Chapter Eleven Addressing Terrorism, Street Gangs, and Drugs.
-
Upload
dwayne-rose -
Category
Documents
-
view
222 -
download
0
Transcript of Chapter Eleven Addressing Terrorism, Street Gangs, and Drugs.
Chapter Eleven
Addressing Terrorism, Street Gangs, and Drugs
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.2
Terrorism
FBI defines terrorism as the “unlawful use of force against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives”
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.3
Terrorism
Three categories1. Foreign sponsors of international
terrorism2. Formalized terrorist groups3. Loosely affiliated international
radical extremists
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.4
Terrorism Police find themselves vulnerable in
six types of situations1. Traffic stops2. Residence visits3. Rallies/marches4. Confrontations/standoffs5. Revenge and retaliation6. Incident responses
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.5
Terrorism Bioterrorism Four major aspects involved in dealing
with terrorist organizations1. Gathering raw intelligence on the
organization’s structure, its members, and its plans
2. Determining what measures can be taken to counter or thwart terrorist activities
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.6
Terrorism
3. Assessing how the damage caused by terrorists can be minimized through rapid response and containment
4. Apprehending and convicting individual terrorists and dismantling their organization
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.7
Terrorism Military support of law
enforcement Posse Comitatus Act of 1878
National Incident Management System Provide a consistent nationwide
approach for governments to work together
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.8
Terrorism Incident Command System
Five major functions1. Command2. Operations3. Planning4. Logistics5. Finance/administration
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.9
Terrorism Multiagency Coordination Systems
Combination of facilities, equipment, personnel, procedures, and communications
May contain emergency response centers (EOCs)
Incident command post (ICP)
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.10
Terrorism
PreparednessDivided into six areas1. Plans2. Training3. Exercises4. Personnel qualifications and
certification
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.11
Terrorism
5. Equipment acquisition and certification
6. Mutual aidUSA PATRIOT Act
Expanded the federal government’s ability to investigate Americans without establishing probable cause and to conduct searches
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.12
Terrorism Reauthorized in 2006, providing
additional tools for protecting mass transportation systems, seaports, combating meth epidemic, and creating a National Security Division at the Department of Justice
“roving wiretap” and “sneak and peek”
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.13
Terrorism Military Commissions Act of 2006
Try unlawful enemy combatants Authorized to sentence defendants to
death Defendants are prevented from
invoking the Geneva Convention as a source of rights
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.14
Terrorism Provision stripping detainees of the
right to file habeas corpus petitions Allows hearsay evidence Allows CIA to continue questioning
key terrorist leaders and operatives
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.15
COPPS and Homeland Defense
Numerous community information sources
1. Business owners2. Transportation centers and tourist
attractions3. Sellers of licenses and permits4. Delivery services
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.16
COPPS and Homeland Defense
5. Colleges and universities6. Real estate agents7. Storage unit managers8. Hotel clerks and security officers
COPPS should play a central role in the defense of our homeland
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.17
Street Gangs
Gangs are comprised of three types of persons
1. Hardcores2. Associates3. Peripherals Most females fall into the last category Join the gang by committing a crime or
undergoing an initiation procedure
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.18
Street Gangs U. S. Justice Department
estimates: There are more that 16,000 gangs
and over 500,000 gang members 47.8% are African-American 42.7% are Hispanic 5.2% Asians
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.19
Street Gangs Research indicates:
The most typical age range has been approximately 14 to 24
Some as young as 10 years of age Several generations in the same
family who are gang members
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.20
Crips, Bloods, MS-13, and Public Enemy No. 1
Crips began in Los Angeles in 1969 Address each other as “cuzz” Crips graffiti can be identified by the
symbol “B/K” that stands for “Blood Killers”
Bloods reported to have formed in and near Compton, California, as a means of protection against the Crips
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.21
Crips, Bloods, MS-13, and Public Enemy No. 1
Address each other as “Blood” Gang graffiti uses the terms “BS”
for “Bloodstone” and “C/K” for “Crips Killers”
