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SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

CHAPTER III

CHAPTER III SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

Paragraph Page No 3.1 General 43 3.2 General land use 43

3.2.1 Area under reserve forest 44 3.2.2 Net sown area (NSA) 45 3.2.3 Culturable waste 46 3.2.4 Area not available for cultivation 48 3.2.5 Double cropped area (DCA) 49

3.3 Area under irrigation (AUI) 50 3.3.1 Wells 51 3.3.2 River 52

3.3.3 Canal 52 3.3.4 Irrigated land and acquisition of land 54

3.4 Unirrigated area 54

3.5 Cropping pattern 55

3.5.1 Distribution of crops 57 3.5.1.1 Cereals 57 3.5.1.2 Pulses 65 3.5.1.3 Oil Seeds 67 3.5.1.4 Vegetables 68 3.5.1.5 Animal fodder 69 3.5.1.6 Other crops 69 3.5.1.7 Sugarcane 69

3.6 Correlation matrix of cropping pattern 70

3.7 Cost benefit analysis 72

3.8 Density of population 83

3.9 Growth rate of population 88

3.10 Sex ratio 92

3.11 Scheduled caste and scheduled tribes population 94

3.12 Working population resource 98

3.12.1 Main workers 98 3.12.2 Marginal workers as a potential resource 104

3.13 Facilities and amenities 106

3.14 Industries 110

3.15 Resume 111

CHAPTER III SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

3.1 General: The geographical profile of the study region has been discussed in the previous

chapter. This chapter attempts to discuss the socio–economic and demographic profile of

the study region. The information collected from the primary and secondary sources may

give the detail idea of the study area. For this comparative approach has been adopted.

The village level parameters like agriculture, forest, cropping pattern, density of

population, man power, sex ratio, growth rate, working population, etc. have been

selected for comparison. Along with these parameters, facilities and amenities have also

been taken into account. Density of population, growth rates and literacy are proxy

indicators of the quality of socio-economic resources. The geographical factors are

affecting the socio economic profile of the region. The information about demographic

factors has taken from the census data to understand the level of development. This data

based information is necessary to comprehend the issues of special economic zone,

which, is very closely related to socio- economic and demographic background of the

region.

3.2 General land use: Land use is the surface utilization of all developed and vacant land on a specific

point at given time and space. Physical as well as non-physical factors determine the land

use of any area. Economic activities of the study region are reflected in the land use

pattern. The general land use pattern has been studied on the basis of census data. The

data regarding agricultural land use has been collected from the agricultural department

of tahsil office for the year 1999-2000 to 2008-2009.

The total geographical area (TGA) of the study region is 24663.52 hectares

(Census, 1991). Out of this total geographical area, there is 68.24% area under

agricultural land. Area not available for cultivation (16.02%), culturable waste (10.45%)

and reserve forest area (5.28%) are descending in proportion (Table No. 3.1). The details

land use patterns are given below and discussed.

Table No. 3.1 GENERAL LAND USE OF THE STUDY AREA

Sr. No. Land use Area in hectare % 1. Area under reserve forest 1304 5.28 2. Agricultural land 16829.73 68.24 3. Culturable waste 2577.52 10.45 4. Area not available for cultivation 3952.27 16.02

Grand Total 24663.52 100 Source: Agriculture department, 2008-09.

The high percentage (68.24%) of area under agriculture land indicates that, the

agriculture is the main economic activity in the study region.

3.2.1 Area under reserve forest: The area under reserve forest in the study region is 5.28% of the total

geographical area (Table No. 3.2). Most of the forest area is used for grazing purpose.

The grazing land is known as pastures. The villages like Chichbaiwadi, Wakalwadi,

Gulani and Pabal having high hectarage area under forest in descending proportion

respectively. The village wise general land use of the study area has been given below

and discussed.

Table No.3.2

VILLAGE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF LAND USE (%) Sr. No. Village Name TGA

(hect) Agricultural Land (hect)

Reserve Forest (hect)

Culturable Waste (hect)

ANAFC* (hect)

1. K. Bhamburwadi 704.49 70.72 1.56 10.66 17.05 2. Retavadi 1263.19 69.29 0 27.6 3.11 3. Jaulke Kh. 729.72 63.2 0 35.17 1.63 4. Gulani 1203.82 68.85 19.77 1.08 10.3 5. Wafgaon 1835.45 81.75 4.9 6.27 7.08 6. Chaudharwadi 317.66 70.72 0 6.61 22.67 7. Pur 585.69 53.59 0 19.04 27.37 8. Varude 2152 79.74 2.09 2.09 16.08 9. Wakalwadi 684 70.61 21.93 2.2 5.26

10. Chichbaiwadi 572.86 57.06 36.31 4.36 2.27 11. Gosasi 588.79 56.52 1.7 11.21 30.57 12. Nimgaon 1372.06 58.26 0 10.99 30.75 13. Davadi 2273.84 63.37 0 14.95 21.68 14. Kanhersar 1603.80 29.58 0.93 35.9 33.59 15. Gadakwadi 402.15 74.39 3.98 3.98 17.65 16. Pabal 3978 72.17 13.1 2.41 12.32 17. Kendur 4396 76.98 0 6.98 16.04

Grand Total 24663.52 68.24 5.28 10.45 16.02 Source: Agriculture department, 2008-09.

3.2.2 Net sown area (NSA): Net sown area is defined as the area that is actually under cultivation. The area

under food crops, cash crops and fodder crops is included under net sown category. The

net sown area of the study region is 49.38% of the total geographical area (Census, 2001).

The village wise percentage of net sown area to total geographical area has been

computed and shown in the map (Figure No.3.1).

Figure No. 3.1

On the basis of proportion of net sown area, these 17 villages are classified in four

categories; namely, low (<25%), Medium (25.01-50%), High (50.01-75%) and Very

High (>75.01%). The maximum percentage of villages is concentrated in high category.

The low and very high category shows that, there is absence of villages. It means that

there is no any village includes in low and very high category. The Pabal, Varude,

Kendur, Khalchi Bhamburwadi and Davadi are included in medium category. The

reasons for their level are rainfed area, subsistence farming, lack of irrigation facility,

lack of labour force, lack of capital and maximum area is barren land. The Retavadi,

Chichbaiwadi, Wakalwadi, Jaulke Kh, Kanhersar, Wafgaon, Gosasi, Chaudharwadi,

Nimgaon, Gadakwadi, Pur and Gulani come under high category (Table No. 3.3). The

Gulani and Pur are the leading villages in percentage of net sown area. The reasons for

their high ranking are percentage of per head land is less and use of modern farm

implements.

Finally we concluded that, the 4650.73 hectare (18.86%) land is not utilized for

agricultural use in the study region. There is scope for increased the area under net sown

area with proper utilization agricultural land.

Table No. 3.3 NET SOWN AREA

Sr. No. Category Village Name TGA

(hect.) NSA

(hect.) %

1. Low (<25%) - - - -

2.

Medium (25.01-50%)

1) Pabal 3978 1335 33.56 2)Varude 2152 801.7 37.25 3) Kendur 4396 1805.4 41.07 4) K. Bhamburwadi 704.49 302 42.87 5) Davadi 2273.84 1015.5 44.66

3.

High (50.01-75%)

1) Retavadi 1263.19 667.8 52.87 2) Chichbaiwadi 572.86 305.5 53.33 3) Wakalwadi 684 385.6 56.37 4) Jaulke Kh. 729.72 412 56.46 5) Kanhersar 1603.8 965.6 60.21 6) Wafgaon 1835.45 1115.2 60.76 7) Gosasi 588.79 372.9 63.33 8) Chaudharwadi 317.66 212.4 66.86 9) Nimgaon 1372.06 934.1 68.08 10) Gadakwadi 402.15 274.6 68.28 11) Pur 585.69 414.6 70.79 12) Gulani 1203.82 859.7 71.41

4. V. High (>75.01%) - - - - Total 24663.5 12179.6 49.38

Source: Agriculture department, 2008-09.

3.2.3 Culturable waste land: Culturable waste land refers to the potential land over which cultivation can be

extended with some effort, due to these negative factors, these category of land has

become un-economic and un-productive (Kaur, 1991). These lands can be brought under

cultivation; if they are provided with cultivable facilities (Rayamane, 2001). “The arable

land that is not taken up for cultivation is called as culturable waste land”. (The land once

use for cultivation but was unploughed for five years also fell in the same classification).

Such land may either fallow or overturned with shrubs and weeds. The culturable waste

land is divided into three subcategories; namely, land under miscellaneous use,

permanent pasture and other grazing land and land under trees, shrubs and fruit garden.

The land under miscellaneous use includes land under grasses, bamboo and other groves

which are not included under orchard and forest. The permanent pasture and other

grazing land include both government and private land with grass cover or permanent

pasture which is reserved as village common grazing and unreserved grass land. Land

under trees, shrubs, fruit and land with private and government ownership is considered

in this category.

Table No. 3.4 DISTRIBUTION OF CULTURABLE WASTE LAND

Sr. No. Category Village Name Culturable

Waste (hect) TGA (hect) %

1. Low (< 25%)

1) Gulani 13.00 1203.82 1.08 2) Varude 45.00 2152 2.09 3) Wakalwadi 15.00 684 2.19 4) Pabal 96.00 3978 2.41 5) Gadakwadi 16.00 402.15 3.98 6) Chichbaiwadi 25.00 572.86 4.36 7) Wafgaon 115.00 1835.45 6.27 8) Chaudharwadi 21.00 317.66 6.61 9) Kendur 307.00 4396 6.98 10) K. Bhamburwadi 75.14 704.49 10.67 11) Nimgaon 150.81 1372.06 10.99 12) Gosasi 66.00 588.79 11.21 13) Davadi 340.00 2273.84 14.95 14) Pur 111.55 585.69 19.05

2.

Medium (25.01-50%)

1) Retavadi 348.63 1263.19 27.60 2) Jaulke Kh. 256.67 729.72 35.17 3) Kanhersar 575.72 1603.8 35.90

3. High (50.01-75%) - - - - 4. V. High (>75.01%) - - - -

Total 2577.52 24663.52 10.45 Source: Agriculture department, 2008-09.

It seems that, the percentage of culturable waste in the study region is 10.45% of

total geographical area (Table No. 3.4). On the basis of area under cultural waste land,

these 17 villages are classified in four categories; namely, low (<25%), medium (25.01-

50%), high (50.01-75%) and very high (>75.01%). The villages like Gulani, Varude,

Wakalwadi, Pabal, Gadakwadi, Chichbaiwadi, Wafgaon, Chaudharwadi, Kendur, K.

Bhamburwadi, Nimgaon, Gosasi, Davadi and Pur comes under low category. The

Retavadi, Jaulke Kh. and Kanhersar fall under medium category. There is no any village

is includes in high and very high categories of culturable waste land (Figure No 3.2).

The field study reveals that, the land in this category has been kept fallow. The

main reason for their kept fallow land is the frequent failure of crops due to famine. It

may be viewed as the potential land resources for agriculture; if provision of water

resources is made. The high percentage of culturable waste area is covers the barren land

(mal region) of the study region. The villages having irrigation facility shows the low

proportion of culturable waste area and vice versa.

Figure No. 3.2

In the study region, the industrial as well as regional development is possible with

proper utilization of maximum utilization culturable waste land. There is need to prepare

planning strategy for utilization of cultural waste land.

3.2.4 Area not available for cultivation:

Area not available for cultivation (ANAFC) consists of land under non-

agricultural use and barren and uncultivated land. Land under non agricultural use

includes land under gaothan or settlement, roads, streams, canal and rivers; whereas,

barren land and uncultivated land consists of land of rock exposure, small hillock and

potkharaba. This land requires large investment to bring under cultivation. The area not

available for cultivation of the study region is 16.02% of the total geographical area

(Table No 3.2). The maximum area not available for cultivation is observed in the

Kanhersar (33.59%); while, minimum in Jaulke Kh (1.63%).

3.2.5 Double cropped area (DCA):

Double cropped area means that, to grow two or more crops on the same land in

the same season or at the same time. There is limited scope for double cropped in the

study region; due to drought prone zone, low irrigation facilities, etc.

The percentage of double cropped area is 29.04% net sown area of total

geographical area (Table No.3.5). On the basis of area under double cropped area (DCA);

these 17 villages are classified in four categories; namely, low (<25%), medium (25.01-

50%), high (50.01-75%), and very high (>75.01%). Out of these, Chichbaiwadi, Pabal

and Jaulke Kh come under low category. The Kendur, Kanhersar, Wafgaon, Gulani,

Varude, Davadi, Gosasi, Nimgaon, Retavadi, Pur, K. Bhamburwadi, and Wakalwadi are

included in medium category. The villages like Gadakwadi and Chaudharwadi fall under

high category. The reasons for their levels are agricultural based economy and no other

alternative of livelihood. There is no anyone village having more than 75.01% double

cropped area in the study region (Figure No 3.3).

Table No.3.5 DOUBLE CROPPED AREA

Sr. No. Category Village Name TGA

(hect) NSA (hect)

DCA (hect) %

1. Low (< 25%)

1) Chichbaiwadi 572.86 305.5 103.7 18.10 2) Pabal 3978 1335 819.6 20.60 3) Jaulke Kh. 729.72 412 158.1 21.67

2.

Medium (25.01-50%)

1) Kendur 4396 1805.4 1146.8 26.09 2) Kanhersar 1603.8 965.6 423.6 26.41 3) Wafgaon 1835.45 1115.2 499.4 27.21 4) Gulani 1203.82 859.7 353.9 29.40 5) Varude 2152 801.7 647.7 30.10 6) Davadi 2273.84 1015.5 710.9 31.26 7) Gosasi 588.79 372.9 199.6 33.90 8) Nimgaon 1372.06 934.1 478.8 34.90 9) Retavadi 1263.19 667.8 463 36.65 10) Pur 585.69 414.6 215.6 36.81 11) K.

