Chapter B10 - Noise and Vibration - …eisdocs.dsdip.qld.gov.au/Cairns Shipping Development/EIS/Part...

Draft : Environmental Impact Statement

Chapter B10 Noise and Vibration

B10.1 Introduction 2

B10.2 Policy Context and Legislative Framework 2

B10.3 Methodology 4

B10.3.1 Methodology Overview 4

B10.3.2 AssumptionsandTechnicalLimitations 5

B10.3.3 AcousticImpactCriteria 6

B10.3.4 OperationalNoise 7

B10.3.5 RoadTrafficNoise 7

B10.3.6 MaximumNoiseLevels 7

B10.3.7 ConstructionNoise 8

B10.3.8 ConstructionVibration 9

B10.3.9 ImpactsonFauna 9

B10.3.10 SignificanceCriteria 10

B10.4 Existing Conditions 14

B10.4.1 SiteDescriptionandStudyArea 14

B10.4.2 NoiseSensitiveReceptors 14

B10.4.3 ExistingAcousticEnvironment 15

B10.5 Assessment of Potential Impacts 21

B10.5.1 Construction 22

B10.5.2 OperationalImpacts 26

B10.6 Mitigation Measures 31


B10.6.2 OperationalNoise 32

B10.7 Residual Impacts 33


B10.7.2 Operation 33

B10.8 Summary of Impacts 34

Cairns Shipping Development Project


Draft EIS : Chapter B10 Noise & Vibration

November 2014 ChapterB10:Page2

B10.1 IntroductionTheacousticchapterofthisEnvironmentalImpactStatement(EIS)providesanassessmentofpotentialimpactsfromairbornenoise,underwaternoiseorvibrationtotheidentifiedsensitivereceptorsfromtheconstructionandoperationoftheproposedCairnsShippingDevelopmentProject(theproject).Thisassessmentprovidesanunderstandingoftheexistingterrestrialandmarineacousticenvironmentandthepotentialimplicationsoftheprojectonit.

Thischapterpresentsassessmentsoftheairbornenoise,vibrationandunderwaternoiseimpacts(whereapplicable)fromrelevantsources.

Asaresult,thereisasignificantamountofdatapresentedinthischapter.Forclarityandeaseofinterpretation,theoverallconclusionsandfindingsarepresentedinthemainbodyofthischapter,andsupportinginformationincludinglargetablesandfiguresarepresentedseparatelyinAppendix D7.

B10.2 Policy Context and Legislative FrameworkAsummaryoflegislation,policies,guidelinesandstandardsrelevanttotheassessmentandmanagementofnoiseandvibration,includingguidelinesrequiredbytheprojectTermsofReference(TOR)andEISGuidelines,isprovidedinTable B10.2a and B10.2b.

Table B10.2a Summary of Relevant Legislation and Policy

Relevance

TheEPActisthegoverninglegislationcoveringpolicythatconcernsnoiseandvibrationwithinQueensland.

SubordinatepolicywasdevelopedunderneaththeEPAct,asdescribedbelow.

Document

QLD Environment Protection Act 1994 (EPAct)

(QLDGovernment,1994)

Application

TheEPActformsthegoverningframeworkforallimpactcriteriadevelopedforassessingtheproject.

TheEPActcontainsdefaultnoisestandardsregulatingthehoursofoperationofconstructionequipment.

TheEPActrequiresactivitiestotake“allreasonableandpracticablemeasures…toprotectenvironmentalvaluesfromallsourcesofenvironmentalharm”.Thisrequirementformstheframeworkforassessingunderwaternoiseimpactsfromtheproject.

TheEPP(Noise)setslong-termacousticqualityobjectivestobeprogressivelyachieved.

QLD Environmental Protection (Noise) Policy 2008(EPP(Noise)2008)

(QLDGovernment,2008)

TheimpactcriteriafortheprojecthavebeendevelopedusingthesubordinatePlanningforNoiseControlGuideline(PNCG)undertheEPP(Noise).



ChapterB10:Page3November 2014

Relevance

TheFNQRPaimstomaintainhighlevelsofenvironmentalqualityinnoisesensitivelandusages.TheFNQRPreferencestheEPActandtheEPP(Noise).

ThePlanningforNoiseControlGuideline(PNCG)containsproceduresformakingplanningdecisionsregardingnoiseemissionfromindustrialdevelopments.PNCGprovidesplanninglevelstograduallyapproachthelong-termpolicyobjectivesofEPP(Noise).

TheNoiseMeasurementManualcontainsproceduresforconductingenvironmentalnoisesurveysinQueensland.

IntheabsenceofQueenslandconstructionnoisecriteria,theNSWICNG(whichrepresentsAustralianbestpracticeinmanagementofconstructionnoise)hasbeenusedforguidanceinsettingconstructionnoiseimpactcriteria.

IntheabsenceofspecificQueenslandguidanceforvibration,theNewSouthWalesguideline(whichrepresentsAustralianbestpractice)iscommonlyadoptedforsettingimpactcriteriaforvibration.

IntheabsenceofQueenslandguidanceformanagingunderwaternoiseimpactsfrompiling,theSouthAustralianUPNGhasbeenusedforguidanceinmanagingunderwaternoiseimpactsfrompilingandconstructionoftheproject.

Document

Far North Queensland Regional Plan 2009 (FNQRP)

(QLDDepartmentofInfrastructureandPlanning,2009)

PlanningforNoiseControlGuideline2004

(QLD Environmental Protection Agency, 2004)

Noise Measurement Manual 2000

(QLDEnvironmentalProtectionAgency2000)

Interim Construction Noise Guideline 2009 (ICNG)

(NSWDepartmentofEnvironmentandClimateChange2009)

Assessing Vibration: A Technical Guideline 2006

(NSWDepartmentofEnvironmentandConservation2006)

UnderwaterPilingNoiseGuidelines2012(UPNG)

(SADepartmentofPlanning,TransportandInfrastructure2012)

Application

ThedevelopedimpactcriteriaareconsistentwiththeaimsoftheFNQRP

ImpactcriteriaforpotentialoperationalnoisefromtheprojecthavebeendevelopedwithguidancefromthePNCG.

BaselinenoisesurveyconductedgenerallyinaccordancewiththeDepartmentofEnvironmentandHeritageProtection(DEHP)NoiseMeasurementmanual.

ImpactcriteriaforconstructionoftheprojecthavebeendevelopedusingtheICNG.

CriteriaforworksoutsidethestandardhoursdescribedintheEPActhavebeendevelopedusingtheICNG.

ImpactcriteriaforhumancomforthavebeendevelopedusingtheguidanceoftheAssessingVibrationguideline.

ImpactcriteriaforunderwaternoiseandstandardmitigationmeasureshavebeendevelopedusingtheUPNG.

Table B10.2b Guidelines and Standards

Document

CONCAWE,ThePropagationofNoisefromPetroleumandPetrochemicalComplexestoNeighbouringCommunities,C.J.Manning,1981

AustralianStandardAS2436:2010Guidetonoiseandvibrationcontrolonconstruction,demolitionandmaintenancesites

Relevance

Predictionmethodologyusedforthepredictionofenvironmentalnoisefromtheoperationoftheproject.CONCAWEiscommonlyusedinAustraliaasanenvironmentalnoisepredictionmodelasitallowspredictionofnoiselevelsunderdifferentmeteorologicalconditions.

Constructionnoiseandvibrationpredictions,assessmentandmitigationhavebeenconductedinaccordancewithAS2436.




Document

AustralianStandardAS2670.2:1990Evaluationofhumanexposuretowhole-bodyvibration.Part2:Continuousandshock-inducedvibrationinbuildings (1to80Hz)

BritishStandardBS5228.1:2009Codeofpracticefornoiseandvibrationcontrolonconstructionandopensites–Part1:Noise

BritishStandardBS5228.2:2009Codeofpracticefornoiseandvibrationcontrolonconstructionandopensites–Part2:Vibration

GermanStandardDIN4150.31986Structuralvibrationinbuildings;effectsonstructures.

CalculationofRoadTrafficNoise,DepartmentofTransport,WelshOffice1988

Relevance

CriteriaforassessinghumancomfortimpactsofvibrationhavebeenderivedusingtheguidanceofAS2670.2asascreeningmethodinfavourofusingthemorecomplicatedmethodologyintheAssessingVibrationguideline.

InaccordancewithAS2436,sourcenoiselevelsofconstructionplanthasbeenobtainedfromBS5228.1.

MethodologyofconstructionvibrationpredictionandassessmenthasbeenbasedonrecommendedcalculationsandcriteriafromBS5228.2.

DIN4150containscriteriaforassessingimpactsondilapidatedorheritage-significantstructuresandiscommonlyusedasaconservativethresholdforbuildingdamageimpactsinAustralia.

NoiselevelsfromroadtrafficnoisehavebeenpredictedusingCalculationofRoadTrafficNoise(CoRTN),whichiscommonlyusedforroadtrafficnoisepredictioninAustralia.

B10.3 Methodology B10.3.1 Methodology OverviewForacousticimpacts,theadoptedassessmentmethodologyisoutlinedbelow:

• DeterminerepresentativeairbornebackgroundnoiselevelsintheabsenceofoperationofthePortofCairnsatidentifiedsensitivereceptorsinthestudyarea

(Notethatunderwaternoiseimpactsareassessedagainstabsolutethresholdsforphysiologicaleffectsonspeciesandhenceunderwaterbackgroundnoiselevelsarenotrequiredforassessingunderwaternoiseimpacts)

• Presenttheresultsofpredictedtypicalscenariosforconstructionnoiseandvibrationimpactsoftheprojectonsensitivereceptors

• Presenttheresultsofpredictedtypicalscenariosforoperationnoiseandvibrationimpactsoftheprojectonsensitivereceptors

• Assessmentofthesepotentialimpacts/effectsagainstidentifiedacousticimpactcriteria

• Provideprojectmitigationmeasureswhereperformancecriteriaarepredictedtobeexceeded

• Presentthepotentialresidualeffectsoftheproject(withmitigation)ontheacousticenvironment.

