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Transcript of Chapter Fourth Edition THE WORLD’S HISTORY Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All...
Chapter
Fourth Edition
THE WORLD’S HISTORYTHE WORLD’S HISTORY
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Nationalism, Nationalism, Imperialism,Imperialism,and Resistanceand Resistance
18
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance
• French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism– French government based on contract with
the nation--a political group--not with a ruler– French armies took their nationalism and
Code Napoleon on their European conquests– European nationalism a response to French
dominance and French power
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Nationalism
• The Periphery of Western Europe– Nationalism strongest on edges of Europe– Two faces of nationalism
Positive: Empowers masses of nation Negative: Leads to conflicts such as World War I
– Nationalism in Latin America was “top down”– Canadian nationalism prevails over
regionalism– U. S. nationalism tied to constitutional oath
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Nationalism
• The Rise of Zionism– The movement to create a Jewish state– Success of European nationalism transform
prayer for Israel into a movement for it– Nationalism prompts persecution of outsiders
Dreyfus Affair leads to Jewish fears in Europe
– Theodore Herzl the founder and visionary– Not all Jews supported the hope of Israel
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
The Quest for Empire
• Nationalism led to wars of unification and willingness to control affairs of others to benefit the “nation”– British taxes on India took money out of
Indian economy for British home treasury– British tariffs harsh on Indian textiles during
early industrialization
• Trade rivals for Britain by early 1800s
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
The Quest for Empire
• Fierce economic competition from US, Germany and France
• Trade and the related desire to control territory led to creation of empires– By 1914: 85% of earth’s surface controlled by
Europe or nations of European ancestry– Economics of nominally independent
countries under European control
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
The Quest for Empire
• Western European power based on “dual revolutions” of political & industrial change
• Success led to belief in superiority over those parts of the world that had not achieved gains of the “dual revolutions”
• Attitude often carried racial overtones to reinforce belief of superiority
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
The Quest for Empire
• The Ottoman Empire, 1829-76– Was close to Europe and growing weaker as
demonstrated by Crimean War (1854-6)– Social organization on the “millet system”
People organized by religious group under religious leader to enforce religious laws and collect taxes in contrast to European practice of unified people
After Crimean defeat, the Ottomans pass Humayun edict of 1856 with “equality under the law”
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
The Quest for Empire
• Southeast Asia & Indonesia, 1795-1880– Earlier colonial competition continues
Britain claims Malaya & Burma France conquers Indochina by 1893 Dutch take Indonesia and institute Kulturstelsel, an
exploitive agricultural system that made peasants devote 1/5 of land to cash rather than personal food crops
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
The Quest for Empire
• India, 1858-1914– British defeat French for control of India, 1763– British East India Company administers the
colony Increased tax collection & manipulated tariffs Indian economy structured for British benefit
– 1857 mutiny ends East India Company control– Independence movement had to find balance
of positive and negative aspects of British rule
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
The Quest for Empire
• China, 1800-1914– Manchus colonized extensively & felt
invulnerable in face of the West– Internal problems from 1800
Population growth but no government response Did possess production for export Opium supplied by West to pay for goods
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
The Quest for Empire
• China, 1800-1914 [cont.]– The Opium Wars
1839-42 war gains extraterritoriality for Britain Refusal to grant diplomatic recognition leads to
second war, 1856-60 Taiping Rebellion (began 1850) one measure of
Chinese disorganization Weakness confirmed when Japan defeats China in
1894-5 war over Korea
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
The Quest for Empire
• China, 1800-1914 [cont.]– The Boxer Rebellion, 1898-1900
Boxers were nationalists seeking to drive Europeans out of China
Western victory results in more concessions from China to the West
Promoters of modernization in China opposed by Empress Cixi who served as regent to emperor• Sun Yat-sen leads nationalist revolt to end Manchu
dynasty in 1911
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Africa, 1652-1912
• South Africa, 1652-1910– Dutch settlement in 1652– British gain control from Napoleonic Wars