704.49 302 264 37.47

12) Wakalwadi 684 385.6 265.2 38.77

3. High (50.01-75%)

1) Gadakwadi 402.15 274.6 225 55.95 2) Chaudharwadi 317.66 212.4 188 59.18

4. V. High (>75.01%) - - - - Total 24663.52 7162.9 29.04


The average area under double cropped (29.04%) is shows that, the water scarcity

for irrigation. There is need to increased area under double cropped area with proper

planning strategy for sustainable agricultural development in the study region.

Figure No. 3.3

3.3 Area under irrigation (AUI): Irrigation is lifeline of agriculture in the drought prone zone (Saptarshi, 1993).

Irrigation being is an important factor affecting the productivity of agriculture. Irrigation

plays an important role in agricultural development. Irrigation does not only help to

increase agriculture production but also enables to bring more barren land under wet

crops and facilitate for double cropping (Pagar et.al, 2008).

The village wise data shows that, the study area has 44.90% of NSA under

irrigation. On the basis of total percentage of area under irrigation, all villages are

classified into four categories; namely, low (<25%), medium (25.01-50%), high (50.01-

75%) and very high (>75.01%). The villages like Varude, Gosasi, Gulani, Gadakwadi

and Wakalwadi comes under low category. The Jaulke Kh, Kanhersar, Chichbaiwadi,

Pur, Chaudharwadi, Wafgaon, Pabal and Davadi are included in medium category. The

K. Bhamburwadi, Nimgaon and Kendur fall under high category. The Retavadi come

under very high category (Table No. 3.6).

Table No. 3.6 AREA UNDER IRRIGATION (%)

Sr. No. Category Village Name Area under Irrigation (hect)

Wells Canals Rivers Total

1. Low (< 25%)

1) Varude 16.22 0.00 3.12 19.34 2) Gosasi 21.45 0.00 0.00 21.45 3) Gulani 13.38 0.00 8.14 21.52 4) Gadakwadi 21.85 0.00 0.00 21.85 5) Wakalwadi 23.34 0.00 0.00 23.34

2. Medium (25.01-50%)

1) Jaulke Kh. 24.27 7.04 0.00 31.31 2) Kanhersar 32.10 0.00 0.00 32.10 3) Chichbaiwadi 34.37 0.00 0.00 34.37 4) Pur 26.53 0.00 8.20 34.73 5) Chaudharwadi 35.31 0.00 0.00 35.31 6) Wafgaon 13.45 11.48 11.21 36.14 7) Pabal 36.40 0.00 6.74 43.14 8) Davadi 30.54 12.80 4.82 48.16

3. High (50.01-75%)

1) K. Bhamburwadi 37.42 16.56 0.00 53.98 2) Nimgaon 41.54 5.35 18.73 65.62 3) Kendur 65.08 0.00 8.31 73.39

4. V. High (>75.01%) 1) Retavadi 74.87 10.03 0.00 84.90 Total 35.28 3.73 5.89 44.90


In study region, food crops are dominant in the agricultural land use. The major

food crops are bajara, kharif jowar, Rice, etc. These crops are having areal strength more

than 56% and 90% in kharif and rabi season respectively. Bajara is mainly cultivated in

kharif season; while, rabi jowar and wheat in the rabi season. Amongst the irrigated

crops, the proportion of vegetables is high. It reveals that, the irrigation facility is mainly

seasonal as source of water is mainly wells, canal and river. Therefore, the study of

sources of water irrigation is essential. It is given below and discussed.

3.3.1 Wells: In the study region, wells are the main source of irrigation. Wells are divided into

two groups; namely, open wells and tube wells. Both types of wells together accounted

irrigation are 4297 hectare land (35.28%) of net sown area (Table No.3.6). The Retavadi

is the leading village in the well irrigation. The reason for their high ranking is water

percolate from the canal; therefore, the ground water level is near the surface. On the

other hand, Varude is the lowest in the ranking. The reasons for their low ranking are

high slope and hard massive rock. Therefore, the percolation of ground water is less. The

distribution of irrigation is given in the figure No. 3.4.

Figure No. 3.4

3.3.2 Rivers: In the study region, rivers are the second major source of irrigation. The net

irrigated area by rivers is accounted 5.89% of NSA (Table No.3.6). In 2008-09, Nimgaon

is the leading village in the river irrigation; followed by Wafgaon, Kendur, Pur, Gulani,

Pabal, Davadi and Varude respectively.

3.3.3 Canal: In 2008-09, the study region has merely 3.73% area under canal irrigation (Table

No.3.6). There are two canals are observed in the study region; one canal gets water from

‘MI type of dam’ of Wafgaon. Its length is 8 KM. The village like Wafgaon is the major

irrigated village comes under this canal irrigation. The second canal is gets water from

‘Chas-Kaman’ dam; it is called as ’left canal’. The Retavadi, Nimgaon, K. Bhamburwadi,

Jaulke Kh. and Davadi having water for the purpose of irrigation from this canal in the

study region.

It means that, the wells are the major source of irrigation (35.28%) in the study

region. The water is available for irrigation at the end of January. The reasons for their

limited period of irrigation are rain shadow zone and hard massive rock, etc.

Finally, it may remarked that, the area under double cropped is less due less

irrigation facility. There is possibility of increased area under irrigation form Bhima and

Vel river, left canal of Chaskaman dam and also possibility of Thitewadi dam.

Photo Plate 3.1: Wafgaon dam

Photo plate 3.2: Canal from Wafgaon dam

Photo plate 3.3: Irrigation from well

3.3.4 Irrigated land and acquisition of land:

The area under irrigation of proposed acquisition of land is 1.38% of total

geographical area; while, it is 6.20% of total proposed land (Table No. 3.7). In this

region, the water is utilized for the purpose of cultivation of kharif jowar. It means that,

already the irrigated area under proposed for acquisition of land is insignificant.

Therefore, it may point out that, the general expectation and acquisition of land for

establishment of special economic zone should be less non-irrigated is almost satisfied

here.

Table No.3.7 AREA UNDER IRRIGATION OF PROPOSED LAND (HECT)

Sr. No. Village Name TGA Proposed

Land Irrigated

Area % to TGA

% to Proposed

Land

Proportion to NSA

1. K. Bhamburwadi 704.49 178.9 26 3.69 14.53 8.61 2. Retavadi 1263.19 556.23 60 4.75 10.79 8.98 3. Jaulke Kh. 729.72 284.8 28 3.84 9.83 6.80 4. Gulani 1203.82 348.33 110 9.14 31.58 12.80 5. Wafgaon 1835.45 521.31 65 3.54 12.47 5.83 6. Chaudharwadi 317.66 245.52 12 3.78 4.89 5.65 7. Pur 585.69 129.54 37 6.32 28.56 8.92 8. Varude 2152 853.48 24 1.12 2.81 2.99 9. Wakalwadi 684 562.03 20 2.92 3.56 5.19 10. Chichbaiwadi 572.86 69.77 32 5.59 45.86 10.47 11. Gosasi 588.79 243.15 27 4.59 11.10 7.24 12. Nimgaon 1372.06 476.18 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13. Davadi 2273.84 604.19 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14. Kanhersar 1603.8 707.43 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15. Gadakwadi 402.15 355 15 3.73 4.23 5.46 16. Pabal 3978 632.78 23 0.58 3.63 1.72 17. Kendur 4396 420.24 00 0.00 0.00 0.00

TOTAL 24663.52 7236.03 479 1.38 6.20 3.93 Source: Irrigation department, 2010.

3.4 Unirrigated area: In the study region, 55.10% agricultural land is under rainfed. Therefore, there is

probability of crops failure frequently, due to longer spell prevailing. This type of

situation permits for some crops like jowar, bajara, potato, etc. The maximum unirrigated

land is observed in Varude (80.67%); while, minimum in Retavadi (15.09%). The table

no.3.8 shows the village wise unirrigated area.

On the basis of area under unirrigated land, these 17 villages are classified into

four categories; namely, low (<25%), medium (25.01-50%), high 50.01-75%) and very

high (>75.01%). The Retavadi comes under low category. The reason for their low

category is the percentage of culturable waste land is more (27.60%). The Kendur,

Nimgaon and K. Bhamburwadi includes in medium category. The villages like Davadi,

Pabal, Wafgaon, Chaudharwadi, Pur, Chichbaiwadi, Kanhersar and Jaulke Kh falls into

high category. The remaining five villages i.e. Wakalwadi, Gadakwadi, Gulani, Gosasi,

and Varude are included in very high category. The distribution of unirrigated area is

shown in the figure no. 3.5.

Table No. 3.8 UNIRRIGATED AREA

Sr. No. Category Village Name NSA

(hect.) Unirrigated Area (hect.) %

1. Low (<25%) 1) Retavadi 667.8 100.8 15.09

2. Medium (25.01-50%)

1) Kendur 1805.4 480.4 26.61 2) Nimgaon 934.1 321.1 34.38 3) K. Bhamburwadi 302.0 139 46.02

3. High (50.01-75%)

1) Davadi 1015.5 526.5 51.85 2) Pabal 1335.0 759 56.85 3) Wafgaon 1115.2 712.2 63.86 4) Chaudharwadi 212.4 137.4 64.69 5) Pur 414.6 270.6 65.27 6) Chichbaiwadi 305.5 200.5 65.63 7) Kanhersar 965.6 655.6 67.90 8) Jaulke Kh. 412.0 283 68.69

4. Very High (>75.01%)

1) Wakalwadi 385.6 295.6 76.66 2) Gadakwadi 274.6 214.6 78.15 3) Gulani 859.7 674.7 78.48 4) Gosasi 372.9 292.9 78.55 5) Varude 801.7 646.7 80.67


3.5 Cropping pattern: Cropping pattern means the proportional area under different crops at a particular

point of time. The cropping pattern of any region is the outcome of a long process of

historical evolution. The study of cropping pattern is significant for the agriculture

practices. There are many scholars has studied agricultural activities like Bansil (1971),

Randhawan (1975), Raut and Rasane (1996), etc. The cropping patterns of the region are

closely influenced by the geoclimatic, socio-cultural, economic, historical and political

factors (Husain, 2004). The agricultural pattern in the area has been associated with

factors like soils, vegetation, climate, drainage, etc. The present study attempts to

understand the cropping pattern on the basis of data obtained at village level. The

secondary data from tahsil office stating village wise distribution of crops has been

procured for the period from 1999-2000 to 2008-09. The village wise percentage of area

under such crops to net sown area has been taken into account for understanding the

distribution of major crops in the study region.

The agricultural land is divided into two categories; namely, fallow and net sown

area. The fallow land is divided into two sub-types; namely, current fallow and other

fallow. Current fallow is the land which is kept uncultivated during one agricultural year

or even less than that due to occurrence of drought, regaining soil fertility, insufficient

capital, etc. Other fallow land is the land which is kept uncultivated for the last 5 years

due to lack of agricultural knowledge, indebtedness of the farmers, unavailability of

capital, etc. In the study region, fallow land is observed 1609 hectare in kharif and 5016.6

hectare in rabi season (Table No. 3.9). The net sown area consist food crops, cash crops

and fodder crops. In the study region, net sown area is observed 10570 and 7162.9

hectare in kharif and in rabi season respectively. The cropping pattern of the region is

necessary to comprehend the issues of special economic zone. The Agricultural density

of the study region is 42.86% in kharif and 29.04% in rabi season. It indicates that, the

farmers cannot use total agricultural land due to some reasons including capital, water,

knowledge, etc. It means that the economic gain of the majority farmers is not sufficient

to maintaining good standard of living. Therefore, there is need to address of the

alternatives for the development in the region. On this background special economic zone

may be one of the appropriate options.

Table No. 3.9 AGRICULTURAL LAND USE

Sr. No. Land Use Study Area (hect.)

Kharif Rabi 1. Fallow land 1609 5016.6 2. Net sown area 10570 7162.9 3. Total geographical area 24663.52 24663.52 4. Agricultural density(NSA/TGA) 42.86 29.04


3.5.1 Distribution of crops: The distribution of crops in the study region has shown on the basis of kharif and

rabi season. The comparison of kharif and rabi season shows different picture. The crops

are classified into six categories; namely, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, animal

fodder and other crops. The cropping pattern has been given below and discussed.

Table No. 3.10 CROPPING PATTERN

Sr. No. Crops Kharif Rabi Hectares % to NSA Hectares % to NSA

1. Cereals 5108.8 48.33 3941.8 55.03 2. Pulses 462.8 4.37 429.2 5.99 3. Oilseeds 3759.5 35.57 - - 4. Vegetables 437.5 4.13 2298.61 32.09 5. Animal fodder 140.3 1.33 109.7 1.49 6. Other 800.9 7.58 489 6.82


3.5.1.1 Cereals: The area under cereals in hectarage is more in rabi season (55.03%) and

comparatively less in kharif season (48.33%). The distribution of cereals has given in

table no. 3.10. In kharif season, the bajara (35.79%) is the leading crops; followed by rice

(5.05%), kharif jowar (3.86%) and greenpeas (3.63%) in proportion under cereals

respectively. In rabi season, rabi jowar (45.23%) and wheat (9.8%) is the major cereals.

The distributions of major cereals are given below and discussed.

a) Bajara: In Kharif season, the Bajara is the first ranking crops. It is cultivated on the

35.79% of net sown area (Table No.3.11). The hybrid variety of bajara is generally

observed and cultivated in the Kharif season. On the basis of area under hectarage of

bajara, these 17 villages are classified into four categories; namely, low (<25%), medium

(25.1-50%), high (50.01- 75%) and very high (>75.01%).