FulldetailsoftheadoptedacousticassessmentmethodologyarecontainedinAppendix D7.

Abaselinenoisesurveywasconductedtodetermineexistingnoiselevelsatsensitivereceptorswithintheacoustic studyarea,asoutlinedinSection B10.4.1.AdditionaldetailregardingthenoisesurveymethodologyiscontainedinAppendix D7.




B10.3.2 Assumptions and Technical LimitationsAswithmostproposeddevelopments,theimpactassessmentprocessisbasedondefiningrepresentativescenariosreflectingtypicalconditionslikelytobeexperiencedduringconstructionandoperationoftheproject.

Thenatureoftheprojectisthatthemainoperationalnoisesource,thecruiseships,are‘external’totheprojectinthatPortsNorthhasnodirectcontrolorspecificpriorknowledgeofthenoiseemissioncharacteristicsofindividualships.Theassessmentisthereforebasedon‘typical’noiseimpactsfordifferentcategoriesofcruiseship.

Toasimilarextent,predictionofnoiseimpactsfromanyconstructionprojectinvolvesunknownsourcecharacteristicsinthattheparticularconstructionequipmenttobeusedonsiteisnotconfirmeduntildetailedplanningfortheconstructionprocessisconducted.

ThereforetherepresentativeacousticscenariosfortheprojecthavebeendeterminedbasedonmeasurementsandassumptionsofrepresentativeplantandvesselsandacomparativereviewofsourcelevelsusedforpreviousEISassessments.Inthecaseofconstructionnoiseandvibrationpredictions,theadoptedmethodologybasedontheNSWICNGisa“screeningcriterion”approach–i.e.theassessmentidentifieswhichconstructionactivitieshavehigherrisksofresultinginnoiseorvibrationimpactsandthereforewhichactivitiesrequirenoisemitigationmeasurestobeincorporatedintoplanningtheactivity.

Duringthedetailedplanningoftheconstructionsequencetheseactivitiesshouldbeplannedandmanagedtominimisenoiseimpacts,e.g.byincludingmitigationmeasuresasdiscussedinthisEISchapter.

Thepredictionofacousticimpactsbasedonrepresentativesources,meansthatthereisthepossibilitythattheactualsourceconstructionoroperationalnoiselevelsmaybehigher(orlower)thanpredictedinthisEISchapter(e.g.anindividual‘loudship’oraparticularlynoisyconstructionactivity).Ifthisoccursinpractice,additionalmitigationmeasureswillbeimplementedasdocumentedinaNoiseManagementPlantobepreparedfortheproject.Actualresidualimpactswill,however,bedeterminedbytheacousticimpactsafterappropriatemitigationisapplied.

Forunderwaternoiseimpacts,thefollowingenvironmentally-significantspecieshavebeenidentifiedaspotentiallybeingpresentwithintheprojectstudyarea(refertoChapter B7, Marine Ecology):

Cairns Harbour• LoggerheadTurtle(Caretta caretta)

• GreenTurtle(Chelonia mydas)

• HawksbillTurtle(Eretmochelys imbricate)

• SaltwaterCrocodile(Crocodylus prosus)

• FlatbackTurtle(Natator depressus)

• Dugongs (Dugong dugong)

• Bottlenosedolphin(Tursiops truncatus)

• DwarfSawfish,QueenslandSawfish(Pristis clavata)

• AustralianSnubfin,IrrawaddyDolphin(Orcaella heinsohni (previously O. brevirostris)

• Indo-PacificHumpbackDolphin(Sousa chingensis).




Offshore• LoggerheadTurtle(Carettacaretta)

• GreenTurtle(Cheloniamydas)

• HawksbillTurtle(Eretmochelysimbricate)

• FlatbackTurtle(Natatordepressus)

• SaltwaterCrocodile(Crocodylusprosus)

• WhaleShark(Rhincodontypus)

• HumpbackWhale(Megapteranovaeangliae)

• AustralianSnubfin,IrrawaddyDolphin(Orcaellaheinsohni(previouslyO.brevirostris))

• KillerWhale,Orca(Orcinusorca)

• Indo-PacificHumpbackDolphin(Sousachingensis).

B10.3.3 Acoustic Impact CriteriaImpactcriteriausedforassessingtheacousticimpactsoftheprojecthavebeendeterminedforconstructionandoperationalnoiseandvibration.Thecriteriahavebeendeterminedbasedontherelevantstatelegislation,policiesandguidelines.Insomecases,nospecificQueenslandStatepolicyorguidelinesexist(e.g.forconstructionnoiseandvibrationimpacts)andguidancefromotherstates,particularlyNSW,hasbeenusedtoassignrelevantimpactassessmentcriteria.FullderivationofthenoiseimpactcriteriaandthederivedcriteriaaregiveninAppendix D7.

Asummaryofrelevantimpactcriteriaforconstructionandoperationalnoiseandvibrationaregivenin Tables B10.3a-f.




B10.3.4 Operational NoiseTable B10.3a Operational Noise Impact Criteria for the project

Receptors

WharfStreetResidential

EastTrinity

TrinityInlet

Time Period

Day

Evening

Night

Day

Evening

Night

Day

Evening

Night

Project Noise Impact Criteria

LAeq,1hour dB(A)

57

51

49

43

38

33

45

43

43

B10.3.5 Road Traffic NoiseTheimpactthresholdforroadtrafficnoiseistheplanninglevelof63dBLA10,18hr;however,existingnoiselevelsonroadscommonlyalreadyexceedthenoiseplanninglevels.

Incaseswhereexistingnoiselevelsexceedtheplanninglevels,impactcriteriaforroadtrafficnoisearetypicallybasedonthemagnitudeoftheincreaseintrafficnoiselevels.

Table B10.3b Road Traffic Noise Criteria

Predicted Noise Change

Increaseofmorethan15dB

Increaseof10-15dB

Increaseof6-10dB

Increaseof3-5dB

Increaseoflessthan3dB

Magnitude of Impact

Verymajorincrease

Majorincrease

Moderateincrease

Minorincrease

Negligibleincrease

B10.3.6 Maximum Noise LevelsImpactcriteriaformaximumnoiselevelsfromtheprojecthavebeendevelopedtoassesssleepdisturbanceimpactsforhumanreceptorsandtoassessdisturbancetomigratorybirdreceptors.

Sleepdisturbanceisacomplicatedphenomenonandneedstobeevaluatedonacase-by-casebasisandhenceitisnotpossibletoprovideasinglenumericalcriterionforsleepdisturbanceimpacts.Whenconsideringsleepdisturbance,thefollowingfactorsneedtobeconsidered:

• Thenumberofloudnoiseevents

• Theabsoluteleveloftheloudnoiseevents

• Therelativelevel(‘emergence’)oftheloudeventcomparedtotheambientnoiselevel.

Criteriaforabsolutelevel(10percentchanceofawakeningbasedonasinglenoiseevent)andforemergence (BG+15dB)arepresentedbelowasscreeningcriteriaforsleepdisturbance.




Table B10.3c Maximum Noise Impact Criteria

Receptors


EastTrinity

TrinityInlet

Project Noise Impact Criteria

LAmax dB(A)(absolutelevel)

62

62

62

LAmax dB(A)(emergence)

61

45

55

B10.3.7 Construction NoiseTable B10.3d Construction Noise Impact Criteria for CSDP

Receptors


EastTrinity

TrinityInlet

Time Period

Day

Evening

Night

Day

Evening

Night

Day

Evening

Night

Noise Affected Level

dB(A)

64

53

51

50

40

35

52

45

45

Highly Noise Affected Level

dB(A)

75

58

56

75

45

40

75

50

50

NotethattheconstructionnoiseimpactcriteriaarebasedonascreeningapproachfromtheICNG.Thesecriteriaarenottargetsthatmustbemet,butmeansofquantifyingtheexpectedimpactofconstructionnoiseonthecommunity.

Wherenoiselevelsexceedthe“NoiseAffectedLevel”somecommunityreactiontoconstructionnoiseisexpectedandtheprojectshouldimplementmitigationmeasurestoreducenoiseimpacts.

Whereconstructionnoiselevelsexceedthe“HighlyNoiseAffectedLevel”,astrongadversereactiontotheconstructionnoisefromthecommunitywouldbeexpected.




B10.3.8 Construction VibrationHumancomfortvibrationimpactsmaybeexpectedforvibrationlevelsaboveapproximately0.3mm/sPPV.Forlevelsabove0.3mm/sPPV,vibrationimpactshavebeenclassifiedbasedonthefollowingranges.

Table B10.3e Construction Vibration Criteria

Impact Category

Negligible

Minor

Moderate

Major

PPV (mm/s)

PPV≤0.3

0.3<PPV≤1.0

1.0<PPV≤10

PPV>10

Subjective Impact (from BS5228.2)

Vibrationjustperceptible

Vibrationperceptible,potentialforcomplaint

Complaintslikely

Vibrationlikelyintolerable

B10.3.9 Impacts on FaunaImpactthresholdsfordifferentphysiologicalorbehaviouralimpactsonmarinespecieshavebeendevelopedbasedonanextensiveliteraturestudyasdetailedinAppendix D7.Thesecriteriaareacombinationofunweightedcriteriaandcriteriaweightedaccordingtothehearingsensitivityofparticularspecies(e.g.‘M-weighted’levelsorthedBhtmetric).Criteriaaregenerallypresentedasunderwaternoiselevels(dBre1µPa)exceptforcriteriaformigratorybirds(inair)whicharepresentedusingA-weighteddBre20µPasoundpressurelevels.