Abolish slavery, 1834, but claim best land Restrict vote but pass Masters and Servants Act
– Dutch Boer Trek to avoid British customs– Zulu War to resist British control– South African importance less after Suez
opens
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Africa, 1652-1912
• Egypt, 1798-1882– Muhammad Ali (1769-1849) controls Egypt
after French leave and Ottomans are ineffective
– Expands Egyptian power to Sudan and Arabia Ali a moderate on religion but faces Wahabism Son Ismail agrees with French to build Suez Canal
– Modernization policy had mixed results– Egyptian power underscores Ottoman
weakness
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Africa, 1652-1912
• Algeria, 1830-71– Part of weakening Ottoman empire– French attack Algeria as center of piracy in
1830 and then claim control of country Meet extensive resistance from Muslim
Brotherhood
– Numerous Europeans migrate to Algeria and take best farmland
– European minority (13%) controls majority Muslim population by 20th century
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Africa, 1652-1912
• Europeans & the Scramble for Africa– Knowledge of Africa provided by exploration
Needed for commerce, missions, & science Most famous is the Stanley-Livingston episode
– Berlin Conference of 1884 prevents open competition among European powers
– African resistance to European claims met with force
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Africa, 1652-1912
• Europeans & the Scramble for Africa [cont]– Labor Issues: Coercion and Unionization
1913 Native Lands Act excludes Africans from 87% of South African land
Need for miners in South African gold and diamond mines leads to low pay and the break up of families that can’t afford to move to the mines
Trade union membership restricted to white workers
Race trumped free market capitalism and labor solidarity
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Gender Relationships in Colonization
• Sexual liaisons with local colonial women ended with arrival of European women– Create boundaries between Europeans &
locals– European families claim role as models of
highest values of imperial country– No female solidarity between local &
Europeans– Some adoption of European models in colony
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Anti-Colonial Revolts, 1857-1914
• Benefits of empire (jobs, e.g.) accompanied by resentment at discrimination
• Colonials initially sought restoration of idealized, independent past
• Later movements sought freedom within setting of modern institutions– Young Turks– African National Congress (South Africa)
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914
• The End of the Shogunate– Japanese isolation ends with Commodore
Perry– Regional leaders decide to remove Shogun--
administered Japan in name of the emperor and stood in way of modernization
– Meiji Restoration began as regional revolt & ended with confiscation of Shogun’s land and restoration of direct rule by the emperor assisted by daimyo
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914
• Policies of the Meiji Government– Seek knowledge of world with two year tour– Import advisors in industry & agricultural– 130 foreigners in government by 1879– Restructure Government
Daimyo give lands to emperor & become governors
War with those who won’t Create western style army using German model
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914
• Policies of the Meiji Government [cont.]– Restructuring the Economy
Revitalized agriculture yields landlord profits for investment in commerce and industry
Government finances early industrial ventures
– Urbanization Existing cities were regional capitals New cities combined old businesses and
entertainments with new westernized sectors
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914
• Policies of the Meiji Government [cont.]– Cultural and Educational Change
Westernization in fashion, calendar & measurement
Extensive study of western writings including Mill and Spencer
Centralized, compulsory education• Ninety per cent of boys and girls attend school by 1905
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914
• Policies of the Meiji Government [cont.]– Gender Relations
Restoration of emperor reinforced male control of household
Women & minors barred from political activities Women gain vote after World War II Women have few legal rights after 1898 Civil Code Goal of women’s education was to create “good
wives and wise mothers”
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914
• Policies of the Meiji Governemnt [cont.]– War, Colonialism & Equality in the Family of
Nations Seek control of tariffs--done by 1911 Expansion into Korea & Manchuria makes Japan
dominant East Asian power Equality with Europe in 1902 alliance with Britain Defeat of Russia in 1905 underscores possession
of “great power” military Annex Korea, 1910
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Nationalism and Imperialism
• Nationalism instilled pride and hope but also competition for resources & prestige
• Dual revolutions tie nations and peoples more closely together
• Imperialism claim to benefit those colonized but meet resentment