The village K. Bhamburwadi, Jaulke Kh and Wakalwadi comes under low

category. The villages like Chaudharwadi, Kendur, Davadi, Gadakwadi, Chichbaiwadi,

Wafgaon, Pabal, Gulani, Varude, Gosasi, Nimgaon and Kanhersar falls under medium

category. The remaining two villages like Pur and Retavadi are included in high category.

The reasons for this level are irrigation facility is available throughout the year.

Therefore, to achieve the rest in rainy season, farmers are cultivated bajara on the large

scale and other main reason is the study region is under rainfed zone. There is no any

village having cultivation of bajara more than 75.01% (Figure No.3.6).

Table No. 3.11 AREA UNDER BAJARA


(hect.) Area under

Bajara (hect.) %

1. Low (<25%)

1) K. Bhamburwadi 206.5 10.6 5.13 2) Jaulke Kh. 339.1 50.9 15.01 3) Wakalwadi 288.2 53.5 18.56

2. Medium (25.1-50%)

1) Chaudharwadi 212.4 60.2 28.34 2) Kendur 1779.3 520.8 29.27 3) Davadi 809.8 238.8 29.49 4) Gadakwadi 274.6 82.8 30.15 5) Chichbaiwadi 212.4 67.2 31.64 6) Wafgaon 982.9 327.9 33.46 7) Pabal 1332.7 447.5 33.58 8) Gulani 553.4 206.2 37.26 9) Varude 801.7 322.8 40.26 10) Gosasi 372.9 154.5 41.43 11) Nimgaon 934.1 399.3 42.75 12) Kanhersar 580.5 268.9 46.32

3. High (50.01-75%)

1) Pur 416.6 221.5 53.42 2) Retavadi 474.9 349.7 73.64

4. V. High (>75.01%) - - - - Total 10570 3783.1 35.79


b) Rice: Rice is the second ranking crop in the kharif season. The area under rice in kharif

season is 5.05% of net sown area (Table No.3.12). The variety like Indrayani, Lokwan,

etc, is observed in the study region.

On the basis of area under hectarage of rice, these 17 villages are classified into

four categories; namely, low (<25%), medium (25.01-50%), high (50.01-75%) and very

high (>75.01%). The maximum percentages of villages (94.12%) are concentrated in low

category. It indicates, less rainfall. The villages like Wafgaon, Varude, Retavadi, Pur,

Kanhersar, K. Bhamburwadi, Nimgaon, Chaudharwadi, Davadi, Chichbaiwadi,

Gadakwadi, Kendur, Pabal, Gosasi, Wakalwadi and Gulani comes under low category.

The Jaulke Kh fall under high category. There is no any village is included in medium

and very high category (Figure No. 3.7). The plane region of the area offers favorable

situation for the cultivation of rice. Only those variety of rice has cultivated, which is

required less water.

Table No. 3.12 AREA UNDER RICE


(hect.) Area under Rice (hect.) %

1. Low (< 25%)

1) Wafgaon 982.9 3.3 0.36 2) Varude 801.7 6.6 0.82 3) Retavadi 474.9 4.2 0.9 4) Pur 416.6 4.9 1.18 5) Kanhersar 580.5 7.6 1.31 6) K. Bhamburwadi 206.5 3.1 1.50 7) Nimgaon 934.1 15.1 1.62 8) Chaudharwadi 212.4 3.7 1.74 9) Davadi 809.8 14.7 1.81 10) Chichbaiwadi 212.4 3.9 1.84 11) Gadakwadi 274.6 6.00 2.18 12) Kendur 1779.3 64.2 3.61 13) Pabal 1332.7 58.9 4.42 14) Gosasi 372.9 22.7 6.09 15) Wakalwadi 288.2 34.4 11.94 16) Gulani 553.4 94.6 17.1

2. Medium (25.01-50%) - - - - 3. High (50.01- 75%) 1) Jaulke Kh. 339.1 186.5 54.99 4. V. High (>75.01%) - - - -

Total 10570 534.4 5.05 Source: Agriculture department, 2008-09.

c) Jowar: Jowar is cultivated both in kharif and rabi season. Only local varieties like

mutaka, kalbundi, etc. is observed in the study region. The area under of kharif jowar is

3.86% of net sown area in kharif season. The village wise area under kharif jowar is

given in the table no 3.13.

On the basis of area under hectarage of kharif jowar, these 17 villages are


75%) and very high (>75.01%). All these 17 villages are includes in low category (Table

No. 3.13). The reason for their less cultivation is kharif jowar is used for animal fodder

(kadwal). The area under kharif jowar is high in Chaudharwadi and Wafgaon. The reason

for their dominance of kharif jowar is dairy farming is taken on large scale in this village.

The distribution of kharif jowar is shown in the figure no 3.8.

Table No.3.13 AREA UNDER KHARIF JOWAR


(hect.) Area under K. Jowar (hect.) %

1.

Low (<25%)

1) Retavadi 474.9 2.3 0.48 2) Kanhersar 580.5 3.2 0.55 3) Varude 801.7 4.7 0.59 4) Nimgaon 934.1 5.7 0.61 5) Jaulke Kh. 339.1 2.4 0.71 6) Gulani 553.4 4.5 0.81 7) Pabal 1332.7 32.4 0.81 8) Pur 416.6 4.2 1.01 9) K. Bhamburwadi 206.5 2.1 1.02 10) Gosasi 372.9 3.9 1.05 11) Wakalwadi 288.2 3.5 1.21 12) Gadakwadi 274.6 3.4 1.24 13) Chaudharwadi 212.4 2.8 1.32 14) Kendur 1779.3 41.0 2.31 15) Davadi 809.8 21.8 2.7 16) Chichbaiwadi 212.4 40.1 18.88 17) Wafgaon 982.9 229.8 23.38

2. Medium (25.01-50%) - - - - 3. High (50.01-75%) - - - - 4. Very High (>75.01%) - - - -

Total 10570 408 3.86 Source: Agriculture department, 2008-09.

On the other hand, rabi jowar is dominant cereals (45.23%) in rabi season (Table

No. 3.14). All 17 villages are classified into four categories; namely, low (<25%),

medium (25.01-50%), high (50.01-75%) and very high (>75.01%). The villages like

Wakalwadi and Jaulke Kh. comes under low category. The reason for their level is

percentage of irrigated land is less. The maximum percentage of villages (64.70%) is

included in medium category. It is Chaudharwadi, Gadakwadi, Nimgaon, Pur, Davadi,

Retavadi, Gosasi, Kanhersar, Gulani, Chichbaiwadi and Varude. The Pabal, Wafgaon and

Kendur are falls under high category and remaining K. Bhamburwadi comes under very

high category. The reason for their level is some part of this village is comes under

unirrigated area. The distribution of rabi jowar is shown in the figure no 3.9.

The proportion of hectarage of jowar may be correlated with low rainfall. It

means that, the jowar is growing in low rainfall.

Figure No. 3.5

Figure No. 3.6

Figure No. 3.7

Table No.3.14 AREA UNDER RABI JOWAR


(hect.) Area under R. Jowar (hect.) %

1. Low (<25%)

1) Wakalwadi 265.2 49.4 18.63 2) Jaulke Kh. 158.1 34.3 21.7

2. Medium (25.01-50%)

1) Chaudharwadi 188 51.5 27.39 2) Gadakwadi 225 62.3 27.69 3) Nimgaon 478.8 135.2 28.24 4) Pur 215.6 70.7 32.79 5) Davadi 710.9 237.2 33.37 6) Retavadi 463 159.1 34.36 7) Gosasi 199.6 70.0 35.07 8) Kanhersar 423.6 174.6 41.22 9) Gulani 353.9 149.1 42.13 10) Chichbaiwadi 103.7 50.9 49.08 11) Varude 647.7 319.7 49.36

3. High (50.01- 75%)

1) Pabal 819.6 456.3 55.67 2) Wafgaon 499.4 305.5 61.17 3) Kendur 1146.8 708.4 61.77

4. V. Low (>75.01%) 1) K. Bhamburwadi 264 205.7 77.92 Total 7162.9 3239.9 45.23


d) Wheat: Wheat is cultivated in only rabi season. The area under cultivation of wheat is

9.8% of NSA in rabi season (Table No.3.15). The high yielding varieties like kalyansona,

sonalika, etc. are cultivated in the study region. The cultivation of wheat is basically

depends upon the leveled land, fertile soil and irrigation. On the basis of area under

hectarage of wheat, these 17 villages are classified into four categories; namely, low

(<25%), medium (25.01-50%), high (50.01-75%) and very high (>75.01%). The

maximum area under wheat is observed in Gadakwadi (22.31%); while, minimum in K.

Bhamburwadi (3.48%). All villages are included in low category (Figure No.3.10). It

indicates that the wheat is cultivated for the purpose of subsistence.

e) Greenpeas: In the study region, the greenpeas is grown only in kharif season. The area under

greenpeas is 3.63%. On the basis of area under hectarage of greenpeas, these 17 villages

are classified into four categories; namely, low (<25%), medium (25.01-50%), high

(50.01-75%) and very high (>75.01%). There are all 17 villages are included in low

category. The maximum area under greenpeas is observed in Chichbaiwadi (12.29%);

while, minimum in Gosasi (0.56%). The distribution of greenpeas has shown in the figure

no 3.11.

Table No. 3.15 AREA UNDER WHEAT


(hect.) Area under

Wheat (hect.) %

1. Low (<25%)

1) K. Bhamburwadi 264 9.2 3.48 2) Wafgaon 499.4 21.8 4.37 3) Varude 647.7 32.1 4.95 4) Wakalwadi 265.2 15.2 5.73 5) Kendur 1146.8 83 7.24 6) Gulani 353.9 29.1 8.2 7) Chichbaiwadi 103.7 8.7 8.4 8) Nimgaon 478.8 40.3 8.42 9) Pabal 819.6 78.4 9.57 10) Retavadi 463 44.3 9.57 11) Pur 215.6 30.6 14.2 12) Gosasi 199.6 29.2 14.63 13) Davadi 710.9 106.8 15.02 14) Jaulke Kh. 158.1 23.9 15.12 15) Kanhersar 423.6 64.9 15.32 16) Chaudharwadi 188 34.2 18.19 17) Gadakwadi 225 50.2 22.31

2. Medium (25.01-50%) - - - - 3. High (50.01- 75%) - - - - 4. V. High (>75.01%) - - - -


Figure No. 3.8

Figure No. 3.9

Figure No. 3.10

Figure No. 3.11

Finally, we concluded that the bajara is the dominance cereals (35.79%) in kharif

season; while, rabi jowar (45.23%) in rabi season. The high percentage of cultivation of

both types of cereals indicates subsistence type of farming in the study region. The

production and earnings from both cereals are limited. Therefore, there are several

limitations for regional development through this type of farming in the study region.

3.5.1.2 Pulses: The area under hectarage of pulses is predominating in rabi season (5.99%) and

comparatively less in kharif season (4.37%). The major pulses grown in the study region

are kidney bean (1.19%), pigeon pea (1.15%), green gram (1.14%), and black gram

(0.89%) in kharif season and only bengal gram is grown (5.99%) in the rabi season. The

bengal gram is the major pulses in the study region. Therefore, the details about bengal

gram are given below and discussed.

a) Bengal gram (Harbhara):

Bengal gram is cultivated only in rabi season. The area under bengal gram is

5.99% (Table No.3.16). It is first ranking pulses in the study region. On the basis of area

under hectarage of bengal gram, these 17 villages are classified into four categories;

namely, low (<25%), medium (25.01-50%), high (50.01-75%) and very high (>75.01%).

There are all 17 villages are comes under low category; It means that, the bengal gram

cultivated for the purpose of subsistence. The distribution of bengal gram is given in the

figure no.3.12.

On the other hand, kidney bean is the first ranking (1.19%) pulses in kharif

season. The maximum percentage of kidney bean is observed in the village Wakalwadi

(3.00%); while, minimum in Nimgaon (0.38%). The pigeon pea is the second ranking

pulses (1.15%) in kharif season in the study region. The maximum percentage of pigeon

pea is observed in the village K. Bhamburwadi (2.28%); while, minimum in Wafgaon

(0.29%). The green gram is the third ranking pulses in the kharif season. The maximum

percentage of green gram (1.14%) is observed in the village Pabal (2.09%); while,

minimum in Nimgaon (0.31%). The black gram is the lowest (0.89%) in the ranking in

kharif season in the pulses. The K. Bhamburwadi (2.37%) having maximum area under

black gram; while minimum in the Wafgaon (0.31%).

Table No. 3.16 AREA UNDER BENGAL GRAM


(hect) Area under Bengal

Gram (hect) %

1) Varude 647.7 7.1 1.1 2) Wafgaon 499.4 7.00 1.4 3) Retavadi 463 9.8 2.12 4) Nimgaon 478.8 11.2 2.34 5) Davadi 710.9 19.1 2.69 6) K. Bhamburwadi 264 8.2 3.11 7) Kendur 1146.8 77.2 6.73 8) Gadakwadi 225 16.5 7.33

1. Low 9) Chichbaiwadi 103.7 7.8 7.52

(< 25%) 10) Jaulke Kh. 158.1 13.0 8.22

11) Gulani 353.9 31.7 8.96 12) Kanhersar 423.6 38.4 9.07

13) Pabal 819.6 76.8 9.37

14) Chaudharwadi 188 19.7 10.48

15) Pur 215.6 23.3 10.81 16) Wakalwadi 265.2 35.0 13.2 17) Gosasi 199.6 27.4 13.73

2. Medium (25.01- 50%) - - - - 3. High (50.01- 75%) - - - - 4. V. High (>75.01%) - - - -


Figure No. 3.12

The area under pulses is very low in both seasons. It is 4.37% and 5.99%

respectively. The group discussion and field study reveals that, the all types of pulses are

cultivated for the purpose of subsistence.