Table B10.3f Summary of Noise Thresholds for Species

Impact

50%Mortality(allsizes)

SeriousPhysicalInjury

PermanentHearingDamage(PHD)

Species

Fish

Migratorybirdsandshorebirds

MarineMammals

Fish

Migratorybirdsandseabirds(diving)

Allspecies

Whales–Baleen

Whales–Toothed

Dugongs

Seabirds(airborne)

Seabirds(diving)

Sound Pressure dB re 1 µPa

240dBpeak

130dBht

230dBpeak

230dBpeak

220 dBpeak

110dB(A)(continuous) 125dB(A)(impulsive)

Sound Exposure Level dB re 1 µPa²·s

210dB

198dB

195dB(onsetofmortality)

195dB(onsetofmortality)

135dBht

198dB(Mlf)(impulsive) 215dB(Mlf)(continuous)

198dB(Mmf)(impulsive) 215dB(Mmf)(continuous)

188dB(Mmf)(impulsive) 205dB(Mmf)(continuous)

193dB




Impact

TemporaryHearingDamage(TTS)

Disturbance–Strong(~90%avoidance)(SA)

Masking

Detection

Species

Whales–Baleen

Whales–Toothed

Dugongs

Seabirds(airborne)

Seabirds(diving)

Allspecies

MarineMammals

Fish

Seabirds(airborne)

Whales–ToothedandBaleen

Whales-Toothed

Dugongs

Sound Pressure dB re 1 µPa

224dBpeak 160dBrms(continuous)



93dB(A)(continuous) 110dB(A)(impulsive)

90dBht

160dBrms(impulsive) 120dBrms(continuous)

140-160dBpeak(impulsive)

72dB(A)

115dBrms

90dB (forfrequenciesbelow1000Hz)

80dB (forfrequenciesbelow1000Hz)

Sound Exposure Level dB re 1 µPa²·s

183dB(Mlf)(impulsive)

183dB(Mmf)(impulsive)

173dB(Mmf)(impulsive)

190dB (safelevelfornoinjuries)

B10.3.10 Significance CriteriaThissectionshouldbereadinconjunctionwiththenoiseimpactcriteriadetailedinAppendix D7.AnassessmentofthesignificanceofthenoiseimpacthasbeenconductedusingthesignificancecriteriaoutlinedinTable B10.3g.

Determinationofthesignificancecriteriahasbeenundertakenusingthefollowingmethodology:

• Predictedexceedance(ifany)ofnoiseimpactcriteria

• Numberofreceptorsexposedtoaparticularlevelofimpact.

Impactsthatoccuronlyatasmallnumberofreceptorswouldnotbeconsideredassignificantforprojectdecision-makingaswidespreadimpacts.Thedurationofthenoiseexposure(inthecaseoftemporarynoiseorvibrationsourcessuchasconstruction)isalsoaconsideration.

Noiseimpactsoccurringatareceptorformorethanonemonthhavebeenassessedasbeingmore-significantthanthesameimpactoccurringforlessthanonemonth.

AsoutlinedinChapter A1, Project Introduction,theimpactassessmentprocessinvolvesariskassessmentofthepredictedexceedanceoftheacousticimpactcriteriaoccurring(e.g.someexceedancesareonlypredictedtooccurunderadversemeteorologicalconditionsand/orunderuncommon/unlikelyoperationalscenarios).

AsummaryoftheadoptedsignificancecriteriaareprovidedinTable B10.3g.




Proj

ect A

spec

t

Sign

ifica

nce

of Im

pact

VeryHigh

Hig

h

Cons

truc

tion

Noi

se a

nd V

ibra

tion

Constructio

nno

iselevelsarepredicted

to

regu

larly

excee

dthe‘HighlyNoiseAffe

cted

Level’bym

orethan

10dB

(A)a

tthe

majority

ofn

oise-sen

sitivereceptorsfor

morethan

one

mon

th.

Vibrati

onlevelsof>

10mm/satm

ajority

ofsen

sitivereceptorsform

orethan

one

mon

th.

Buildingda

magetoanyherita

ge-listed

structure.

Constructio

nno


to

exceed

the‘HighlyNoiseAffe

cted

Level’b

y15

dB(A)o

rmoreatth

emajority

ofn

oise-

sensitivere

ceptorsforu

ptoone

mon

th.

Constructio

nno


to

regu

larly

excee


cted

Level’byupto10d

B(A)atthe

majority

of

noise-sensitivere

ceptorsform

orethan

on

emon

th.

Vibrati

onlevelsof>

10m

m/satm

ajority

of

sensitivere

ceptorsforu

ptoone

mon

th.

Buildingda

magetoanyperman

ently-

occupied

structure.

Airb

orne

Ope

ratio

nal N

oise

Ope

ratio

nalnoiselevelsarepredicted

to

regu

larly

excee

dtheim

pactcriteriaby

morethan

15d

B(A)atm

ostn

oisesen

sitive

receptors.

Road

traffi

cno

iselevelsexperienceaVe

ry

Majorincreaseabo

vepre-con

struction

levelsand

resulting

levelsexcee

d

63dBL A

10,18h

r.

Ope

ratio


to

exceed

theim

pactcriteriabybe

twee

n10

to15d

B(A)oro

ccasiona

llybymorethan

15

dB(A)a

tnoisesen

sitivereceptors.

Road

traffi

cno

iselevelsexperienceaMajor

increaseabo

vepre-con

struction

levelsand

resulting

levelsexcee

d63

dBL A

10,18h

r.

Und

erw

ater

Noi

se

Cons

truc

tion

and

Ope

ratio

n

Noisefrom

con

struction

oro

peratio

nal

activ

ities,inpa

rticularu

nderwaterpiling

thatre

sultinm

ortalityorperman

ent

thresholdshift(h

earin

gda

mage)which

lead

stom

ortality,perman

ento

rlon

g-term

(greaterth

anfiveyears)d

isap

pearan

ce

ofapop

ulati

onofn

ation

allyand

state

sign

ificantspe

cies,(referto

Secti

on

B10.

3.2 an

d Ch

apte

r B7,

Mar

ine

Ecol

ogy

forlistedspecies).

Noisefrom

con

struction

oro

peratio

nal

activ

ities,inpa

rticularu

nderwaterpiling

thatre

sultinm

ortalityorperman

ent

thresholdshift(h

earin

gda

mage)

whichlead

stom

ortalityorperman

ent

disapp

earanceofapop

ulati

onofn

on-

sign

ificantspe

cies.

Noisefrom

con

struction

oro

peratio

nal

activ

ities,inpa

rticularu

nderwaterpiling

thatre

sultinte

mpo

raryth

resholdshiftor

disrup

tiontohab

itat,whichlead

stosho

rt

term

disap

pearan

ce(lessthan

fiveyears)

ofapop

ulati

onofn

ation

allyand

state

sign

ificantspe

cies.

Noisefrom

con

struction

activitie

s,in

particularu

nderwaterpiling

thatre

sultin

tempo

raryth

resholdshiftord

isrupti

onto

ha

bitat,whichlead

stolong

-term(g

reater

than

fiveyears)d

isap

pearan

ceof

apo

pulatio

nofnon

-significan

tspe

cies.

Table B10.3g Acoustic Significance Criteria




Proj

ect A

spec

t

Sign

ifica

nce

of Im

pact

Mod

erate

Minor

Cons

truc

tion

Noi

se a

nd V

ibra

tion

Constructio

nno


to

exceed


cted

Level’

bybetwee

n10

dB(A)to15

dB(A)a

tthe

majority

ofn

oise-sen

sitivereceptorsforu

ptoone

mon

th.

Constructio

nno


to

regu

larly

excee


cted

Level’byupto5dB

(A)a

tthe

majority

of

noise-sensitivere

ceptorsform

orethan

1

mon

th.

Vibrati

onlevelsof1

10m

m/satm

ajority

of

receptorsform

orethan

1m

onth.

Constructio

nno


to

exceed


cted

Level’

byupto5dB(A)atthe

majority

ofn

oise-

sensitivere

ceptorsforu

ptoone

mon

th.

Constructio

nno

iselevelsexcee

dthe‘Noise

AffectedLevel’bu

tdono

texcee

dthe

‘HighlyNoiseAffe

cted

Level’form

orethan

on

emon

th.

Vibratio

nlevelsof1

10mm/satm

ajority

ofre

ceptorsforu

ptoone

mon

th

Vibrati

onlevelsof0

.31m

m/satm

ajority

ofre

ceptorsform

orethan

one

mon

th.

Airb

orne

Ope

ratio

nal N

oise

Ope

ratio


to

exceed

theim

pactcriteriabybe

twee

nfive

to10d

B(A)oro

ccasiona

llybymorethan

10

dB(A)a

tnoisesen

sitivereceptors.

Road

traffi

cno

iselevelsexperiencea

Mod

erateincreaseabo

vepre-con

struction

levelsand

resulting

levelsexcee

d

63dB

LA1

0,18

hr.

Ope

ratio


toexcee

dtheim

pactcriteriare

gularly

bybetwee

nthreedB

(A)u

ptofivedB(A),

orra

relybyup

toth

an10d

B(A)atn

oise

sensitivere

ceptors.

