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Transcript of Chapter Eight Congress. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8-2 Enduring...
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Chapter Eight
Congress
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Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8-2
Enduring Questions
• Are the members of Congress representative of the American people?
• Does Congress prefer strong leadership, and does it allow its member a lot of freedom?
• How important are political parties in Congress?
• Why does it take so long for Congress to act?
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Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8-3
Introduction
• Congress a rare example of independent legislature among large democratic nations
• Congress versus Parliament
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Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8-4
The Evolution of Congress
• Intent of the Framers• General characteristics of subsequent
evolution• House has protected the power of
individual members at expense of centralized leadership
• Senate leaders have never had strong formal powers
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Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8-5
Who is in Congress?
• House of Representatives, characteristics• Senate• Sex and race of members• Lengthening tenure of members
(increasing incumbency rates) an important development
• Party
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Table 8.1: Blacks, Hispanics, and Women in Congress, 1971–2004
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Getting Elected to Congress
• Need to win at least a plurality of votes under a party label
• Winning the primary
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The Organization of Congress: Parties and Interests
• Party organization • The Senate• The House of Representatives• Party voting • Caucuses: Rivals to parties in policy
formulation and leadership
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Figure 8.1: Party votes in the House, 1877–2000
Source: Updated from Harold W. Stanley and Richard G. Niemi, Vital Statistics on American Politics, 6th ed. Copyright © 1998 by CQ Press. Reprinted by permission.
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Table 8.2: Ideology and Party in the Congress, 2000–2002
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The Organization of Congress: Committees
• Legislative committees: Most important organizational feature of Congress
• Types of committees• Standing (permanent) committees:
Characteristics in the House• Committee styles
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Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8-12
The Organizations of Congress: Staffs and Specialized Offices
• Introduction
• Tasks of staff members
• Staff agencies work for all members
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Figure 8.2: How a Bill Becomes Law
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How a Bill Becomes Law (Note House and Senate Differences)
• Requires coalition or wave of enthusiasm • Introducing a bill• Study by committees• Floor debate• Methods of voting
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How Members of Congress Vote
• Three explanations for a member’s vote
• Representational view has some merit under certain circumstances
• Main cues for organizational voting
• Attitudinal view largely based on ideology
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A Polarized Congress in an Unpolarized Nation
• Partisan divisions among members are striking
• There is some evidence voters are becoming more partisan
• What it all means
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Ethics and Congress
• Separation of powers meant to control ambition and corruption
• Unethical conduct not always easy to define
• House and Senate ethics codes
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Power of Congress
• Has always been significant, but Congress has always been concerned about its authority
• Reassertion of congressional power in 1970s
• Congress has never been as weak as some have alleged
• Presidential-congressional conflicts
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Reconsidering the Enduring Questions
• Are the members of Congress representative of the American people?
• Does Congress prefer strong leadership, and does it allow its member a lot of freedom?
• How important are political parties in Congress?
• Why does it take so long for Congress to act?