3.5.1.3 Oilseeds: In the study area, the proportion of area under hectarage of oilseeds is 35.57% of

net sown area. It is third ranking crops in the study region. The farmers are cultivated

oilseeds only in kharif season. The details about oil seeds distribution are given below

and discussed.

a) Groundnut:

In the study region, the local varieties of groundnut are cultivated in kharif

season. The proportion of area under the hectarage of groundnut is 34.04% of net sown

area. It is leading crop in oilseeds. The distribution of oilseeds is given in the table no.

3.17.

Table No. 3.17 AREA UNDER GROUNDNUT


(hect) Area under

Groundnut (hect.)

%

1) Jaulke Kh. 339.1 7.1 2.09

1. Low (< 25%)

2) Retavadi 474.9 41.1 8.65 3) Chichbaiwadi 212.4 48.2 22.7 4) Kendur 1779.3 453.4 25.48

1) Pur 414.6 126.9 30.61

2) Pabal 1332.7 442 33.16

3) Gulani 553.4 185.2 33.47

4) Wafgaon 982.9 333.4 33.92 2. Medium 5) Kanhersar 580.5 213.4 36.76

(25.01-50%) 6) Chaudharwadi 212.4 78.2 36.82

7) Gadakwadi 274.6 107.1 39.02 8) Gosasi 372.9 146.1 39.18 9) Varude 801.7 335.6 41.87 10) Nimgaon 934.1 402 43.04 11) Davadi 809.8 400.1 49.41

3. High 1) Wakalwadi 288.2 145.7 50.56

(50.01- 75%) 2) K. Bhamburwadi 206.5 132.7 64.26 4. V. High (>75.01%) - - - -

Total 10570 3598.2 34.04 Source: Agriculture department, 2008-09.

On the basis of area under hectarage of groundnut, these 17 villages are classified

into four categories; namely, low (<25%), medium (25.01-50%), high (50.01-75%) and

very high (>75.01%). The Jaulke Kh, Retavadi, Chichbaiwadi and Kendur come under

low category. The villages like Pur, Pabal, Gulani, Wafgaon, Kanhersar, Chaudharwadi,

Gadakwadi, Gosasi, Varude, Nimgaon and Davadi included in medium category. The

Wakalwadi and K. Bhamburwadi are falls in high category; while, there are no any village

having more than 75% area under groundnut (Table No.3.17). The distribution of

groundnut is shown in the figure no 3.13.

Figure No. 3.13

b) Sesame:

The area under hectarage of sesame is 1.52% of net sown area in the study region.

It is the second leading crops in the oilseeds. The distribution of area under sesame is

between 0.20 to 2.55% of net sown area in the study region. The maximum area under

sesame (2.54%) is observed in the village like Chichbaiwadi; while, minimum in the

village Wafgaon (0.23%).

The groundnut and sesame are the major oilseeds in the study region. Both types

of oilseeds are cultivated for the purpose of subsistence.

3.5.1.4 Vegetables: The cultivation of vegetable has double importance. Firstly, it is cash crop

enhancing the process of capital formation. Secondly, it sets the interaction with the

urban centers and provides cash to the farmers. It is also useful to generate employment

in the rural area. The area under vegetable cultivation is 36.13% of net sown area in both

seasons. The vegetables like cabbage, cauliflower, onion and potato are cultivated in the

study region. The high proportion of area under vegetables is observed in rabi season

(32.08% of NSA). The accessibility of the market also affects vegetables. Due to

availability of water resources for limited period, the vegetables are cultivated largely in

the rabi season in the study region.

3.5.1.5 Animal fodder: Maize is important animal fodder cultivated in both seasons. The area under

hectarage of maize is more in rabi season (1.53%) and comparatively less in kharif

season (1.32%). The maximum area under maize is observed in K. Bhamburwadi

(4.84%) in kharif season; followed by Pabal (3.2%), Retavadi (2.34%), Kendur (1.96%),

Davadi (1.32%) and Nimgaon (1.16%) respectively. On the other Davadi (3.53%), Pabal

(3.46%), Nimgaon (2.23%) and Pur (2.13%) having high percentage under maize in Rabi

season respectively.

In recent years, the farmers are move towards the maize cultivation. The main

reason for their diversion is high variety types of maize is useful for pop-corn. It is called

as ‘golden maka’.

3.5.1.6 Other crops: The area under other crops is more in kharif season (6.25%) and comparatively

less in rabi season (5.29%). The other crops included potato, sunflower in kharif and

coriander leaves, fenugreek grass leaves, tomato, carrot, lady’s finger and broad bean in

kharif and rabi season. The maximum area under other crops is observed in the village in

Kendur in kharif season and Chichbaiwadi in rabi season. The reasons for their high

percentage of area under other crops in both villages are near to market places, Kendur

having water for irrigation facility from Thitewadi dam for long period. On the other

hand water is available for limited period for irrigation in Chichbaiwadi.

3.5.1.7. Sugarcane: So far as hectarage is concerned sugarcane is not important crop in the study

region. It is cultivated in the few villages. It includes Nimgaon (0.56%), Retavadi

(0.26%) and Wafgaon (0.12%). The village like Nimgaon is situated along the ‘Bhima’

river. The Retavadi having water from canal for the purpose of irrigation and Wafgaon

situated on the ‘Vel’ river bank; therefore, sugarcane is cultivated in these villages.

In the study region, except vegetables and maize, all crops are cultivated for the

purpose of subsistence. Therefore, this type of farming is not only helpful to increase

standard of living but also contribute in regional development. Therefore, there is need to

find out another types way for regional development in the study region. Hence, special

economic zone is may be one alternative for regional development in the study region.

3.6 Correlation matrix of cropping pattern: The bivariate correlations between major crops have been calculated for the

villages of season wise (kharif and rabi). For this, the data matrix with the order 17 x 14

and 17 x 9 has been used in kharif and rabi season respectively. The significant bivariate

correlations among various crops with season wise have been given in the table (Table

No.3.18 and 3.18, a). For the present correlation of crop analysis Minitab statistical

software is employed.

Rule for analysis of given data:

i) Negligible - < 0.05 ii) Moderate - 0.05 to 0.08 iii) Higher - 0.08 to 0.09 iv) Perfect correlation - 1.00

In the decision rule, reject H0; if, P value ≤ α. The α is a level of significant; when,

α= 0.05 or 5%. The correlation between various crops with season wise are given below

and discussed.

a) Kharif season (2008-09):

It seems that, there is significant correlation in between groundnut with bajara;

maize with bajara and groundnut; sesame with bajara, groundnut and maize; Cabbage

with bajara, groundnut, maize, sesame and green peas; green gram with bajara,

groundnut, maize, sesame, green peas and cabbage; pigeon pea with bajara, groundnut,

maize, sesame, cabbage and green gram; kidney bean with bajara, groundnut, maize,

sesame, green peas, cabbage, green gram and pigeon pea; black gram with bajara,

groundnut, maize, sesame, green peas, cabbage, green gram, pigeon pea and kidney bean;

flower with bajara, groundnut, maize, sesame, cabbage, green gram and pigeon pea,

kidney bean and black gram and other crops with maize, sesame, green peas, cabbage,

green gram, pigeon pea, kidney bean, black gram and flower (Table No. 3.18).

b) Rabi season (2008-09): It seems that, there is significant correlation in between wheat and jowar; potato

and jowar; maize and potato; cabbage and onion and maize; gram and onion, potato and

cabbage; sugarcane and onion and cabbage and other crops and gram (Table No. 3.18, a).

Table No. 3.18 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF KHARIF CROPS OF CORELATION COEFFICIENTS

Crops Bajara Jowar Groun-dnut Rice Maize Ses-

ame Green peas Cabbage Green

gram Pigeon

pea Kidney

bean Black gram Flower

Jowar C 0.271 PV 0.292

Groundnut C 0.7832 0.317 PV 0.000 0.215

Rice C -0.054 -0.137 -0.100 PV 0.838 0.601 0.702

Maize C 0.692 0.073 0.656 0.158 PV 0.002 0.779 0.004 0.546

Sesame C 0.703 -0.017 0.691 0.247 0.913 PV 0.002 0.947 0.002 0.339 0.000

Green pea

C 0.401 0.021 0.409 0.244 0.397 0.385 PV 0.111 0.938 0.103 0.345 0.115 0.127

Cabbage C 0.776 0.351 0.842 0.097 0.850 0.835 0.569 PV 0.000 0.167 0.000 0.711 0.000 0.000 0.017

Green gram

C 0.649 0.072 0.638 0.253 0.939 0.924 0.505 0.866 PV 0.005 0.783 0.006 0.328 0.000 0.000 0.039 0.000

Pigeon pea

C 0.721 0.014 0.675 0.207 0.907 0.964 0.444 0.859 0.946 PV 0.001 0.956 0.003 0.425 0.000 0.000 0.074 0.000 0.000

Kidney bean

C 0.621 0.075 0.602 0.261 0.918 0.892 0.496 0.844 0.987 0.944 PV 0.008 0.776 0.011 0.313 0.000 0.000 0.043 0.000 0.000 0.000

Black gram

C 0.633 0.060 0.579 0.266 0.882 0.889 0.508 0.838 0.952 0.963 0.978 PV 0.006 0.819 0.015 0.302 0.000 0.000 0.037 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Flower C 0.734 0.039 0.680 0.184 0.907 0.884 0.394 0.828 0.899 0.847 0.871 0.810 PV 0.001 0.882 0.003 0.479 0.000 0.000 0.118 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Other Crops

C 0.535 0.087 0.459 0.200 0.635 0.686 0.523 0.714 0.776 0.823 0.846 0.909 0.632 PV 0.227 0.741 0.064 0.443 0.006 0.002 0.031 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.007

C= Correlation and PV= Probability Value.

Table No. 3.18, a STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RABI CROPS OF CORELATION

COEFFICIENTS Crops Jowar Wheat Onion Potato Maize Cabbage Bengal

Gram Sugar-cane

Wheat

C -0.601 PV 0.011 Onion

C -0.451 0.048 PV 0.069 0.856 Potato

C 0.548 0.123 -0.249 PV 0.023 0.637 0.335 Maize

C -0.113 0.267 0.359 -0.505 PV 0.665 0.301 0.157 0.039 Cabbage

C -0.215 -0.02 0.639 -0.411 0.568 PV 0.408 0.949 0.006 0.101 0.017 Gram

C -0.405 0.400 -0.540 0.672 -0.179 -0.508 PV 0.107 0.112 0.025 0.003 0.493 0.037 Sugarcane

C -0.172 -0.198 0.536 -0.221 0.194 0.825 -0.466 PV 0.510 0.446 0.027 0.395 0.456 0.000 0.059 Other crops

C -0.174 0.234 -0.413 0.244 -0.33 -0.457 0.483 -0.328 PV 0.505 0.367 0.099 0.345 0.196 0.065 0.05 0.198

C= Correlation and PV= Probability Value.

3.7 Cost-benefit analysis of crops: Cost and benefit analysis is an important tool for evaluating the economic

feasibility of intercropping systems (Alom et. al, 2010). The findings of inputs and

outputs for the crops can be possible through cost-benefit analysis and has been proved to

be effective. Many scholars in the field of marketing geography have analyzed market

system, cost-benefit, cash flow and risk in marketing and its relationship with human life.

Saptarshi (1993); Devikar and Datye (1998) have studied cost structure of agro based

products and obvious proved that profitability of any crop cannot be understood unless

proper cost benefit is carried out. The present study has attempted cost benefit analysis of

the crops viz. kharif jowar, rabi jowar, bajara, rice, wheat, groundnut, flower, potato,

onion, etc. grown in the region. For this, 10% farmers are randomly selected from special

economic zone affected villages have been surveyed by circulating a questionnaire.

Most of the farmers can not consider the cost of own family labours, managerial

cost, recurring cost of well based irrigation, etc. into their account. All operations from

ploughing to marketing have been considered for the cost benefit analysis. So far as the

income of major crops is concerned, it has been estimated from the yield data procured

from the field enquiry and from the average price as per observed in the Khed,

Pimpalgaon and Pune market and in the agricultural market committee (cereals) in the

Khed and Chakan.

The cost benefit analysis have been carried out according to growth stages viz.

pre-sowing expenditure, sowing, growth and harvesting period of crops in review period

2006-07 to 2008-09. In pre-sowing expenditure, the cost of ploughing, harrowing, adding

manure, fertilizers and making sari-oramba have been taken into account. In the sowing,

the cost of soil work, seedling or seed and labour charges have been considered. The

growth period contains cost of labour charges, fertilizers, irrigation charges, insecticides

and pesticides and digging charges. The harvesting period consists of labour charges and

technical inputs like thresher, packaging, transportation, and other charges. The gross

expenditure, total income and profit / loss have been taken into account for cost benefit

analysis. The details about cereals are given below and discussed.

3.7.1. Cereals:

The cost benefit analysis of cereals has carried out for the period of 2006-07 to

2008-09. In the study region, six cereal crops are grown (kharif jowar, rabi jowar, bajara,

rice, wheat and greenpeas). The cost benefit analysis of cereals has been calculated with

the help of following points.

A) Gross expenditure of cereals:

The calculation of gross expenditure is essential for cost-benefit analysis. The

gross expenditure is calculated with the help of questionnaire circulate to farmers. The

charges of per hectare cultivation of cereals are considered to calculating the gross

expenditure. It includes stages of agricultural practices like pre-sowing, sowing, growth,

harvesting and post harvesting charges. The gross expenditure of the agricultural

activities has been growing during the period of 2006-07 to 2008-09 (Table No.3.21, a).