Road

traffi

cno


Minorincreaseabo

vepre-con

struction

levelsand

resulting

levelsexcee

d

63dBL A

10,18h

r.

Und

erw

ater

Noi

se

Cons

truc

tion

and

Ope

ratio

n

Noisefrom

con

struction

activitie

s,in

particularu

nderwaterpiling

thatre

sultin

tempo

raryth

resholdshiftord

isrupti

on

tohab

itat,whichlead

stosho

rt-term

(lessth

anfiveyears)d

isap

pearan

ceofa

po

pulatio

nofnon

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B10.4 Existing Conditions B10.4.1 Site Description and Study AreaTheprojectdescriptionforconstructionandoperationphasesandthegeneralstudyareaisoutlinedinChapter A4, Project Description.ThelandimmediatelyadjacenttotheCCLTisusedforportoperationsorissetasideforfutureportdevelopment.TheareasurroundingthePortofCairnscontrolledlandincludestheCairnsCBD,EastTrinity,TrinityInletandTrinityBay.

Theaimoftheprojectistoallowaccessoflargercruiseships,includingaportionofthosethatcurrentlyanchoroffYorkeysKnob,intothePortofCairnsviatheupgradedshippingchannel.AstheprojectwillthereforeresultinareductioninthenumberofshipsutilisingYorkeysKnob,itwasnotconsiderednecessarytoassessnoiseimpactsatYorkeysKnob,howeverthischangeislikelytoresultinasmallbeneficialimpactsincetheprojectwillresultinreductioninassociatednoiselevels.

NotethattheprojectwillnotchangetheroutesusedbyshipstoapproachtheCairns/YorkeysKnobvicinityandhencenoiseimpactsfromindividualshipmovementsonthewiderFarNorthQueenslandcoastalarea(includingtheGreatBarrierReefMarineParkandtheWorldHeritageArea)willnotchangecomparedtothe‘donothing’scenario.

TherewillbeacumulativenoiseimpactfromthegreaternumberofshipsaccessingthePortofCairnsasaresultoftheproject,whichisaddressedinChapter B18, Cumulative Impacts Assessment.

Theacousticstudyareaforthisassessmentencompasses:

• TheimmediatevicinityofthePortofCairns,includingTrinityInletandtheCairnsCBD

• ResidentialareasatEastTrinity

• MarineareasadjacenttothePortofCairnsshippingchannelandDredgeMaterialPlacementArea(DMPA).

B10.4.2 Noise Sensitive Receptors SensitivereceptorsaredefinedinSchedule1oftheEnvironmental Protection (Noise) Policy 2008,theEPP(Noise),toincludedwellings,librariesandeducationalinstitutions,childcarecentresandkindergartens,outdoorschoolplaygroundareas,medicalinstitutions,commercialandretailactivities,protectedareas,marineparksandpassiveparksandgardens.

Thenearestnoisesensitivereceptorswithinoradjacenttotheacousticstudyareahavebeenidentifiedandassignedtocatchmentareaswhereexistingnoiseconditionsarecharacterisedbysimilarnoisesourcesandlevels.Themost-affectedsinglerepresentativesensitivereceptor(generallytheclosestreceptorunlessfactorssuchasscreeningarerelevant)hasbeenadoptedforeachcatchmentarea.

SomeareasoflandadjacenttotheCCLTareproposedtoberedevelopedinthefuture(potentiallyasresidential)as partoftheapprovedCityPortdevelopment.Thenoiseassessmenthasalsoincludedtheseproposedfuturedevelopmentareas.

TheseareasandtheirapproximatedistancestothecruiseterminalareprovidedinTable B10.4a.




Table B10.4a Noise Sensitive Receptor Locations

Noise Sensitive Receptor Catchment

1. HotelsandresidencesalongWharfSt

2. HotelsalongtheMarina,includingtheCairnsHilton

3. ResidencesalongthecoastlineatEastTrinity(South)

4. ResidencesalongthecoastlineatEastTrinity(North)

5. ResidentialreceptorsonboatsmooredonTrinityInlet

6. Cityportdevelopment (proposedonly,notbuilt)

7.Marinelife

Representative Receptor

31WharfStreet,Cairns

HiltonHotel,34Esplanade,Cairns

2Esplanade,EastTrinity

2427PineCreekRoad,EastTrinity

Closestreceptortoshippingchannel

ClosestreceptortoCruiseShipTerminal

ForspeciesrefertoChapterB7,MarineEcology

Direction from Project to Receptor

West

North-west

East

East

East

North-west

Varies

Approximate Minimum Distance to Receptor

125mfromCCLT

250mfromCCLT

2300mfromShippingChannel

2500mfromShippingChannel

Varies.Closestreceptorapproximately100mfromshippingchannel(forspecificlocationsrefertoChapter B9, Socio-Economic)

125mfromCCLT

Varies

TheseareashavebeenidentifiedinpinkinFigure B10.4.2a, Figure B10.4.2bandFigure B10.4.2c.

B10.4.3 Existing Acoustic EnvironmentNoiseimpactcriteriaforassessmentofconstructionandoperationalnoisesourcesfromtheprojectarebasedonrepresentativebackgroundnoiselevelsmeasuredduringthesitesurvey.Noisemonitoringlocationsareshownin Figure B10.4.3aandFigure B10.4.3b.RefertoAppendix D7fordetailsofthemeasurednoiselevelsandthemeasurementmethodology.

TheCCLTvicinityistypicalofanurbannoiseenvironment,withambientnoiselevelsgenerallycharacterisedbyman-madenoisesourcessuchastrafficnoisefromlocalroadsandmechanicalplantnoisefromsurroundingbuildings.

TheEastTrinityvicinityisaruralnoiseenvironmentcharacterisedbynaturalnoisesourcessuchaswaveandwindnoise,withintermittentman-madenoisesourcessuchasaircraftmovements.

TheTrinityInletvicinityisanintermediatenoiseenvironmentinthat,althoughtypicallong-termnoiselevelsarecharacterisedbynaturalnoisesources(particularlywavenoise)thereisalsonoiseexposurefromman-madenoisesourcesfromshippingmovementsonthechannel.




Figure B10.4.3a




Figure B10.4.3b




Figure B10.4.3c




Figure B10.4.3d




Figure B10.4.3e




Existingnoisesourceswithinthenoisestudyareainclude:

• NoisefromcruiseshipswhenberthingattheCCLTandassociatedvehiculartrafficduringvisits.Currentlythelargest(andloudest)cruiseshipregularlyaccessingtheterminalisthe78,000tonneRhapsodyoftheSeas

• NoisefromothershipvisitstothePortofCairns,includingnavyandcargoshipsatberth

• NoisefromreefboatsleavingfromandreturningtotheMarina

• IndustrialnoisefromthePortofCairns(includesvesselmovementsfromreeftourboatsandothersmallerworkandrecreationalvessels)

• Eventnoisee.g.fireworks,functionsandmusiceventswhichoccurirregularly

• Vehicularandpedestriantraffic

• WavenoisefromTrinityInlet

• Aircraftnoisefromaircraftapproaching/departingCairnsAirport

• SeaplaneandhelicopteroperationsfromCairnsEsplanade/Pier

• MechanicalservicesnoisefrombuildingswithintheCairnsCentralBusinessDistrict(CBD)whichwasaudibleatthepropertiesalongWharfStandatboththeeasternandsouthernfacadesoftheHiltonhotel.

Onceoperational,theprojectwillresultinincreasednumberofcruiseshipvisits,butwillnotintroducenewnoisesourcesintothearea;rather,itwillincreasethenumberofexistingcruiseshipportvisiteventsforsurroundingnoise-sensitivereceptors.

BeyondthePortofCairns,atnoisesensitivereceptorsatEastTrinity,additionalnoisesourcesthatwereaudibleincluded:

• Roadtrafficfromlocalroads

• Birdnoise.

Duringthemeasurementperiod,noperceptiblevibrationfromexistingsourceswasobserved.

B10.5 Assessment of Potential ImpactsAcousticimpactsfromtheprojectmayconsistof:

• Airbornenoise

− Impactsonhumans

− Annoyanceorlossofacousticamenity

− Sleepdisturbance

− Impactsonmigratorybirds

− Behaviouraldisturbance/disruptionofnesting

• Vibration

− Humancomfort(disturbance)

− Buildingdamagetostructures

− Heritagelistedwharf(refertoChapter B13, Cultural Heritage)− Otheroccupiedstructures

• Underwaternoise

− Impactsonunderwaterfauna

− Auditorymasking

− Avoidance/disturbancebehaviour

− Temporaryhearingdamage

− Permanenthearingdamage

− Physicalinjury

− Fatality.




Potentialacousticimpactsfromtheprojectarepredominantlyanticipatedtooccurfromthefollowingprojectsources:

• Constructionoftheproject,including:

− Capitaldredging

− Pilingforwharfconstruction

− OtherlandsideconstructionactivitiesassociatedwiththeIFOpipelineandtheupgradeofotherservices (SeeChapter A4, Project Description).

• Operationalnoise,including:

− NoisefromshiptransitsthroughtheShippingChannel

− Noisefromshiploadingandunloading

− Noisefromberthedships

− Increasedtrafficnoiselevelsbothonsiteandonroadsservingtheproject

− Ongoingadditionalmaintenancedredgingassociatedwiththeexpandedchannel.