Mara Salvatrucha 13, or MS-13 is one of the most rapidly spreading, well-organized, and deadly gangs in the US
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.22
Crips, Bloods, MS-13, and Public Enemy No. 1
Organized in Los Angeles in the late 1980s
Initial purpose was to defend Salvadoran immigrants
Primary purpose now is to prey upon the Salvadoran community
Now have affiliated groups along the East Coast
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.23
Crips, Bloods, MS-13, and Public Enemy No. 1
Public Enemy No. 1 Poses an extraordinary degree of
danger for police Had a hit list of 5 California officers
and a gang prosecutor Roots in punk rock subculture of Long
Beach
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.24
Crips, Bloods, MS-13, and Public Enemy No. 1
Very violent and deals in drugs, guns, and identity theft
Forged an alliance with the Aryan Brotherhood
Use money from identity theft to fund its methamphetamines business
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.25
Graffiti Annual cost of graffiti is estimated
to be between $10 billion and $12 billion
Five types of graffiti communication1. Publicity graffiti2. Roll call graffiti3. Territorial graffiti4. Threatening graffiti5. Sympathetic graffiti
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.26
Graffiti 5 states have laws that ban spray
paint sales to minors Chicago bans spray paint sales to
the public altogether Chicano gangs use nonverbal
communication known as placa
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.27
Police Responses
Four types of programs1. Prevention programs2. Intervention programs3. Suppression programs4. Comprehensive programsMediation of a peace agreement
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.28
Gangs and Terrorism Some gangs share with the terrorists
the inclination toward the use of violence to achieve political and economic ends
There might be physical links between street gangs
Gang members and terrorists might be drawn from similar ranks of disaffected youth
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.29
Our Nation’s Nightmare: Drugs
About 1.75 million U. S. citizens are arrested for drug violations per year
Almost four in ten violent crimes involve alcohol
Half of all convicted jail inmates were high on drugs or alcohol at the time of their offense
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.30
Our Nation’s Nightmare: Drugs
Of the total prison population: 20% are in prison for drug offenses 19.3% of the male prisoners 29.1% of the female prisoners Drug offenses are the reason that
23.7% of blacks, 14.3% of whites, and 22.9% of Hispanics are in state prisons
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.31
Our Nation’s Nightmare: Drugs
Methamphetamines is a central nervous system stimulant
Cheap and addictive Negative effects include physical
addiction, psychotic behavioral episodes, and brain damage
Prevalent in the West and Midwest
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.32
Our Nation’s Nightmare: Drugs
Clandestine drug labs Meth accounts for 80 to 90% of the
labs’ total production Dealing with the labs requires
extraordinarily high levels of technical expertise
HAZMAT
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.33
Our Nation’s Nightmare: Drugs
Average cost of cleaning up materials from a lab range from $2,500 to $10,000
Police responses to the labs1. Using federal and state organized crime
and racketeering statutes2. Searching homes and vehicles of former
lab operators who are on probation and parole
3. Seizing and filing for forfeiture operators’ assets
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.34
Our Nation’s Nightmare: Drugs
4. Enforcing environmental protection laws
5. Filing civil actions against persons who allow their property to be used as labs
6. Monitoring the sale and distribution of essential and precursor chemicals used in such labs
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.35
Our Nation’s Nightmare: Drugs
Open-air drug markets Lowest level of the drug distribution
network Some open-air drug activities that
the police have undertaken1. Policing the area in a highly
visible fashion2. Enforcing the law intensively
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.36
Our Nation’s Nightmare: Drugs
3. Using intelligence-led investigative work
4. Arresting drug buyers in “reverse stings”
Raves Dance parties that feature fast-
paced, repetitive, electronic music and light shows
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.37
Our Nation’s Nightmare: Drugs
Drug use is intended to enhance ravers’ sensations and boost their energy
Create a blend of attitudes, drugs, and behaviors not found in other forms of youth culture
Ecstasy is most closely associated with rave parties and can cause brain damage
Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.38
Our Nation’s Nightmare: Drugs
High-Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Program (HIDTA)
Office of National Drug Control Policy designates an area as a high-intensity drug area
Illegal drug production, manufacturing, importation, or distribution
Receives more than $225 million per year