The main reason for increasing charges of agricultural activities like pre-sowing, sowing,

growth, harvesting, and post-harvesting; but, production is remains constant. The

maximum gross expenditure is required for wheat cultivation. The minimum gross

expenditure has required for Bajara for the period of 2006-07 to 2008-09. It means that,

the economic gain of the majority farmers is not sufficient to maintaining good standard

of living. Therefore, there is need to address of the alternatives for the development in the

particular and region in general. On this background special economic zone may be one

of the appropriate options.

B) Total income of cereals:

The total income is calculated with the help of following equation.

Total income = Production x Average rate

Table No. 3.19 AVERAGE RATE AND PRODUCTION OF CEREALS

Sr.No. Crops Average Rate (`) Production (Kg/hect)

2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2006-07 to 2008-09 1. Kharif. jowar 8.43 11.94 12.75 2200 2. Rabi. jowar 8.43 11.94 12.75 2500 3. Bajara 7.81 8.75 8.43 2000 4. Wheat 12.56 14.60 14.20 3200 5. Rice 12.00 15.00 12.00 1500 6. Greenpeas 15.00 16.00 15.00 2250

Source: District socio-economic survey report, 2006-07 to 2008-09.

The total income of all cereals is changing for the period of 2006-07 to 2008-09.

The reason for their changing total income is the production is remains constant but

average rate/Kg. is changed. The details about production and average rate are given in

the table no. 3.19. The maximum total income is observed for wheat cultivation for the

period of 2006-07 to 2008-09; while, minimum for bajara cultivation. The details about

total income of cereals is given in the table no. 3.21, a.

C) Profit/ loss of cereals:

The profit or loss of cereals is calculated with the help of following equation.

Profit/ Loss = Gross expenditure – Total Income

All cereals are having profit for the period of 2006-07 to 2008-09. The maximum

profit is observed in wheat cultivation. The reason for their profit is per hectare

production of wheat is more (3200 Kg). The profit/loss of cereals /hectare has shown in

the figure no.3.14.

The cost- benefit analysis of cereals shows that, the all cereals are profitable. The

bajara is the first ranking crops (35.79%) in kharif season in the study region; but, it is

having very less profit (about 5000/hect). The maximum profit is observed in wheat

cultivation per hectare in the study region; but, it is cultivated only 9.8% of net sown area

in rabi season. On the other hand, in the rabi season the maximum area is under rabi

jowar (45.23% NSA) in rabi; but, profit is not more and it is not stagnant. It profit/loss is

depends upon the production, demand, etc. Finally, we concluded that, the maximum

agricultural land is under cereals crops; but, cultivation of cereals is not helpful to

improved standard of living of the local peoples.

Figure No. 3.14

3.7.2 Pulses:

The cost benefit analysis of pulses has carried out for the period of 2006-07 to

2008-09. In the study region, five pulses are grown (bengal gram, green gram, pigeon

pea, kidney bean and black gram). The details about cost benefit analysis are given in the

table no. 3.21, b. The stages like pre sowing, sowing, growth, harvesting, post harvesting

and income are consider for calculating cost-benefit analysis. The cost-benefit analysis of

pulses has been carried out with the help of gross expenditure, total income and profit or

loss. The details about cost benefit analysis of pulses are given below and discussed.

A) Gross expenditure of pulses:

The gross expenditure of pulses consists of pre-sowing, sowing, growth,

harvesting and post harvesting charges. The gross expenditure of agricultural activities

has been growing during the period of 2006-07 to 2008-09. The main reason for their

increasing expenditure charges is the increasing charges of agricultural activities

(ploughing, etc.). The maximum gross expenditure is required for bengal gram cultivation

(Table No. 3.21, b). The minimum gross expenditure has observed for black gram

cultivation for the period of 2006-07-2008-09.

B) Total income of pulses:

Except green gram and pigeon pea for the period of 2006-07 to 2008-09 and

2007-08 to 2008-09 all pulses having profit respectively (Table No 3.21, b). The total

income of pulses is changed for the period of 2006-07 to 2008-09. The reason for their

changing total income is production is remaining constant but average rate is changed.

The maximum total income is observed in bengal gram cultivation for the period

of 2006-07 to 2008-09. The main reason is the production of bengal gram is more

compared to other pulses. On the other hand, the minimum total income has observed for

pigeon pea cultivation. The reasons for their minimum income are duration of pigeon pea

cultivation is high (5 months), insects are attracting on large scale on pigeon pea and per

hectare production of pigeon pea is very less.

Table No. 3.20 AVERAGE RATE AND PRODUCTION OF PULSES

Sr. No. Crops Average Rate (`) Production (Kg/hect)

2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2006-07 to 2008-09 1. Bengal gram 23.36 23.47 23.15 880 2. Green gram 28 30 35 250 3. Pigeon pea 40 40 42 150 4. Kidney bean 30 30 35 500 5. Black gram 48 48 50 200


C) Profit / loss of pulses: In 2006-07 to 2008-09, the bengal gram, kidney bean and black gram are having

profit and pigeon pea having profit in 2006-07. On the other hand, green gram shows loss

for the period of 2006-07 to 2008-09 and pigeon pea shows loss in 2007-08 and 2008-09.

The maximum profit is observed in bengal gram cultivation (Table No. 3.21 b).

In the last decade, the area under cultivation of pulses has decreased. The reason

for their decreased area under cultivation is the farmers are attracting towards the cash

crops cultivation like potato, cauliflower, cabbage, onion, wheat, etc.

Finally we concluded that, the area under pulses is insignificant in both seasons. It

is 4.37% and 5.99% respectively. According to group discussion with villagers the profit

in pulses cultivation is not more in the study region. The economic gain through pulses is

very less.

Table No. 3.21, a COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF CEREALS

Year → 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Sr. Crop Gross Expenditure Income Profit/

Loss Gross

Expenditure Income Profit/ Loss

Gross Expenditure Income Profit/

Loss No. (A) (B) (A-B) (C) (D) (C-D) (E) (F) (E-F) 1. K. Jowar 11114 18546 7432 11414 28050 16636 13305 26268 12963 2. R. Jowar 11415 21075 9660 12085 31875 19790 14335 29850 15515 3. Bajara 10090 15620 5530 10410 16860 6450 11460 17500 6040 4. Wheat 15265 10192 24927 15555 45440 29885 19565 46720 27155 5. Rice 10395 18000 7605 10695 18000 7305 12535 22500 9965 6. Greenpeas 14900 33750 18850 15470 33750 18280 18210 36000 17790

Table No. 3.21, b COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF PULSES

Year → 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09


Loss Gross



Loss No. (A) (B) (A-B) (C) (D) (C-D) (E) (F) (E-F) 1. Bengal gram 11916 20557 8641 13416 20654 7238 17740 20372 2632 2. Green gram 7605 7000 -605 7605 7500 -105 8815 8750 -65 3. Pigeon pea 5924 6000 76 6299 6000 -299 7430 6300 -1130 4. Kidney bean 11905 15000 2595 13165 15000 1385 15260 17500 2240 5. Black gram 4614 9600 4986 5014 9600 4586 6030 10000 3970

Figure No. 3.15

3.7.3 Vegetables

The cost benefit analysis of vegetables has carried out for the period of 2006-07 to

2008-09. In the study region, four vegetables are grown on large scale (cabbage,

cauliflower, onion and potato). The details about cost-benefit analysis are given in the

table no. 3.21, c. The gross expenditure, total income and profit or loss is calculated for

cost benefit analysis. The details about cost benefit analysis of pulses are given below

and discussed.

A) Gross expenditure of vegetables:

The stages of agricultural practices like pre-sowing, sowing, growth, harvesting

and post-harvesting are consider for calculation of gross expenditure. The gross

expenditure of the agricultural activities has been growing during the period of 2006-07

to 2008-09. The main reasons are increasing charges of seeds, sowing, growth and

harvesting activities. The potato required maximum charges for cultivation. The reason

for their high charges for cultivation is the cost of potato seeds, insecticides and

pesticides is very high (Table No. 3.21, c). In recent years, the farmers are move towards

the potato farming. The reasons for their attraction towards potato farming are the potato

chips industries to make contract to the farmers and it is cash crops in short period of

time (60-70 days).

B) Total income of vegetables:

The total income of vegetables is regularly increased during the period of 2006-07

to 2008-09. The maximum total income is observed in potato cultivation (Table No. 3.21,

c). The reason for their maximum total income is potato companies have given fixed rate

for potato production. The cabbage having minimum total income; because, production

and average rate/Kg are very less. The details about average rate and production of

vegetables are given in the table no.3.22.

C) Profit / loss of vegetables:

During the period of 2006-07 to 2008-09, except cabbage all vegetables are

having profit. In 2006-07, the cauliflower having maximum profit; because, good climate

and less expenditure and another important thing are decreased the profit of other

vegetables due to increasing expenditure charges. In 2007-08, potato having maximum

profit; because, increasing of average rate/ Kg (`1) than the year 2006-07; while,

cauliflower having less profit. In 2008-09, cauliflower having maximum profit in

vegetables; because, average rate is increased (`6/Kg); while, potato having less profit

(Figure No 3.16).

Figure No. 3.16

Table No. 3.21, c COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF VEGETABLES

Year → 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09


Loss Gross



Loss No. (A) (B) (A-B) (C) (D) (C-D) (E) (F) (E-F) 1. Cabbage 23580 18750 -4830 24800 21875 -2925 28450 25000 -3450 2. Cauliflower 32730 62500 29770 34500 62500 28000 42100 75000 32900 3. Onion 37320 46000 8680 39250 68800 29550 49925 76800 26875 4. Potato 73267.5 99000 25732.5 74017.5 111375 37358 87250 111375 24125

Table No. 3.21, d

COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF OILSEEDS

Year → 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09


Loss Gross



Loss No. (A) (B) (A-B) (C) (D) (C-D) (E) (F) (E-F) 1 Groundnut 14345 45255 27910 14615 46008 31393 17515 51570 34055 2 Sesame 4584 6750 2166 4809 7500 2691 5845 9000 3155

Table No. 3.22 AVERAGE RATE AND PRODUCTION OF VEGETABLES

Sr. No. Crops Average Rate (`) Production (Kg/hect.)

2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2006-07 to 2008-09 1. Cabbage 3.00 3.5 4.0 6250 2. Cauliflower 5.00 5.5 6.00 12500 3. Onion 4.60 6.88 7.68 10000 4. Potato 8.00 9.00 9.00 12375


During the period of 2006-07 to 2008-09 except cabbage, remaining all

vegetables are (cauliflower, onion and potato) having profit in the study region. The

profit/loss is not stagnant year to year. The reasons for their changing profit/loss are

climatic condition, demand, supply and prices of seeds.

3.7.4 Oilseeds:

There are two oilseeds (groundnut and sesame) crops are grown in the study

region. The details about oilseeds are given below and discussed.

A) Gross expenditure of oilseeds:

During the period of 2006-07 to 2008-09, the gross expenditure of oilseeds was

grown constantly (Table No. 3.21, d). The maximum gross expenditure is required for

groundnut; while, minimum for sesame. The gross expenditure of groundnut (2900) and

sesame (`1036) is high in 2007-08 and 2008-09 than 2006-07 and 2007-08. The gross

expenditure of oilseeds was increased regularly. The reason for their increase charges is

increasing charges of sowing, growth and harrowing activities.

B) Total income of oilseeds: The total income of oilseeds was continuously increased during the period of

2006-07 to 2008-09 (Table No. 3.21, d). The groundnut having maximum total income

(51570) of oilseeds in 2008-09; because, the average rate of groundnut is increased

(`2.06).

Table No. 3.23 AVERAGE RATE AND PRODUCTION OF OILSEEDS

Sr. No. Crops Average Rate (`) Production (Kg/hect.)

2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2006-07 to 2008-09 1. Groundnut 15.65 17.04 19.1 2700 2. Sesame 45 50 60 150


On the other hand, there is sesame having minimum total income of oilseeds. The

total income of sesame was increased continuously. The reason for their increased total

income is the average rate was increased (Table No. 3.23). The details about average rate

of oilseeds are given below and discussed.

C) Profit / loss of oilseeds: During the period of 2006-07 to 2008-09, the groundnut and oilseeds is having

profit; but, groundnut having maximum profit than sesame (Figure No.3.17). During the

period of 2006-07 to 2008-09, the profit of oilseeds is slightly increased. The reason for

their increased profit is increasing average rate of oilseeds/ Kg.

Figure No. 3.17

In the study region, the groundnut is the first ranking crop in oilseeds (34.04% of

NSA). As per the cost-benefit analysis, the oilseed is profitable crops in oilseeds. The

profit of groundnut has increased regularly. The reason for their increased profit is

farmers are move towards cash crops (potato, vegetables, etc) and the area under

groundnut is decreased year to year.

Finally we concluded that, less production is reached to the market and maximum

used for subsistence. Hence, this subsistence farming is unable to give huge amount of

profit. It means that, the present agricultural practices are not sufficient for development

of the region.

Cultivators income from various crops:

The figure no. 3.18 shows that, the village wise per cultivator income from

various crops in the agricultural year 2008-09. The maximum per cultivator income

(46771.58) from various crops is observed in the village K. Bhamburwadi; while,

minimum in Retavadi (10591.98). It seems that, per cultivator income from various crops

in the study region is not high. The low level of agricultural income indicates low

standard of living.

Figure No. 3.18

3.8 Density of population:

Density is a ratio between population and area and it is used as an indicator to

measure concentration of population. Density of population helps us to understanding the

nature of distribution of population (Sawant and Athavale, 1994). Density of population

is expressed in terms of persons per sq. km. or persons per sq. mile or persons per acre. In

the present study it is expressed in terms of persons per sq. km. It is calculated with the

help of following equation.