*Notethatwhilstongoingmaintenancedredgingisan‘operationalstageactivity’itisbestassessedagainst“construction”noiseimpactcriteriasinceitisashort-termnoiseactivitythatoccursonlyforadefinedperiodeveryyear.MaintenancedredgingalreadyoccursforthePortofCairnsbuttheexpandedchannelassociatedwiththeprojectwillnecessitateanextensioninthedurationofmaintenancedredging.However,theincreaseddredgingwillpredominantlyoccurintheouterchannelandthepotentialimpactsofnoisefrommaintenancedredgingintheinnerportwillremainunchanged.

Anassessmentofthepotentialimpactsoftheproject(withoutmitigation)isprovidedbelowinthefollowingsections.AsummaryofpotentialimpactsisalsoprovidedtogetherwithproposedmitigationmeasuresandpredictedresidualimpactsinSection B10.8.

B10.5.1 ConstructionB10.5.1.1 Airborne NoiseAirbornenoiselevelsfromtheconstructionactivitieslistedbelowhavebeenpredictedatthenearestaffectednoisesensitivereceptors,assumingthatnonoisemitigationmeasureshavebeenapplied.

Sourcenoiselevelsofconstructionactivitieshavebeentakenfromarangeofsourcesincludingrelevantstandardsandnoisemeasurementsusedforpreviousassessments.RefertoAppendix D7fordetailsofthesourcelevels.

• Constructionmethodology,plantnumbers,andhoursofoperationhavebeenbasedontheconstructionmethodologyoutlinedinChapterA4,ProjectDescription.

• Potentially-significantconstructionnoiseimpactsareanticipatedfromthefollowingmainactivities:

− Piling

− IFOPipelineinstallation

− Constructiontraffic

− Capitaldredging.

• FulldetailsofconstructionactivitiesusedintheassessmentareincludedinAppendix D7.NoiseimpactsfromroadtrafficnoiseassociatedwithconstructionisdiscussedfurtherinSection B10.5.2.3.

• Duetothedistancesinvolvedandchangingwindconditionsinthecoastalarea,itispossiblethatmeteorologicaleffectsmayimpactnoiselevelsatreceptors.Assuch,noiselevelshavebeencalculatedforbothneutralweatherconditionsandadverseweatherconditions.

NoisecontourshavebeenproducedandareincludedasAppendix D7.

DetailedtablespresentingthenoiselevelsaregiveninAppendix D7.

Adiscussionofresultsisgivenbelowforeachofthemainnoisesources.




Table B10.5a Summary of Construction Noise Impacts

Noise Source

Capitaldredging–TSHD

Capitaldredging–Backhoe

IFOPipelineConstruction

Piling

Summary of Construction Noise Impacts

TSHDdredgingispredictedtohavenegligibleimpactsduringstandardconstructionhours.

Outsidestandardconstructionhours,TSHDdredgingispredictedtohaveaMinornoiseimpactonmooredresidentialreceiverslocatedonTrinityInlet.

IftheprogramofTSHDdredgingresultsinthedredgestayinginthevicinityofareceiverforgreaterthanonemonth,noiseimpactsoutsidestandardconstructionhourswouldincreasetobeModerate.

BackhoedredgingispredictedtoresultinMinornoiseimpactstoreceiversatWharfStreetandTrinityInletduringstandardconstructionhours.

Outsidestandardconstructionhours,BackhoedredgingispredictedtoresultinHighnoiseimpactstoreceiversatWharfStreetandTrinityInlet.

ConstructionoftheIFOpipelineispredictedtoresultinnegligiblenoiseimpactsatalltimes.

PilingispredictedtohaveaMinornoiseimpactduringstandardconstructionhours.

Ifpilingoccursoutsidestandardconstructionhours,increasednoiseimpactsarepredictedforresidentialreceiversatWharfStreet(High)andonTrinityInlet(Moderate).

ConstructionnoiseimpactsarepredictedtooccurforWharfStreetandTrinityInletreceivers.NoimpactsarepredictedtooccurforEastTrinityreceivers,duetothedistance(approximatelytwokm)tothesereceiversfromconstructionactivity.

TheactivitypredictedtoresultinthehighestnoiseimpactsisBackhoedredging,whichmaypotentiallybeconducted24hoursperday.Minornoiseimpactsarepredictedduringstandardconstructionhours;howeverhighnoiseimpactsareexpectedoutsideofstandardhours,whereconstructionnoiselevelsarepredictedtobeapproximately20dBhigherthanthebackgroundnoiselevel.ThesleepdisturbancescreeningassessmentindicatesthatthereisahighriskofsleepdisturbanceimpactsforWharfStreetandTrinityInletreceivers.

Additionalmitigationmeasureswilllikelyberequiredforbackhoedredgingtomitigatenoiseimpactsoutsideofstandardconstructionhours.ThesemitigationmeasuresarediscussedinmoredetailinSection B10.6.

TSHDispredictedtohavelowernoiseimpacts,duetolowernoiseemissionofthedredgeitselfandalsobecausethedredgenoisesourceismoving,meaningthatthedurationofnoiseexposureatanysinglereceiverisreduced.IfTSHDdredgingoccursinthevicinityofreceiversatnight,thereisaminorriskofsleepdisturbanceimpactsforTrinityInletreceivers.ThismayrequiremeasurestomitigatenoisefromtheTSHDdredging,asdiscussedfurtherinSection B10.6.

Pilingispredictedtohavelowerimpactsbecausepilingoperationswilllikelybelimitedtostandardconstructionhours.Minorimpactsarepredictedduringstandardconstructionhours.However,ifpilingoccursoutsideofstandardconstructionhours,ModeratetoHighnoiseimpactsarepredictedtooccur.AdditionalmitigationmeasuresforpilingarediscussedinSection B10.6.




B10.5.1.2 VibrationVibrationlevelsfromvibration-inducingequipmenthavebeenpredictedatthenearestsensitivereceptors.

Theclosestreceptorsforhumancomfortvibrationeffectsfromconstructionactivitiesaretheapartments/hotelsonWharfStreet.

TheclosestreceptorforbuildingdamageistheheritagewharfatPortofCairns.

Thehighestvibrationinducingactivitiesduringconstructionwillbe:

• Impactpiling

• Dredging(TSHDandbackhoe)

• DirectionaldrillingfromIFOpipelineinstallation(ifrequired).

Vibration from Piling

Vibrationlevelsfrompilingaredependentonthehammerenergy,whichinturnisrelatedtothehammermassanddropheight.Thesefactorswillbedeterminedaspartofthedetailedplanningofconstructionactivities.

Accordingly,thisassessmentisbasedonprovidingcalculatedstand-offdistances(i.e.horizontalbufferzonebetween thepilingrigandsensitivereceptors)forpilingasafunctionofthedropenergyinordertocomplywiththeprojectvibrationgoals.

Thesestand-offdistanceswillbeusedinplanningpilingoperationstoensurethatvibrationgoalsarenotexceeded.

Agraphofnominalhammerenergiesrelativetodistanceisprovidedforvibrationcriteriarelevanttothisstudy (seeFigure B10.5.1.2a).

Figure B10.5.1.2a Maximum nominal hammer energy (kJ) to comply with project vibration targets for piling as a function of distance from receiver.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Max

imum

Ham

mer

Ene

rgy

(kJ)

Horizontal Distance from Hammer (m)

Residential - Minor Impact (0.3mm/s) Residential - Moderate Impact (1.0mm/s) Heritage Structures - 3mm/s




FortypicalhammerenergiespredictedvibrationimpactsontheWharfStreetresidentialreceptorsarelikelytobeintherange0.3<PPV<1.0forthedurationofpiling(>1month).Thiscorrespondstoaminorimpact.

Topreventimpactstotheheritagewharf,thepilingrighammerenergywillbecontrolled,withthehammerenergybeingreducedasthepilingrigapproachesthewharf.Thiswillbeachievedbylimitingthedropheightrelativetothehammermasssothatpilinghasanegligibleimpact.FromtheexperienceofpastinstallationofpilesduringcapitalworkssuchastheCCLTwharfrefurbishmentin2010andinstallationofpilesformaintenanceoftheactualheritagestructure,vibrationimpactsarepredictedtobenegligible.

Terrestrial Vibration from Dredging

Vibrationimpactsfromdredgingarenotcommonlyassessedbecauseofthesource-receiverdistancesencounteredintypicalEISprojects.ThePortofCairnsisunusualinthatportoperationsoccurincloseproximitytoresidentiallandusageandhenceitisrelevanttoconsidervibrationlevelsfromdredgingactivities.

Thereislittleornospecificinformationofgroundbornevibrationlevelsfromdredgingintheliterature(likelybecauseinatypicalassessmenttherearenovibration-sensitivereceiversinthevicinity).

Intheabsenceofspecificvibrationinformationfromdredgingintheliterature,dredgingimpactshavebeenmodelledusingtheTRLconstructionvibrationmethodology(HillerandCrabb2000)datafortunnellingoperations.

Datafromtunnellingindicatesthatthegroundconditionsarethemainfactordeterminingvibrationlevelsfromanexcavationtypeactivity.

Forsoftsoils(clayandsand+clay),whicharetheclosestavailabledatatotheseabedconditionsfordredging,tunnellingvibrationlevelsareexpectedtobebelow0.1mm/sforalldistances.Notethatthisislikelyaconservativeapproachsinceafluidseabedislikelyevensofterthanthedataassumedinthisassessment.

Thisiswellbelowvibrationimpactcriteriaforallreceptortypesandthereforerepresentsanegligibleimpact.

B10.5.1.3 Underwater Noise – PilingUnderwaternoiseimpactsfrompilinghavebeenpredictedusingmeasuredunderwaternoisesourcespectraofpreviouspilingoperations,scaledtothesizeofpilelikelytobeusedfortheproject.FulldetailsofthepredictionmethodologyaregiveninAppendix D7.

