is
often hosted on Linux• Apache is also a shareware
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Popular Linux Implementations
• Ubuntu Linux• Red Hat• Mandrake• Corel• Open Systems (Caldera)• SuSe
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AIX
• IBM’s version of Unix• Often implemented on IBM’s RS
6000 series of computers• RS 6000
– Designed for Unix– In power, on par with mini computers
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Processor Types and UNIX
• Processor type– Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC)– Complex Instruction Set Computers (CISC)
• UNIX – Usually implemented on RISC processor
• Linux– If not the only UNIX version optimized for
non-RISC processors – An example in this case is Intel based
machine where Intel cannot be classified as a RISC processor
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UNIX Implementations
• Sun – Sun Solaris• IBM RS 6000 – AIX• Intel PCs - Linux• Mac - Mac OS 10
– A version of Unix based on the BSD version?
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Finally
• Unix is also implemented on mini and mainframe computers as well
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END OF MODULEEND OF MODULE
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MODULEMODULE
Practical Server Types
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Functional Servers
• Example:– Web server
• Purpose of a a web server– Host a web site
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Some Server Types
Server
ClientClient
Database
Server
File
Server
Communication
Server
Messaging
Server
Web www.serverwatch.com
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Implementation of File Server
• Basic network operating system • This could well be the Windows NT
Server operating system
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Implementation of Specialized Servers
• Requires additional server software• Application server
– SQL server– Basic network operating system
• Web server– Internet Information server– Basic network operating system
• Messaging server– Exchange server– Basic network operating system software
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Implementation of Two Different Specialized Servers
ClientClient
Basic Operating System
Client
SQL Server
Messaging Server
Basic Operating System
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Basic Network Operating System
Specialized Server Implementation on a Single
Physical Server
SQL Server
Client
Speci
aliz
ed
Serv
ers
Basic NetworkOperating System
Messaging Server
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Basic Network Operating System
Hosting of Two Servers Example
Web Server
Client
Speci
aliz
ed
Serv
ers
Basic NetworkOperating System
SQL Server
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Factors Deciding the Hosting of Servers
• Load on the server• Types of applications hosted on
the server
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Web Research
• Visit www.serverwatch.com to obtain more information on the different types of servers and their functions
• Storage Area Network– www.unisoninfo.com
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END OF MODULEEND OF MODULE
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MODULEMODULE
Practical Specialized Server Operating Systems
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Specialized Server Types• Web server
– Microsoft Internet Information Server– Lotus Domino Server– Apache Server
• Messaging server– Microsoft Exchange Server– Lotus Notes Server
• Database server– Microsoft SQL Server– Oracle SQL Server
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Other Specialized Server Operating Systems
• Mainframe Gateway Server– Microsoft SNA server
• Network Management Server– Microsoft System Management Server– Client management is an important aspect
• Firewall Servers– Microsoft Proxy Server– Prevent unauthorized access from either
direction
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Internet e-commerce Related Server Operating
Systems
• Internet Commerce Server– Microsoft Merchant Server
• Transaction and Load Balancing Server– Microsoft Transaction Server
• Suite of Servers– Microsoft Site Server
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END OF MODULEEND OF MODULE
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Example of an Actual Implementation of the
Different Servers
ClientClient
Basic Operating System
Client
Application Server
Messaging Server
Basic Operating System
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File and Printer Servers
ClientClient
Server
File
Server
Other
Printer
In most cases, File Servers also act as Print Servers.
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Servers and Services within Windows 2000
• File Server• Print Server• Application Server• WWW Server• Media Server etc.
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END OF MODULE END OF MODULE
END OF CHAPTEREND OF CHAPTER