Total population Density of population = -------------------------------- X 100

Total area

With the help of this equation the average density of the study region is recorded

162.60 persons per/km2 (Table No. 3.24). In 2001, the study region having low of

population compared to the average density of Pune district density (315 per sq.km). The

maximum density is observed in Retavadi (291.96 per sq.km). The reason for their high

density are it is near to Khed and Chakan industrial area and the proportion of irrigated

land is high (84.90% of NSA). The lowest density is recorded in Varude (83.74 per sq.

km). It is shown in the figure no. 3.19.

Table No. 3.24 POPULATION AND OTHER DENSITIES OF THE STUDY REGION

Sr. No. Village Name Density Nutritional

Density Economic

Density Caloric Density

Marginal Re-source Density

1. K. Bhamburwadi 190.21 236.75 443.71 409.79 649.57 2. Retavadi 291.96 326.14 552.26 413.92 950.76 3. Jaulke Kh 173.22 221.71 306.8 275.98 470.68 4. Gulani 148.19 147.00 207.51 265.87 475.73 5. Wafgaon 163.34 185.68 268.83 262.52 894.93 6. Chaudharwadi 226.07 179.32 338.04 224.38 772.04 7. Pur 186.96 173.75 264.11 223.01 402.83 8. Varude 83.74 124.33 224.77 156.70 413.30 9. Wakalwadi 189.18 199.6 336.88 346.92 643.78 10. Chichbaiwadi 135.46 189.64 254.00 303.13 315.45 11. Gosasi 240.49 247.34 379.73 330.84 553.13 12. Nimgaon 205.38 199.45 301.68 274.39 492.05 13. Davadi 230.32 303.35 515.71 458.18 628.66 14. Kanhersar 205.95 237.76 342.07 414.43 292.44 15. Gadakwadi 208.63 167.93 305.53 220.21 814.56 16. Pabal 106.79 197.16 318.2 214.65 383.74 17. Kendur 124.70 185.69 303.64 213.14 541.70

Total 162.60 207.32 329.24 278.37 511.91 Source: District census handbook, 2001.

In the present study four such densities have been taken into account. The details

about all densities are given below and discussed.

1. Nutritional density (ND):

Nutritional density is the ratio of total rural population to total cropped area

(Saptarshi, 1993; Sawant and Athavale, 1994). It is expressed in terms of persons per 100

hect of area under gross cropped area using the following formula:

Population of Village X Nutritional density of village X = ------------------------------------- X 100

GCA in hectare of X

The average nutritional density of study region is 207.32. The Retavadi village is

the leading village in the nutritional density (326.14). The reasons for their ranking are

the population of this area is more; gross cropped area is less and very less distance from

market place (6 km). The village Varude is lowest in the ranking (124.33); it is shown in

the figure no.3.20. The reasons for their low ranking are less irrigated area (19.33%) and

maximum barren land (Mal- region’); therefore, very low agricultural land productivity.

2. Economic density (ED):

Saptarshi (1993) have defined agricultural density of population as the number of

persons per hundred hectare of net sown area; it is called as “economic density”. In the

present study, economic density has computed in persons per 100 hectares. The economic

density is calculated with the help of following formula:

Population of village X Economic density of village X = ------------------------------------- X 100

NSA in hect of X

The distribution of economic density depicts that, almost similar results as in case

of nutritional density with some marginal changes (Figure No. 3.21). Such changes occur

mainly in the villages where, double cropped area is significantly high. The Khalchi

Bhamburwadi, Retavadi, Chaudharwadi, Wakalwadi, Gosasi, Davadi and Kanhersar have

registered higher density values (>329.24 persons /100 hectare of NSA).

3. Caloric density (CD): The population pressure on the area under food crops can give an idea the nature

of farming. Researchers have also considered the total production of food crops to

understand the “carrying capacity”. Due to the paucity of yield data at village level the

carrying capacity could not be estimated. Here, caloric density is computed in terms of

persons per 100 hectares of area under food crops. The caloric density calculated using

following formula:

Population of village X Caloric density of village X = ------------------------------------- X 100

Food crops in hect of X

The high value of caloric density can be interpreted in terms of high population

pressure on food cropped area or high proportion of commercial crops. The average value

(278.37/100 hectare) can note overall subsistence type of farming and the production.

Figure No. 3.19

Figure No. 3.20

Figure No. 3.21

Perhaps, it is low that one hectare under food grains can only support

2.78/persons. The spatial variation of caloric density shows that, about 58% villages (10)

are having very less density (below 275.98/100 hectare) indicating dominance of

subsistence culture in the area (Figure No.3.22).

Figure No.3.22

Figure No. 3.23

4. Marginal resource density (MRD):

The agricultural set up in the study region is not in position to scope up with the

minimum requirements of the people. In such circumstances, biomass and other needs of

the population are satisfied from the marginal resources present in waste land (Saptarshi,

1993). Environmentalists consider this is a major cause of degradation of biomass. To

highlight such problems in the study region, population pressure on waste- land has been

taken into account. The areas which are categorized as barren land, grass lands, culturable

waste, forest and permanent fallow are taken together to compute. (persons /100 hect.).

Here, marginal resource density is computed in terms of persons per 100 hectares of area

not available for agriculture.

Rural population Marginal resource density = --------------------------------------------- X 100

Areas not available for agriculture

It seems that, the Retavadi, Wafgaon, Gadakwadi, Chaudharwadi, Khalchi

Bhamburwadi, Wakalwadi, Davadi and Gosasi villages are having density more than

(511.91/100 hectare) the average density (Table No. 3.24); it is shown in the figure no.

3.23. The availability of irrigation has been responsible for increased in the areas under

tillage and encroachment on fallow and barren land.

Thus, the density of population compared with other land use characteristics, it is

useful for understanding the man-resource relationship in the study region and problems

thereby, with a spatial perspective.

3.9 Growth rate of population: The growth of population may be approach just by taking into consideration the

next growth of population of the basic years. The growth rate assumes special

significance when viewed in temporal perspective. The growth of population has been

taken into consideration for the last four decades (1961-2001). The growth rate of

population has a great significance for geographers to understand the various social and

economic problems.

The actual growth rate of specific decades is obtained by dividing the difference

between the populations of two decades and multiplying it with 100 as under.

Pn - Po r = ------------------------- x 100

Po Where,

r = Growth rate Pn = Population of next year Po = Population of base year 100 is for percentage value

The table (Table No.3.25) reveals that, the trends of general population growth

rates during the span of 40 years (1961-2001). The maximum decadal population growth

is observed in the decade 1971-1981 than the other decades, while minimum in the 1961-

1971 decades than the other decades.

The general population growth rate has decreased from 1971-2001. The reverse

trends are observed in the decade 1961-1971. The details about decadal population

growth is given below and discussed.

Table No. 3.25 DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH (%)

Sr. No. Village Name 1961-1971 1971-1981 1981-1991 1991-2001 1. K. Bhamburwadi - - -35.24 107.75 2. Retavadi 37.68 10.09 21.31 8.89 3. Jaulke Kh. 18.66 3.88 19.37 6.85 4. Gulani 31.61 15.76 16.86 9.99 5. Wafgaon 17.81 5.79 -10.66 6.80 6. Chaudharwadi - - 15.11 57.11 7. Pur 11.46 7.87 3.40 3.01 8. Varude 13.92 -32.94 2.37 -7.30 9. Wakalwadi 8.33 21.23 13.14 2.21 10. Chichbaiwadi - - - 3.19 11. Gosasi 12.81 20.51 8.78 19.09 12. Nimgaon 17.48 18.96 17.39 12.85 13. Davadi 17.69 9.52 17.53 18.51 14. Kanhersar 23.78 13.10 15.95 9.23 15. Gadakwadi - - 10.89 8.40 16. Pabal 2.74 -54.65 21.49 20.44 17. Kendur 12.23 -28.91 18.23 4.34

Average -28.71 50.88 14.10 11.99 Source: District census handbook, 1961-2001.

i) 1961-1971: In this decade, the decadal population growth is decreased (-28.77%). The

maximum decadal population growth is observed in Retavadi (37.68%). The reasons for

their high population growth are high birth rate and low death rate; followed by Gulani,

Kanhersar, Jaulke Kh, Wafgaon, Davadi, Nimgaon, Varude, Gosasi, Kendur, Pur,

Wakalwadi and Pabal respectively (Table No.3.25).

ii) 1971-1981: In this decade, the population growth is increased (50.88%). The maximum

decadal population growth was decreasing in Pabal (-54.65%); followed by Varude

(-32.94%) and Kendur (-28.91%) respectively (Figure No. 3.25).

Figure No. 3.24

Figure No. 3.25

Figure No.3.26

Figure No. 3.27

The maximum decadal population growth is observed in Wakalwadi (21.23%);

followed by Gosasi, Nimgaon, Gulani, Kanhersar, Retavadi, Davadi, Pur and Jaulke Kh.

respectively.

iii) 1981-1991: In this decade, the population growth is notified 14.10%. The K. Bhamburwadi

(-35.24%) and Wafgaon (-10.66) are having negative decadal population growth in this

decade. The reason for their negative population is K. Bhamburwadi was divided into the

two villages namely K. Bhamburwadi and Varchi Bhamburwadi; while, Wafgaon divided

into Wafgaon and Chichbaiwadi. It is shown in the figure no. 3.26.

The maximum decadal population growth is observed in Pabal (21.49%);

followed by Retavadi, Jaulke Kh, Kendur, Davadi, Nimgaon, Gulani, Kanhersar,

Chaudharwadi, Wakalwadi, Gadakwadi, Gosasi, Pur and Varude respectively. The details

about decadal population of this decade are given in the table no.3.25.

iv) 1991-2001: Among all this entire villages, only Varude (7.30%) having negative population

growth in this decade (Figure No. 3.27). In this decade, the maximum population growth

is observed in K. Bhamburwadi (107.75%). The reasons for their maximum growth are

agricultural employment is available on large scale at local level due to canal irrigation

and industrial workers can easily up-down from village to industrial sector due to good

transport facility; followed by Chaudharwadi, Pabal, Gosasi, Davadi, Nimgaon, Gulani,

Kanhersar, Retavadi, Gadakwadi, Jaulke Kh, Wafgaon, Kendur, Chichbaiwadi, Pur and

Wakalwadi respectively.

Finally we concluded that, except Varude there are all villages are having the

decadal positive population growth in the study region. Therefore, the proportion of land-

man ratio is decreased day by day. The study region faced many problems including

unemployment, increased dependent ratio, low standard of living, etc. due to increased

population growth. The present agricultural practices and cropping pattern are not

sufficient to handle these types of problems. Therefore, there is need to find out another

way of development in the study region.

3.10 Sex ratio: Sex ratio is measured in terms of number of females per thousand males; it is one

of the best indicators of status of women in society (Sangwan and Sangwan, 2009). Sex

ratio may be one of the indicators for judging the level of development. It is well known

that a balanced sex ratio (i.e. about 1000 females/1000 males) is the sign of proper human

resource development. The average tahsil sex ratio is important for to understand and

compare the village wise sex ratio. Therefore, the average tahsil sex ratio has been given

in the table no 3.26.

Table No. 3.26 SEX RATIO (%o)

Sr. No.

Tahsil

Years 1991 2001

1. Khed 959 927 2. Shirur 969 934

Source: District census handbook, 1991 and 2001.

It seems that, the sex ratio of Khed and Shirur tahsil is decreased in 2001 census

year than 1991 census year (Table No.3.26). It is decreased 32 and 35 respectively. The

present study is to understand the village wise sex ratio of the study region. The village

wise sex ratio comparison is significant to proper understanding at micro level in the

study region. Therefore, village wise sex ratio has been compared to tahsil average sex

ratio of 1991 and 2001.

Table No. 3.27 VILLAGEWISE DISTRIBUTION OF SEX RATIO

Sr. No. Village Name Tahsil 1991 2001

Sex Ratio DBVTASR Sex Ratio DBVTASR 1. K. Bhamburwadi Khed 966 7 906 -21 2. Retavadi Khed 917 -42 925 2 3. Jaulke Kh. Khed 955 -4 975 48 4. Gulani Khed 959 0 914 -13 5. Wafgaon Khed 984 25 940 13 6. Chaudharwadi Khed 970 11 1063 136 7. Pur Khed 1005 46 1024 97 8. Varude Khed 1055 96 1066 139 9. Wakalwadi Khed 984 25 997 70 10. Chichbaiwadi Khed 1027 68 1086 159 11. Gosasi Khed 940 19 953 26 12. Nimgaon Khed 991 32 1020 93 13. Davadi Khed 997 38 1000 73 14. Kanhersar Khed 993 34 992 65 15. Gadakwadi Khed 959 0 969 42 16. Pabal Shirur 1014 45 990 56 17. Kendur Shirur 1019 50 978 44

Average 989 - 981 - Source: District census handbook, 1991 and 2001. Note: DBVTASR=Difference between village and tahsil average sex ratio. It seems that the sex ratio of study region is decreased in the census 2001 (981)

than 1991 (989). It is shown in the table no. 3.27. The village wise sex ratio of both

census years are compared to tahsil average sex ratio (TASR). In 1991, Gulani and

Gadakwadi having equal (959) sex ratio to tahsil average sex ratio; therefore, the

difference between village and tahsil average of sex ratio (DBVTASR) is 0. The Retavadi

(-42) and Jaulke Kh (-4) are having less sex ratio than the tahsil average sex ratio. The

Varude is the leading village (1055) on the ranking; followed by Chichbaiwadi (1027)

respectively (Figure No.3.28). The reason for their high sex ratio than the tahsil average

sex ratio are less percentage of net sown area (37.25% and 53.33% respectively) and low

percentage of irrigated area (19.33% and 49.43% respectively). Therefore, the percentage

of male migration is high for the purpose of jobs to the nearest industrial zone (Chakan

and Ranjangaon MIDC).