ExampleplotsofunderwaternoiselevelsasafunctionofdistancearegiveninFigure B10.5.1.3a.FullplotsofpredictedunderwaternoiselevelsarepresentedinAppendix D7.

Noiselevelsarepresentedasunweightedsoundpressurelevel(dBre1µPa)asafunctionofdistance.Eachlinecorrespondstoadifferentdirectionfromthesource(labelledbasedonthebearing,i.e.000isnorth).Noiseimpactthresholdsfordifferentspeciesareoverlaidontheplottoshowthepredicteddistanceofimpact.




ThenoiseimpactthresholdsaresummarisedinAppendix D7andarebasedonaliteraturereviewofsensitivityofthemarinespeciesidentifiedinChapter B7, Marine Ecology.

Figure B10.5.1.3a Example Plot of Underwater Noise Levels – Piling at Dock

Pilingnoiseispredictedtohaveminorimpactsonfish,withlocalisedfishmortalitypossiblewithintheimmediatevicinity(approximatelytwo-threem)ofthepilingrigandbehaviouralchanges(avoidance)expectedatdistanceswithin1,000mofthepilingrig.

Pilingnoiseisexpectedtohaveminorimpactsonmarinemammals(dugongsandwhales),withhearingdamagelimitedtotheimmediatevicinityofthepilingrig(uptoapproximately10m).Althoughbehaviouralchanges(avoidance)areexpected,thesearepredictedtobelimitedtothelocalvicinityofthepilingrig(approximatelybetween100-500mdependingonthemetricconsidered)andhencenotconsideredlikelytohavesignificantlong-termimpacts,especiallyconsideringthegeneralabsenceofsuchspeciesfromwithinTrinityInletandthepresenceofexistingnoisesourcesfromtheexistinglevelofshiptrafficinTrinityInlet.

B10.5.1.4 Underwater Noise - DredgingDredgingnoiseispredictedtohavenegligibleimpactsonsensitivemarinefauna(refertoSection B10.3.2andChapter B7, Marine Ecology),withlocalisedbehaviouralchanges(avoidance)withinapproximately100-200mofthedredge.Hearingdamagewouldonlybeexpectedifanimalsremainintheimmediatevicinity(approximately10mofthedredge)forprolongedperiods,whichisconsideredextremelyunlikelytoeveroccur.

RefertoChapter B7, Marine Ecologyforafurtherdiscussionofsensitivemarinefaunaandtheimpactsofunderwaternoise.

B10.5.2 Operational Impacts Airbornenoiselevelsfromtheoperationalactivitiesassociatedwiththedevelopmenthavebeenpredictedatthenearestaffectednoisesensitivereceptors,assumingthatnonoisemitigationmeasureshavebeenapplied,andareoutlinedinthefollowingsection.




B10.5.2.1 Shipping Noise - AirborneThePortofCairnscurrentlyoperateswithportvisitsfromcruiseshipsandothervessels(includingvisitingNavyships).Theprojectwillincreasethenumberofportvisitsbutwillnotresultintheadditionofacompletelynewnoisesource.

ThelargestcruiseshipcurrentlyregularlyaccessingthePortofCairnsistheRhapsody of the Seas(78,000tons). Thisrepresentstheexisting“largestorpotentialworstcase”cruiseshipnoiseexposureforthePortofCairns.

Oncetheprojectisoperational,thePortofCairnswillbeabletobeaccessedbycruiseshipswhicharecurrentlyunabletoaccessPortofCairnsduetodraught,lengthand/ormanoeuvrabilityconstraints.Theseincludeamixofsome “mid-size”cruiseshipssuchastheP&OAustraliafleet(Pacific Dawn/Pacific Pearl/Pacific Jewel),aswellasmegacruiseshipssuchasSun Princess/Dawn Princess,Carnival Spirit or Radiance of the Seas.

Notethatsomeofthesmallermegaclassships(e.gSun Princess/Dawn Princess/Sea Princess)haveapproximatelythesamesoundemissioncharacteristicsasmid-sizeshipssuchasPacific Dawnetc.

Tocapturethenoiseimpacts,twocategoriesofshiphavebeendefined:

• Mediumship(mid-sizedshipsuchasPacific DawnandsmallermegashipssuchasSun Princess)

• Largeship(AllothermegashipssuchasRhapsody of the Seas, Radiance of the Seas, Carnival Spirit,etc.).

ExaminationofthepublishedvisitschedulesforPortofCairnsfor2013and2014(includingshipsmooringoffYorkeysKnob)(PortsNorth2013a)showsthatapproximately60percentofshipvisitstoYorkeysKnobaremediumships (i.e.Pacific Dawn, Sea Princess,etc.).

Hencethesemediumshipswouldinitiallyrepresentthemajorityofadditionalportvisitsassociatedwiththeproject,withthemixofshipsprogressivelymovingtowardslarge-typeshipsasmid-sizeshipsareremovedfromservice.

Assuch,noiselevelshavebeenpredictedforthefollowingscenarios:

• Existingsituation(Rhapsody of the Seas),usingmeasurednoisedataforRhapsody of the Seas

• Futuremediumcruiseship(e.g.Pacific Dawn, Sun Princess),usingaveragesourcelevelsforamid-sizecruiseship

• Futurelargecruiseship(e.g.Radiance of the Seas),usingaveragesourcelevelsforamegacruiseship.

Sourcesoundpowerlevelsofoperationalactivitieshavebeentakenfromarangeofsourcesincluding:

• InternalArupnoisedatabase(measurementsfrompreviousprojects)

• Measurementsofnoiselevelsassociatedwithcruiseshipsatexistingcruiseterminals

• Publiclyavailabledatafromsimilarnoiseimpactassessments

• Noisedatafrompeer-reviewedtechnicalpapersaddressingnoisefromsimilardevelopments

• NoisemeasurementsofexistingshipactivitiesprovidedbyPortsNorth.

ModellingmethodologyforoperationalactivitieshavebeenbasedonthetypicaloperationalactivitiesoutlinedinChapter A4, Project Description,andfromtheabovedatasources.Fulldetailsofthetypesofplant,locationandsoundpowerlevelsthathavebeenusedintheassessmentareincludedinAppendix D7.

Theprojectispredictedtoresultinagreaternumberofovernightshipvisits,whichwillconsistofamajorityofmid-sizecruiseshipsaswellasasmallernumberofMegacruiseshipvisits.RefertoChapter A4, Project Descriptionfordetailsoftheadditionalcruiseshipnumbersassociatedwiththeproject.

Noiselevelsfromdockedlargecruiseshipsarelikelytobeapproximatelyequivalenttotheexisting“worstcase”noiseexposurefromRhapsody of the Seas(measureddockednoiselevelsofsignificantlylargershipssuchasthe86,000tonCarnival Spiritandthe90,000tonRadiance of the Seas,orthepublisheddataofDiBellaandRimigi(2013)arewithin~±3dBofthemeasurednoiselevelsfromRhapsody of the Seas).

NoiselevelsfromtypicalmediumsizedcruiseshipsthatwillaccessthePortofCairnspost-project(e.g.Pacific Dawn, Sun Princess)willbequieterthantheexistingnoiselevelsfromRhapsody of the Seas.

AminorexceedanceofthenoisecriteriaatnightispredictedforWharfStreetreceiversfromovernightvisitsbylargecruiseships;howeverthisexceedanceispredictedtoalreadyoccurforRhapsody of the Seas.NonoisecomplaintshavebeenreceivedbyPortsNorthforshipvisitsbyRhapsody of the Seas,whichsuggeststhatthepredictedexceedancefromotherlargecruiseshipsisunlikelytobesignificantandishencelowrisk.




ReceptorsonTrinityInletarepredictedtoexperienceaminortomoderateexceedanceofthenoisecriteriaaslargecruiseshiptransitthroughthechannel.Mediumcruiseshipsarepredictedtomeetthenoisecriteriaexceptforaminorexceedanceifshiptransitoccursatnight.However,sinceacruiseshiptransitisadiscretesoundeventandingeneralwillnotoccurduringthenighttimeperiod,exceedancesduringshiptransitsareunlikelytobesignificantandareassessedaslowrisk

B10.5.2.2 Shipping Noise – UnderwaterUnderwaternoiselevelsfromcruiseshipstransitingtheShippingChannelhavebeenpredictedbasedonunderwaternoisemeasurementsofseveralcruiseshipsavailableintheliterature,asdiscussedinmoredetailinAppendixB10.

Theavailabledatashowsthatcruiseshipnoiseemissiongenerallyfallsintotwocategories:

• Mediumships,oldertypically-smallershipswithhighernoiseemission

• Largeships,newertypically-largershipswhichhavereducednoiseemission.

Thegeneraltrendofcruiseshipdesignismovingtowardsquieterunderwaternoiselevelsfromcruiseships,withtheEUimplementingalong-terminitiative(SILENV)tosignificantlyreduceunderwaternoiselevelsfromships.

Noiselevelsfromamediumship(i.e.theexpectedworstcaseshipaccessingthePortofCairnspost-project)arepresentedinFigure B10.5.2.2aforashipintheshippingchannel.AdditionaldatafordifferenttypesofcruiseshipsandfordifferentsourcelocationsarepresentedinAppendix D7.

Figure B10.5.2.2a Underwater Noise Levels from Medium Cruise Ship in Cairns Shipping Channel

Shippingnoiseispredictedtohavenegligibleimpactonmarinemammals.ThereisexistingvesseltrafficatthePortofCairnsandtheupgradewillresultinadditionalvesselsofsimilartypetotheexistingvessels;indeeditispossiblethatthenewer,largershipsassociatedwiththeprojectwillbequieterthanexistingvesselsusingthePortofCairns,especiallyifproposedEUunderwaternoiseinitiativessuchasSILENVarewidelyadoptedinfuture.