Figure No. 3.28

Figure No. 3.29

3.11 Scheduled caste and scheduled tribes population:

The study region having SC and ST population is about 895 and 2912

respectively (census, 2001). It is just 2.23% and 7.26% respectively. There are 12 villages

having SC and 13 villages having ST population in the study region. The distribution of

SC and ST population are given in the table no. 3.28 and 3.29 respectively.

It seems that, the K. Bhamburwadi, Pur, Chichbaiwadi, Gosasi and Gadakwadi

are not having SC population in 2001 census year (Figure No. 3.31). The maximum SC

population is observed in Wafgaon (5.70%) of the total population; while, minimum in

the village Gulani (0.56%). The total SC population in the study area was decreased from

1126 (3.14%) in 1991 to 895 (2.23%) in 2001. It is decreased maximum in Varude

(6.05%) in 2001 than the 1991 census year. In 1991 census year, the Pur (34) and Gosasi

(7) are having SC population; but, it is not observed in 2001 census year. The main

reason for their absence of SC population is outmigration.

Table No. 3.28 DISTRIBUTION OF SC POPULATION

Sr. No. Village

Year 1991 2001

Male Female Total % Male Female Total % 1. K. Bhamburwadi 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 2. Retavadi 12 18 30 0.89 09 21 30 0.81 3. Jaulke Kh. 11 12 23 1.94 15 14 29 2.29 4. Gulani 08 05 13 0.80 06 04 10 0.56 5. Wafgaon 83 84 167 5.95 96 75 171 5.70 6. Chaudharwadi 00 00 00 0.00 07 09 16 2.23 7. Pur 15 19 34 3.20 00 00 00 00 8. Varude 64 72 136 7.00 08 09 17 0.94 9. Wakalwadi 01 04 05 0.39 07 12 19 1.47 10. Chichbaiwadi 0 0 00 0.00 00 00 00 0.00 11. Gosasi 02 05 07 0.59 00 00 00 0.00 12. Nimgaon 24 28 52 2.08 48 43 91 3.23 13. Davadi 51 58 109 2.47 73 65 138 2.63 14. Kanhersar 45 44 89 2.94 40 35 75 2.27 15. Gadakwadi 00 00 00 0.00 00 00 00 0.00 16. Pabal 139 159 298 8.45 87 81 168 3.95 17. Kendur 80 83 163 3.10 66 65 131 2.39

TOTAL 535 591 1126 3.14 462 433 895 2.23 Source: District census handbook, 1991 and 2001.

It seems that, the total ST population has continuously increased upto 1981 to

2001 census year, it is 2204, 2764, 2912 respectively (Table No.3.29). The maximum

percentage of ST population is observed in Gosasi (21.05%); while, minimum in Gulani

(0.22%). The field study reveals that, the ST populations have not observed in four

villages; namely, K. Bhamburwadi, Pur, Chichbaiwadi and Gadakwadi (Fig. No 3.33).

Finally, concluded that the ST population (7.26%) is comparatively more than the

SC population (2.23%). Most of the ST population having own land; but, it is located on

the top of the mountain area and on slope of the hills. Due to lack of irrigation facility,

productivity of land is very low. Therefore, seasonal migration for jobs has been noticed

to the remote villages. Therefore, there is need to stop the seasonal and permanent out

migration, there is need to established employed based industries in the study region. In

the field of agriculture, there are very less chances to increase employment. Therefore,

there is need to find out another way of development. The special economic zone is may

be one of the important alternatives of development.

Table No. 3.29 DISTRIBUTION OF ST POPULATION

Sr. No. Village Name

Year 1991 2001

Male Female Total % Male Female Total % 1 K. Bhamburwadi 00 00 00 0.00 00 00 00 0.00 2. Retavadi 141 134 275 8.12 137 141 278 7.54 3. Jaulke Kh. 115 95 210 17.75 121 119 240 18.99 4. Gulani 00 00 00 0.00 02 02 04 0.22 5. Wafgaon 14 06 20 0.71 15 06 21 0.70 6. Chaudharwadi 00 00 00 0.00 02 01 03 0.42 7. Pur 02 01 03 0.28 00 00 00 0.00 8. Varude 53 55 108 5.56 56 62 118 6.55 9. Wakalwadi 141 137 278 21.96 114 136 250 19.32

10. Chichbaiwadi 00 00 00 0.00 00 00 00 0.00 11. Gosasi 178 169 347 29.18 153 145 298 21.05 12. Nimgaon 255 267 522 20.91 264 278 542 19.23 13. Davadi 77 58 135 3.05 75 65 140 2.67 14. Kanhersar 136 135 271 8.96 156 167 323 9.78 15. Gadakwadi 00 00 00 0.00 00 00 00 0.00 16. Pabal 03 02 05 0.14 14 11 25 0.59 17. Kendur 295 295 590 11.23 340 330 670 12.22

TOTAL 1410 1354 2764 7.72 1449 1463 2912 7.26 Source: District census handbook, 1991 and 2001.

Figure No.3.30

Figure No. 3.31

Figure No. 3.32

Figure No. 3.33

3.12 Working population resource:

Working population is that the section of population which includes engaged in

economically produce activity. Therefore, it is indicator of the socio-economic status of

the population. Working population is divided into three groups, namely, main, marginal

and non workers. A main worker is that the preceding year i.e. at least 6 months or 183

days (Census, 1991). Those who have worked for sometime during preceding year but

not for a major part have been treated as marginal workers. All those persons who have

not worked at all during the entire year preceding the date of enumeration are classified

as non-workers. The evaluation of working population resources is carried out with the

help of categories of working population.

Table No. 3.30 PERCENTAGE OF MAIN, MARGINAL AND NON-WORKERS

Sr. No.

Type of Workers

Study Area Total Proportion

of Male Proportion of Female

1. Main workers 86.8 52.66 47.34 2. Marginal workers 13.2 43.38 56.62 3. Total workers to total population 57.38 51.43 48.57 4. Non workers to total workers 42.62 49.21 50.79

Source: District census handbook, 2001.

The percentage of total workers to total population is 57.38%; while, non-working

population is 42.62% in 2001 (Table No.3.30). It means that, the dependant population is

less than the working population but still significant. The details about main, marginal

and non-workers are given below and discussed.

3.12.1 Main workers: In 2001, the percentage of main workers is 86.80% of total workers; while, it is

49.81% of total population (Table No. 3.31). On the basis of percentage of main workers

to total population; these 17 villages are classified in to four categories; namely, low

(<25%), medium (25.01-50%), high (50.01-75%) and very high (>75.01%). The

maximum percentage of main working population is observed in Wakalwadi (65.15%);

while, minimum in K. Bhamburwadi (36.27%).

It seems that, the concentration of main workers is observed in medium and high

category; While, no any village are included in low and very high category of main

workers (Table No. 3.31). The K. Bhamburwadi, Pabal, Gosasi, Jaulke Kh, Gadakwadi,

Kendur and Nimgaon villages comes under medium category. Kanhersar, Wafgaon,

Davadi, Retavadi, Pur, Varude, Chaudharwadi, Gulani, Chichbaiwadi and Wakalwadi

villages are falls under high category of main worker.

Table No. 3.31 MAIN WORKERS

Sr. No. Category Village Name Total Main

Workers Total

Population Proportion of

Main workers % 1. Low (<25%) - - - -

2. Medium (25.01- 50%)

1) K. Bhamburwadi 486 1340 36.27 2) Pabal 1754 4248 41.29 3) Gosasi 597 1416 42.16 4) Jaulke Kh. 536 1264 42.41 5) Gadakwadi 356 839 42.43 6) Kendur 2559 5482 46.68 7) Nimgaon 1392 2818 49.40

3. High (50.01- 75%)

1) Kanhersar 1679 3303 50.83 2) Wafgaon 1542 2998 51.43 3) Davadi 2696 5237 51.48 4) Retavadi 1971 3688 53.44 5) Pur 595 1095 54.34 6) Varude 1012 1802 56.16 7) Chaudharwadi 410 718 57.10 8) Gulani 1062 1784 59.53 9) Chichbaiwadi 483 776 62.24 10) Wakalwadi 843 1294 65.15

4. V. High (>75.01%) - - - -

Total 19973 40102 49.81 Source: District census handbook, 2001.

Figure No. 3.34

Main workers have been categorized into four groups; namely, cultivators,

landless labourers, household industries labourers and other workers. The details about

main workers are given below and discussed.

a) Cultivators and agricultural labour:

The cultivators are the land owners whereas agricultural workers are the

labourers. The availability of labour is also a major constraint in the agricultural land use

and cropping patterns of a region. Labour represents all human services other than

decision making and capital (Husain, 2004). The 73.77% of the main workers are the

cultivators (Table No. 3.32). It seems that, the percentage of male and female cultivators

are near about same (50.02% and 49.98% respectively). Gosasi is the leading village

(93.13%) in cultivators of main workers; followed by Pur (91.43%), Chichbaiwadi

(89.03%), Gadakwadi (88.20%), and Davadi (85.03%) respectively.

Table No.3.32 CULTIVATORS

Sr. No. Category Village Name Proportion

of Male (%) Proportion of Female (%)

% of Cultivators

1. Low (<25%) - - - -

2. Medium (25.01- 50%) 1) K. Bhamburwadi 67.12 32.88 45.68

3. High (50.01- 75%)

1) Wafgaon 59.52 40.48 56.23 2) Pabal 48.59 51.41 60.66 3) Kanhersar 49.03 50.97 64.50 4) Kendur 49.97 50.03 67.72 5) Chaudharwadi 51.20 48.80 70.98 6) Nimgaon 50.85 49.15 71.91 7) Wakalwadi 47.12 52.88 74.02

4. V. High (>75.01%)

1) Retavadi 49.84 50.16 78.29 2) Gulani 51.62 48.38 81.54 3) Varude 46.32 53.68 83.20 4) Jaulke Kh. 48.21 51.79 83.21 5) Davadi 48.42 51.58 85.65 6) Gadakwadi 49.36 50.64 88.20 7) Chichbaiwadi 48.84 51.16 89.03 8) Pur 47.98 52.02 91.43 9) Gosasi 49.28 50.72 93.13

Total 50.02 49.98 73.77 Source: District census handbook, 2001.

The Retavadi (50.16%), Jaulke Kh (51.79%), Pur (52.02%), Varude (53.68%),

Wakalwadi (52.88 %), Chichbaiwadi (51.16%), Gosasi (50.72%), Davadi (51.58%),

Kanhersar (50.97%), Gadakwadi (50.64%), Pabal (51.41%) and Kendur (50.03%) are

having higher proportion of female cultivators (Table No. 3.32). In the study region, the

proportion of the male cultivators is greater than the female cultivators, it is indicates

social backwardness. The distribution of cultivators is shown in the figure No. 3.35.

In 2001, the percentage of agricultural labour is 11.91% of main workers; it

constitutes 35.28% male and 64.72% female agricultural labour. The higher the

percentage of female agricultural labour indicates social and economic backwardness of

the people.

It seems that, the maximum percentage of agricultural labourers is observed in

Wafgaon (23.87%); while, minimum in Gadakwadi (1.40%). It is indicates that the better

carrying capacity. The distribution of agricultural labour is shown in the figure no. 3.35.

b) Hosehold industries and other workers:

In 2001, the percentage of household industries laboures is insignificant (1.20%)

of total main workers. The other workers includes, the workers engaged in animal

husbandry, fruit gardening, quarrying, construction, transport and economic activities. In

the study region, this category of workers mainly includes labourers involved in fruit

gardening, trade and commerce. The percentage of main other workers to total main

workers is 12.93%. The distribution of household and other workers are shown in the

figure no. 3.37 and 3.38.

Figure No. 3.35

Figure No. 3.36

Figure No. 3.37

Figure No. 3.38

Location Quotient:

The working and non working population of the study area is 23011 and 17091

respectively. The location Quotient is also used to find out the concentration and

specialization of the region in that particular activity (cultivators, agricultural labourers,

household industries and other working population). The following formula is used to

calculate the location quotient.

xi ---------- X 100

xt Location Quotient (LQ) = ------------------------- yi

---------- X 100 yt

Where, LQ = Location Quotient. xi = Number of workers of any types of main workers of provinces. xt = Total number of workers in the minor region. yi = Number of workers in same types of main workers in major region. yt = Total number of workers in a major region.

Here, less than one indicates that the region has less than with share with

particular types of industry; one is indicates that the region has developed types of main

workers upto potential and greater than one is indicates that the region has more than

shares in particular types of main workers.

It seems that, the Retavadi, Gulani, Pur, Varude, Wakalwadi, Chichbaiwadi,

Gosasi, Davadi, and Gadakwadi villages have been shows the location quotient is greater

than 1. So, these villages are more than shares in cultivators (Table No. 3.33).

The K. Bhamburwadi, Jaulke Kh, Wafgaon, Chaudharwadi, Varude, Wakalwadi,

Nimgaon, Gosasi, Kanhersar and Kendur villages shows that, the location quotient is

greater than 1; so these villages are more than share in agricultural labourers.

The household industries are more developable in Wafgaon, Chaudharwadi,

Davadi, Kanhersar and Pabal and Kendur respectively.

It seems that the villages like K. Bhamburwadi (agricultural labour and other

workers), Chaudharwadi (agricultural labour and household industries), Davadi

(cultivators and household industries) and Pabal (household industries and other workers)

are shows that more than shares in the two industries and Kanhersar and Kendur are more

than shares in three types of main workers; i.e. agricultural labour, household industry

and other workers (Table No. 3.33).

Table No. 3.33 LOCATION QUOTIENT

Sr. No.

Types of Main

Workers <1 1 >1

1. Cultivators

K. Bhamburwadi, Wafgaon, Nimgaon, Kanhersar, Pabal and Kendur.

Jaulke Kh. and

Chaudharwadi

Retavadi, Gulani, Pur, Varude, Wakalwadi, Chichbaiwadi, Gosasi, Davadi and Gadakwadi.

2. Agricultural Labour

Retavadi, Gulani, Pur, Chichbaiwadi, Davadi, Gadakwadi and Pabal.

-

K. Bhamburwadi, Jaulke Kh, Wafgaon, Chaudharwadi, Varude, Wakalwadi, Nimgaon, Gosasi, Kanhersar and Kendur.

3. Household Industries

K. Bhamburwadi, Retavadi, Jaulke Kh, Gulani, Pur, Varude, Wakalwadi, Gosasi, Chichbaiwadi, Nimgaon and Gadakwadi.

- Wafgaon, Chaudharwadi, Davadi, Kanhersar, Pabal and Kendur.

4. Other Workers

Retavadi, Jaulke Kh, Pur, Gulani, Chaudharwadi, Varude, Wakalwadi, Chichbaiwadi, Gosasi, Nimgaon, Davadi and Gadakwadi.

- K. Bhamburwadi, Wafgaon, Kanhersar, Pabal and Kendur.

Source: Compiled by the researcher, 2011.

3.12.2 Marginal workers as a potential resource: Marginal workers are the workers who are engaged for less than 183 days in the

preceding year. In 2001, the percentage of marginal workers to total workers is 13.20%;

while, it is 7.58% of total population. On the basis of percentage of marginal workers to

total population; these 17 villages are classified into four categories; namely, low

(<25%), medium (25.01-50%), high (50.01-75%) and very high (>75.01%). All villages

are included in the low category (Table No. 3.34). Gosasi is the leading village in

marginal workers (14.76%); while, minimum in Chaudharwadi (2.37%). The reason for

their less irrigation is water is available for irrigation for limited days from wells.

The proportion of female marginal workers is 43.38%. It seems that, the

percentage of female marginal workers is more than 80% in K. Bhamburwadi and

Gadakwadi; while, Nimgaon, Davadi, Wafgaon, Chichbaiwadi, Varude, Pabal,

Kanhersar, Jaulke Kh and Kendur having more 50% female marginal workers.

Table No. 3.34 MARGINAL WORKERS

Sr. No. Category Village Name

Proportion of Male

(%)

Proportion of Female

(%)

% of Marginal Workers to total

population

1. Low (<25%)

1) Chaudharwadi 52.94 47.06 2.37 2) Nimgaon 32.67 67.33 3.58 3) Davadi 31.79 68.21 3.72 4) Wafgaon 44.53 55.47 4.27 5) Gadakwadi 20.00 80.00 5.36 6) Chichbaiwadi 34.88 65.12 5.54 7) Varude 46.96 53.04 6.38 8) Pabal 40.49 59.51 6.69 9) Retavadi 56.47 43.53 7.54 10) Kanhersar 35.61 64.39 7.99 11) Gulani 55.94 44.06 8.02 12) K. Bhamburwadi 4.80 95.20 9.33 13) Pur 60.34 39.66 10.59 14) Jaulke Kh. 43.45 56.55 11.47 15) Kendur 43.25 56.75 11.89 16) Wakalwadi 55.62 44.38 13.76 17) Gosasi 54.07 45.93 14.76

2. Medium (25.01- 50%) - - - 3. High (50.01- 75%) - - - 4. V. High (>75.01%) - - -

Total 43.38 56.62 7.58 Source: District census handbook, 2001.

Figure No. 3.39

The K. Bhamburwadi is included in the marginal workers; because, some part of

K. Bhamburwadi is called as Jarewadi, it is totally unirrigated area; therefore, agricultural

workers are not engage more than 183 days in the preceding year; therefore standard of

living is low. The distribution of marginal workers is shown in the figure no. 3.39.

3.13 Facilities and amenities: The role of facilities and amenities is significant in development of any region.

Therefore; the facilities like literacy, educational resources, post and telecommunication

services, medical facility, weekly market centers and transport facility are studied to

understand the socio-economic development of the people in the study region. The details

about facilities and amenities are given below and discussed.

3.13.1 Literacy: Quantitative aspect: Literacy is an expression of the quality of human resources. It is primary

parameter to evaluate the socio-cultural status of the people in rural areas. In 1991, the

percentage of literate male and female is 63.43% and 36.57% respectively. In 2001 it is

59.47% and 40.53% respectively. The village wise literacy rates show a slight variation

(Table No. 3.35).

Table No.3.35 LITERACY

Sr. No. Category Village Name Proportion

of Male (%) Proportion of Female (%) Total

1. Low (<25%) - - - - 2. Medium (25.01-50%) - - - -

3. High (50.01- 75%)

1) Jaulke Kh. 63.66 36.34 51.82 2) Wakalwadi 63.33 36.67 53.32 3) Gadakwadi 63.86 36.14 53.75 4) Nimgaon 60.21 39.79 54.22 5) Chichbaiwadi 59.58 40.42 55.15 6) Chaudharwadi 58.54 41.46 55.43 7) Varude 60.20 39.80 55.77 8) Kanhersar 59.05 40.95 57.07 9) Retavadi 59.67 40.33 58.76 10) Gulani 60.11 39.89 59.02 11) Gosasi 64.92 35.08 59.39 12) Davadi 59.28 40.72 59.75 13) K. Bhamburwadi 62.52 37.48 59.93 14) Kendur 58.60 41.40 60.76 15) Pur 56.00 44.00 63.93 16) Wafgaon 59.32 40.68 64.44 17) Pabal 55.94 44.06 66.78

4. V. high (>75.01%) - - - - Total 59.47 40.53 59.43

Source: District census handbook, 2001.

The Jaulke Kh has recorded 51.82% literacy on the lower side (males 63.66% and

females 36.34%) and Gadakwadi has registered 66.78% on the higher side (males

55.94% and females 44.06%). On the basis of total literacy, these 17 villages are


75%) and very high (>75.01%). There is all villages comes under high category. It

indicates that, there are chances for improvement in education sector.

Figure No. 3.40

It is observed that the literacy rate is correlated with the proportion of agricultural

labourers. The villages having low literacy show higher proportion of landless labourers.

In difference between male literacy and female literacy is 18.94%. Thus, these facts point

out to the need for improving education status the women as well as landless labourers.

3.13.2 Educational resources: Literacy rates reveals that the poor educational status of the people in the study

region, as mention earlier (section 3.13.1). Almost all the villages have the facility of

primary schooling.

It seems that, K. Bhamburwadi, Chichbaiwadi and Chaudharwadi villages are

having educational facility upto fourth standard. The Wakalwadi, Gadakwadi and Pur

villages are having education facility upto seventh standard. Retavadi, Gulani, Wafgaon,

Jaulke Kh, Nimgaon, Varude, Gosasi, Kendur and Kanhersar villages are having

educational facilities upto secondary school. The village Davadi is having junior college

facility; while, only Pabal village having college and technical education facility (Table

No.3.36).

Table No.3.36 EDUCATIONAL FACILITY

Sr. No. Stage of Education Village Name

1. Primary (0-4) K. Bhamburwadi, Chichbaiwadi and Chaudharwadi

2. Primary (0-7) Wakalwadi, Gadakwadi and Pur

3. Primary and Secondary (1-10)

Retavadi, Gulani, Wafgaon, Jaulke Kh, Nimgaon, Varude, Gosasi, Kendur and Kanhersar.

4. Jr. College Davadi. 5. Jr. College and Sr. College Pabal. 6. Technical (M.C.V.C) Pabal.

Source: Compiled by the researcher, 2011.

3.13.3 Post and telecommunication services: There are 54.16% of the population gets the advantage of postal services in their

own village (Table No.3.37). The 27.12% of the peoples have to travel upto 5 km. and

18.72% beyond 5 km. to avail postal services, such village to get newspaper daily. The

villages like Retavadi, Wafgaon, Pabal and Kendur having telephone facility.

Table No.3.37 POSTAL SERVICES

Sr. No. Dist. for Postal Services No. of Villages Population Percentage 1. Within the 5 19394 54.16 2. Below 5KM 9 9712 27.12 3. 5-10 KM 1 2497 6.97 4. Above 10 Km 2 4207 11.75

Total 17 35810 100 Source: Field survey, 2009.

3.13.4 Medical facilities: Using the census data, the population of the study region has been classified

according to the distance required by them to reach to the medical facility. All villages

are having medical facility. The Pabal village having health centre (HC), primary health

centre (PHC) and hospital facility (H) in the study region. The maternity and child

welfare (MCW), child welfare centers (CWC) and primary health centre (CWC) is

observed in Kendur.

It seems that, there are only two primary health centers are observed in Wafgaon

and Varude respectively and primary health sub-centers (PHS) are observed in K.

Bhamburwadi, Retavadi, Jaulke Kh, Gulani, Wakalwadi, Gosasi and Nimgaon

respectively (Table No. 3.38). The villages like Chaudharwadi, Pur, Chichbaiwadi,

Kanhersar and Kendur having (CHW) facility in the study region. The primary health

sub-centers and child health welfare facility are observed in Davadi. The spatial

distribution of this facility reveals that, there is a good status of medical facility in the

region.

Table No.3.38 MEDICAL FACILITY

Sr. No.

Types of Medical Facility

No. of Villages Population %

1 PHS 7 13604 33.93 2 PHC 2 4800 11.97 3 CHW 5 6731 16.78 4 PHS, CHW 1 5237 13.06 5 PHC,CWC, MCW 1 5482 13.67 6 HC, PHC, H 1 4248 10.59

Total 17 40102 100 Source: District census handbook, 2001.

3.13.5 Weekly market centers: The role of periodic markets in the rural development is important. Besides the

trade and commerce, such as market places act as the centers of communication in rural

areas. There are 5 weekly market places in the study region (Figure No. 3.40); out of

these, Pabal market is the famous market for pulses. The villages like Wafgaon, Davadi,

Kanhersar and Kendur are very small size and not so important. There are 8 villages

located upto 5 km from the nearest market place, one village between 5 to 10 km and

three beyond 10 km.

3.13.6 Transport facility: The transport system provides the essential infrastructure for the development of

the region. The transport and economic development are mutually interred- related. The

economic development of any region depends on physical, cultural and political factors.

Singh (1984) has described that accessibility which is supposed to be the best indicator of

the degree and efficiency of the transportation in a region. A high degree of accessibility

is essential for socio-economic development of the study region.

Only road transport system is available in the study region (Figure No.3.41). The

roads are divided into following categories; namely, national highway, state highway,

district roads and tahsil /rural roads. All villages are connected to each other form mettle

and unmettle roads. There are two states highway (SH.54, SH.61) passing through the

study region.

Figure No. 3.41

3.14. Industries: Industry is responsible for converting raw material into finished product and

giving the advantage of value addition. Similarly, it provides employment to people who

get more wages than those in the primary sector. Thus, industrial establishment and

development may be equated to increase in value of raw material as well as manpower.

Hence, it has been considered as indicator of human resource development for a balance

growth of economy of a region. The industrial development must be complimentary to

agricultural development. However, development of the industrial sector has been not

significant in the study region. Consequent to the less industrialization, the employment

opportunities have also been limited to agriculture sector only.

In the study region, there is no any big industry are established since

independence. Only those occupations and small scale industries are established which

are related to agriculture sector; but, opportunity of employment in this occupations and

small scale industries are very less (1.33% to total population). It includes, related to

basic needs (errands and goods stores, pharmacists, etc), related to agriculture (iron

smith, carpenters stores, chemical fertilizers stores, etc), occupations other than

agriculture (milk centers, hotels), related to unnecessary needs (ice-cream parlors,

furniture store, etc), related to construction sector (bricks factory, cement stores, etc),

related to pilgrims (worship stores) and related to service sector (puncturing stores, etc).

On the other hand, the field work reveals that, only 450 employees are engaged

within special economic zone for various activities. It includes construction of walls,

plantation of trees, leveling, construction of roads, etc. Till the end of March 2013, only

one industry is observed within the phase I; it is ‘Raj Enterprises’. It is established only

for to take the advantages of special economic zone act like tax exemption. It is migrated

plant from one industrial zone to this special economic zone.

Lastly, we concluded that, the agriculture is the main occupation in the study

region; therefore, the maximum population is engaged in agricultural sector. But, it is not

enable for regional development in the study region. Therefore, there is need to find out

another way of regional development in the study region. The special economic zone may

be one alternative for regional development in this region.

3.15 Resume:

This chapter has studied the micro level socio-economic and demographic

parameters in the study region. The general land use, area under irrigation, unirrigated

area, cropping pattern and cost-benefit analysis have been studied in the socio-economic

parameters. The distributions of these parameters have been useful to understand the

present socio-economic situation of the villagers. The study shows that, the percentage of

irrigation area is less; therefore, villagers are cultivating only those crops which are

required less water for irrigation (jowar, bajara). It has also been noted that, the

maximum crops are cultivated for the purpose of subsistence. Therefore, the earnings

from various crops are less. Therefore, the present cropping pattern is not profitable for

development in the study region.

The parameters like density, population growth, sex ratio, working population,

dependency ratio and facilities and amenities have studied in demographic parameters.

The density of population is comparatively less than the district average. The average sex

ratio of the study region is more than the tahsil average of sex ratio. It has also noted that,

the male are migrating for the purpose of employment to the nearest industrial zone. The

percentage of total workers and non workers to total population is 57.38% and 42.62%

respectively. It indicates that, maximum earnings of workers are wastage for the

subsistence of non workers in the study region. The generation of employment through

various small scale industries and allied industries are very less. Therefore, there is need

to study the agricultural profile to understand the present agricultural situation. The next

chapter is attempts to outline the problems as understood on the basis of primary

information.

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