Noiselevelsfromshippingmaycauseavoidancebehaviourfrommarinemammalswithin~150-200mofthevessel. Thisavoidancebehaviourisunlikelytocausesignificantdisruptiontomarinemammalsandindeedmayassistinreducingtheincidenceofshipstrikes.




B10.5.2.3 TrafficRoadtrafficvolumesforpeakperiodoperationaltimesandpercentheavygoodsvehicles(hgv)havebeenprovidedinChapter B14, Transportforthefollowingroads:

• LakeStreet

• WharfStreet

• CairnsPort(on-site).

Assessmenthasbeenmadeforthestudyareaimmediatelyadjacenttothesiteentrance,beingthepotentiallyworstaffectedzone.ThetrafficcountdatawascollectedduringapeakperiodinuseoftheCCLTbutoutsideoftheCBDpeakperiod.Thisprovidesthebasisforassessmentofrelativeimpactsduetoproposedalterationtoportusageaspercriteria.

Existingandpredictedoperationaltrafficflowsarenotedtobehighlyvariable.Theworstcasetrafficvolumesfromlargestshipclass,however,arepredictedtoincreaseoveralltrafficvolumesafactoroflessthantwotimes.Assumingthatthemixofheavyandlightvehiclesisapproximatelythesame,thisrepresentsanoverallchangeinroadtrafficnoiseimpactoflessthanthreedB.ItshouldbenotedthatthisisduringpeakuseoftheCCLT,whenaveragedoveran18-hourperiod,theincreaseinnoiselevelsisexpectedtobeevenlower.

Constructionactivitiesassociatedwiththeprojectarenotexpectedtoproducesignificantadditionalroadtrafficcomparedtoexistingvolumes.Roadtrafficassociatedwithconstructionactivitiesisthereforeexpectedtobeinsignificantinthecontextofexistingtrafficflowsonthelocalroadnetwork.

TheincreaseinroadtrafficnoiselevelsaresummarisedinTable B10.5f,alongwiththepredictedsignificanceofimpact.

Table B10.5f Cairns Port Road Traffic Noise Impact Assessment

Activity

Additionalroadtrafficnoise(operational)

Additionalroadtrafficnoise(construction)

Potential Impact

<3dB

<3dB

Significance

Negligible

Negligible

Likelihood

Likely

Likely

Risk Rating

Negligible

Negligible

Trafficmovementsonsitearepredictedtocomplywithrelevantoperationalcriteriaatallreceptorlocationsduringalltimeperiods.Further,predictednoiselevelsaresufficientlybelowoperationalnoiseimpactsfromshipstonotcontributesignificantlytonoiseimpacts.




Table B10.5g Predicted Operational Noise Levels at Nearest Noise Sensitive Receptors – On-Site Traffic

Source Location

WharfSt

EastTrinity

TrinityInlet

Noise Impact Criteria dB(A) re 20µPa LAeq

Day

57

43

45

Evening

51

38

43

Night

49

33

38

Meteorological conditions

Sound Pressure Level

dB(A) re 20µPa LAeq

Neutral

44

-

7

Adverse

44

-

12

Significance of Impact

Negligible

Negligible

Negligible

Probability

Almost Certain

Almost Certain

Almost Certain

Risk Rating

Low

Low

Low

Trafficmovements

B10.5.2.4 Maintenance DredgingNoiseimpactsfrommaintenancedredginghavebeenassessedusingconstructionnoisecriteriaalthoughmaintenancedredgingisanoperationalactivity.

Thisisbecausedredgingisashort-termnoisesourcethatonlyoccursforashort,definedperiodperyear.

SourcelevelsforatypicalsizeTSHDareapproximatelytwodBlowerthanthelargesizeTSHDusedforCapitaldredging(refertoAppendix D7).

B10.5.2.5 Maximum Noise LevelsMaximumnoiselevelimpactfromoperationalnoiselevelshavebeenpredictedforassessmentagainstsleepdisturbance.ThesearepresentedinAppendix D7.

Sleepdisturbancescreeningcriteriaaremetforallactivitiesexceptshipsenteringandleavingport.

Minorsleepdisturbanceimpactsareexpectedatsensitivereceptorsformediumcruiseships.Moderatesleepdisturbanceimpactsareexpectedforlargercruiseshipsatsensitivereceptors.

Theriskratingfornoiselevelimpactsforshipsleaving/enteringportisassessedasLowsincecruiseshipsgenerallyenter/exitthePortofCairnsduringthemorning(7.00am–10.00am)orearlyevening(5.00pm–8.00pm)timeperiodsandhencecruiseshipmovementsatnightwillbeinfrequent.

B10.5.2.6 VibrationNoneoftheequipmentusedintheoperationoftheprojectareexpectedtocreatevibrationlevelshighenoughtocreateadversevibrationlevelsatthenearestsensitivereceptors.

Ship-basedsourceswillnotresultinsignificantterrestrialvibrationduetothelargecumulativelossesfromacombinationofcouplinglossesattheship-waterinterfaceandthewater-seabedinterfaceandpropagationlossesthroughtheseabedandground.

Land-basedoperationalvibrationsourcesarelimitedtomobileequipmentsuchasforklifts.Vibrationfromvehiclestypicallyresultsinnegligibleimpactsbecausethepneumaticsuspensionofvehiclesisolatesthevehiclemassfromtheground.

Impact-typevehicleoperations(e.g.forkliftunloading/loadinginvolvingsettingdownofloads)willresultinincreasedvibration;howevertheseactivitieswouldoccuralongsidethecruiseshipatdistancesof~100morgreatertosensitivereceiversandhencenoimpactsatreceiversareexpectedtooccur.

Henceoperationalvibrationimpactsfromtheprojectareassessedasbeingnegligible.




B10.6 Mitigation MeasuresB10.6.1 ConstructionSpecificmitigationmeasuresforeachoftheconstructionactivitiesthatcauseexceedancesatnoisesensitivereceptorsareincludedbelowinTable B10.6a

Table B10.6a Construction mitigation measures

Construction Activity

BackhoeDredging

TSHDDredging (CapitalandMaintenancedredging)

IFOPipeline

Piling

Recommended Mitigation

BackhoedredgingwillbescheduledtoavoiddredgingoftheTrinityInletchannelinthevicinityofresidentialreceptorsduringthenighttimeperiodwhereverpossible.

Whereschedulingtoavoidimpactsisnotpossible,consultationwithaffectedresidentswillbeconductedtoreviewpotentialmitigationmeasures.AllworkstobeundertakenwithregardtoAS2436-2010-Guidetonoiseandvibrationcontrolonconstruction,maintenanceanddemolitionsites.

AConstructionNoiseandVibrationManagementPlanwillbepreparedfortheprojectconstructionwhichwilldetailnoisemitigationmeasuresagreedinconsultationwithDEHP/localauthority.

DredgingwillbescheduledtoavoiddredgingoftheTrinityInletchannelinthevicinityofresidentialreceptorsduringthenighttimeperiodwhereverpossible.

Whereschedulingtoavoidimpactsisnotpossible,consultationwithaffectedresidentswillbeconductedtoreviewpotentialmitigationmeasures.

Noadditionalmitigationmeasuresrequired.

PilingactivitieswillbelimitedtothedaytimeperiodunlessapprovalisobtainedfromDEHP/localauthoritybasedon“sufficientgrounds”tojustifynighttimeconstruction.

Amarinemammalobservationzoneofonekm,exclusionzoneof100manda“soft-start”regimewillbeadoptedtomitigatenoiseimpactsonmarinefauna.TheeffectivenessofthismeasuremaybelimitedintheturbidwatersofTrinityInlethowever,andtheperformanceofthismeasurewillbemonitored.

Underwaternoisemonitoringwillbeconductedattheonsetofpilingtoconfirm/calibratethenoisepredictions.

Ifnighttimeworksarerequired,e.g.duetotideconstraints,communityconsultationwithresidentsshouldoccurtoexploremitigationoptions.

Aresilientpad(dolly)willbeusedwherefeasiblebetweenthepileandhammerheadinordertoreduceairbornenoiseimpacts,asrecommendedbyBS5228.

Vibrationimpactswillbecontrolledbylimitingthehammerenergyusedtoundertakepilingbasedonthedistancetothenearestsensitivereceptorsandstructures.Thiswillbeachievedbysettingtherelevantdropheightrelativetothemassofthepilingrighammer.

Vibrationmonitoringwillbeundertakenonthefirstdayofpilingtoconfirm/calibratethevibrationpredictions.

Contractortoreviewexistingdilapidationsurvey(s)fortheheritagewharfduringplanningof/priortocommencementofconstructionandadjustconstructionprogramaccordingly.




Inadditiontotheabovemeasuresforspecificactivities,allgeneralactivitiesrelatingtotheconstructionworkswillbecarriedoutinlinewithandengagetheprinciplesofBestManagementPractice(BMP)andBestAvailableTechnologyEconomicallyAchievable(BATEA)duringtheconstructionperiodtomanagethenoiseimpacts:

• Thecontractorwillusemodernandwell-maintainedequipmenttoundertaketheworks

• Limitingoperationoftheconstructionworksto6:30amto6:30pmMondaytoSaturdayexceptforspecificidentifiedactivitiesforwhichapprovalfromtheDEHP/localauthorityisobtained

• Notifyingpotentially-affectedresidentsofanyout-of-hoursconstructionworks(preferablyatleastoneweeks’notice,minimumoftwodays’noticeexceptforemergencyworks)

• PortsNorthwillidentifyandgathercontactdetails(address,phone,email)ofstakeholderslocatedinthevicinityofconstructionareaswhocouldpotentiallybeimpactedbyactivitiesresultinginnoiseandvibration.PortsNorthwillcommunicatewiththesepeopleviaphone,emailandpostasappropriate.ThiswillalsoincludeTrinityInlet,PortandMarlinMarinausersaswellaslocalresidentsandbusinesses.Aconstructionengagementprogramwouldbedevelopedandimplementedtocreateadialoguewithstakeholdersduringtheconstructionphase

• Whereworksarescheduledtooccuroutsideregularconstructionhours,stakeholderswouldbeadvisedinadvanceviaemailorpost

• PortsNorthwouldcontinuetopromoteandmanagefeedbackchannels,suchasaprojectemailaddressandphonenumber,duringconstructionactivitiesforstakeholderstoaskquestions,providefeedbackandlodgecomplaints.

B10.6.2 Operational NoiseThemaincontributingnoisesourcetooperationalnoiseimpactsarefromtheshipitself,eitheronarrivaltothePortofCairnsorwhiledockedattheCCLT.

ItisrelevanttonotethatPortofCairnshasbeenoperatingfordecadeswithvesselmovementspotentiallyoccurring24-hoursperdayintheimmediatevicinityoftheCairnsCBD.Assuch,althoughtheprojectwillintroduceagreaternumberofovernightportvisits,theprojectwillnotresultintheintroductionofacompletelynewnoisesource.ItisalsorelevantthatPortsNorthhavereceivedfew,ifany,noisecomplaintsregardingnoiseemissionfromexistingoperationattheCCLT(withtheexceptionofcomplaintsagainstspecific“loudships”,particularlyvisitingNavyvessels).

ThereislittleopportunitytoreducenoiseemissionsfromindividualshipsaccessingtheCCLT;howeverprogressivelyasnewer,quietershipsareintroducedintoservicenoiselevelsmayreduceinfuture.Availablenoisedatagenerallysupportsthistrend:e.g.despiteitslargersize,measureddockednoiselevelsfromtheCarnival SpiritwerelowerthanmeasureddockednoiselevelsfromRhapsody of the Seas.

Existing“worstcase”noiseexposures,representedbytheRhapsody of the Seascruiseship,whichisthelargestshipcurrentlyregularlyvisitingPortofCairns,arepredictedtoresultinminorexceedancesofthenoisecriteriaduringthenighttimeperiod,withnoiselevelsfromdockedships,loading/unloadingactivitiesandshiparrival/departurepredictedtoexceedthenoisecriteria.Althoughloading/unloadingandshiparrival/departureareunlikelytooccuratnightforatypicalshipvisit,thenoisefromtheshipitselfispredictedtoexceedthenoisecriteriaatnight.

Futurenoiseimpactsassociatedwiththeprojectcanbedividedintotwocategories:

• Medium-sizedcruiseships(e.g.Pacific Dawn,Sun Princess),whichwilllikelyrepresentthemajority(~60percentorgreater)offuturecruiseshipvisitsfollowingtheproject,andarepredictedtobequieterthanRhapsody of the Seas andtomeetnoisecriteriaforallactivitiesexceptshipsarriving/departingatnight(whichisunlikelytooccur inpractice)

• Large-sizedcruiseships(e.g.Radiance of the Seas),whicharepredictedtohaveverysimilarnoiseimpactstotheexistingnoiseimpactsfromRhapsody of the Seas.

ThelackofhistoricalnoisecomplaintsregardingcruiseshipnoiseatPortofCairnssuggeststhatfuturelargecruiseshipswithsimilarnoiseemissioncharacteristicstoRhapsody of the Seasareunlikelytocausesignificantadditionalnoiseimpacts.

The“typical”futurescenario,withMedium-sizedcruiseships,isunlikelytoresultinsignificantnoiseimpactsonresidences.

Noiseimpactsfromshiparrival/departureatTrinityInletreceptorsarenotexpectedtobesignificant.Thisisbecauseshiparrivalswillonlyoccuronceperassessmenttimeperiod(i.e.asinglenoiseevent);willgenerallynotoccurduringtheNighttimeperiod;andbecausethelocationofreceptorsadjacenttotheshippingchannelmeansthatthesereceptorsshouldreasonablybeexpectedtobeexposedtoshipnoise.




Intheeventthatnoiseimpactsoccur,updatestofuturePortOperationsandCCLTprocedurestoensureshipoperatorsareawareoftheneedtoreducenoiseimpactsonsurroundingresidencesandsuchmeasuresmayinclude:

• Wherepossible,avoidingrunningtheshipsprimarypropulsionenginesatnight(between2200-0600)

• Wherepossible,avoidingconductingloading/unloadingactivitiesorrefuellingatnight

• Wherepossible,avoidingtheuseoftheshipsexternalPAsystematnight.

Whereoperationalcircumstancesrequireshipstoconductnoise-generatingactivitiesatnight,futurePortOperationsproceduresmayrequireshipoperatorstoprovidePortsNorthwithadvancewarning(e.g.24hours’notice)sothatPortsNorthmay,atitsdiscretion,implementadditionalmanagementmeasures(e.g.notifyingsurroundingresidents).Suchproceduresmayberequiredinfuture,andcouldincludemechanismsfornotifyingresidentsofshipvisits(e.g.linktoappropriatesectionofPortsNorthwebsite),aswellasdetailsofcomplaintshandlingprocedurestodealwithanyfuturenoisecomplaintsassociatedwithoperationoftheCCLT,andprovisionsfordealingwithindividualnoisyships.

B10.7 Residual Impacts B10.7.1 ConstructionB10.7.1.1 Airborne NoiseTheresidualimpactofconstructionnoisewithallmitigationmeasuresisassessedtobenegligibleforconstructionduringstandardconstructionhours.

Theresidualimpactofdredgingconstructionnoiseoutsideofstandardconstructionhoursisassessedtobeminor.

B10.7.1.2 Vibration Theresidualimpactofconstructionvibrationispredictedtobenegligibleforallreceptorswithallmitigationmeasuresinplace.

B10.7.1.3 Underwater NoiseTheresidualimpactofconstructionunderwaternoiseispredictedtobenegligibleforallspecieswithallmitigationmeasuresinplace.

B10.7.2 OperationB10.7.2.1 Airborne NoiseTheresidualimpactofoperationalnoisewillbenegligibleforreceptorsatWharfStreetandEastTrinity.

ResidualimpactstoreceptorsatTrinityInletwillbeminor,primarilyduetoshipmovementswithinthechannel.However,theseimpactsareconsideredless-significantthanforland-basedreceiversduetothelocationofthesereceptorsadjacenttotheshippingchannel(andhenceitisnotconsideredreasonabletoexpectthesereceptorsnottobeexposedtonoisefromshippingmovements).

B10.7.2.2 Vibration Theresidualimpactofoperationalvibrationwillbenegligibleforallreceptors.

B10.7.2.3 Underwater NoiseTheresidualimpactofunderwaternoiseemissionfromoperationoftheprojectwillbenegligibleforallspeciesconsidered.




B10.8 Summary of ImpactsAsummaryoftheimpacts,mitigationmeasuresandresidualimpactsisgiveninTable B10.8below.

Table B10.8a Summary of Impacts, Mitigation Measures and Residual Effects

Effect

Constructionnoise–landbasedinfrastructure

ConstructionNoise–dredging

Constructionvibration

Operationalvibration

Operationalnoise–shippingandterminal

Operationalnoise– roadtraffic

Impactofpilingonfish

Impactsofpilingonmarinemammals(includingdugongs)

Impactsofdredgingonfish,marinemammalsanddugongs

Shippingnoise

Assessment of Impact

NegligibletoModerate

NegligibletoModerate

Negligibletominor

Negligible

NegligibletoMinor

Negligible

Minor

Negligible

Negligible

Negligible

Mitigation

Constructionactivitywillnotbeconductedduringthenight-timeperiod,unless“sufficientgrounds”existtoobtainapprovalforout-of-hours’work.

AllworkstobeundertakenwithregardtoAS2436-2010–Guidetonoiseandvibrationcontrolonconstruction,maintenanceanddemolitionsites.

GeneralsiteactivitiestofollowtheprinciplesofBestManagementPractice(BMP)andBestAvailableTechnologyEconomicallyAchievable(BATEA).

Communityconsultationwithlocalresidentsshouldseekagreedmitigationmeasures.

Back-hoedredgingnearsensitivereceptorswillbeavoidedduringthenight-timeperiodwhereverpossible.

AllworkstobeundertakenwithregardtoAS2436-2010–Guidetonoiseandvibrationcontrolonconstruction,maintenanceanddemolitionsites.

Communityconsultationwithlocalresidentsshouldseekagreedmitigationmeasuresifnight-timedredgingistooccur.

Implementmitigationmeasuresandmonitoratcommencementofconstructionworks.Undertakedilapidationsurveyofexistingheritagestructuresshouldpilingworksnotbeconductedinaccordancewiththenominatedcriteria.

N/A

Updatestoexistingportoperationsproceduresmaybepreparedinthefutureshouldpredictedimpactseventuate,andthesemayincludeadministrativemeasurestoreducenoiseemissionduringthenighttimeperiod.

N/A

Softstarts

Softstarts,safetyzones(ifnecessary,orpracticable)

Nomitigationrequired

Nomitigationrequired

Residual Risk

Medium

Medium

Low

Negligible

Low

Negligible

Low

Low

Low

Low

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