Chapter 9 The Era of Thomas Jefferson
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Transcript of Chapter 9 The Era of Thomas Jefferson
Chapter 9The Era of
Thomas Jefferson
Section 1
Jefferson Takes Office
REPUBLICANS TAKE CHARGE Election of 1800 – bad blood during
campaign Federalists
Raised prospect of civil war if Jefferson won Republicans
Accused John Adams of wanting a monarchy Electoral votes
Alexander Hamilton Aaron Burr/Jefferson Adams/Pickney Jefferson and Aaron Burr – 73 votes each House had to vote for president Deadlocked for 6 days 36th vote – Jefferson won
RESULT WAS THE 12TH AMENDMENT Beginning in 1804 Electoral College would vote separately
for president and vice president
JEFFERSON’S INAUGURATION
First to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C. Believed government should be simple Walked to his inauguration Ended the custom of bowing to the
president Used his address by calling for all
Republicans and Federalists to unite for the country
JEFFERSON CHARTS A NEW COURSE First goal to limit the federal
government’s power over the states and citizens
Felt that federal government – too involved with economic affairs
Believed in laissez faire - government should not interfere in the economy
NEW REPUBLICAN POLICIES Reduced the number of people in
government Fired all tax collectors Cut the number of diplomats Cut the army from 4000 to 2500 Eliminated all Federal taxes except
tariffs Ended the Sedition Act
Refunded any fines Released those in prison
FEDERALIST POLICIES REMAIN UNDER JEFFERSON Believed that the US needed to pay off
debt
Did not fire Federalist office holders
Believed that they could keep jobs if they were loyal citizens
THE SUPREME COURT/JUDICIAL REVIEW
Adams appointed last hours of power Judge William MarburyAimed at maintaining Federalist powerJefferson ordered Madison (Secretary of
State) to cease work on the appointmentsSenate approval neededMarbury sued Madison citing
the Judiciary Act of 1789
MARBURY VS MADISON Chief Justice John Marshall ruled Judiciary Act was unconstitutional Power of Supreme Court came from
Constitution not from Congress Court decided it could not help Marbury
gain his commission in the court SIGNIFICANCE
Established the principle of judicial review – the authority of the Supreme Court to strike down unconstitutional laws.
Section 2
The Louisiana Purchase
THE NATION LOOKS WEST By 1800 – over a million people lived west of
the Appalachian Mountains & the Mississippi River Mostly farmers/Few roads Relied on the Mississippi River to ship grain and goods
to the world Spain owned New Orleans
Sometimes threatened to close the port to Americans Pickney’s Treaty with Spain
Allowed the American’s to use the port of New Orleans Store grain until it was loaded onto ocean-going ships
PROBLEMS ARISE1802 Spanish governor
Withdrew the right for Americans to ship through New Orleans
Farmers were outragedWent to Jefferson for helpJefferson was worriedCrisis – Spain secretly gave New Orleans to France
BALANCE OF POWER - FRANCE Lost Canada in the Treaty of Paris after the
French/Indian War Left with the large area west of the Mississippi
River Largely unexplored – home only to Native
Americans Left with Haiti –
Home to sugar/slave trade Revolution led by Toussaint L’Ouverture Drove the French from Haiti (French colony) France had looked to the US for help – none came Napoleon had to send troops to Haiti
No base for France to protect Louisiana
SURPRISE IN FRANCE War is looming again between France/Britain Napoleon Bonaparte needed money /
support his armySet to fight Britain Set to fight Russia Tried to invade Egypt
Jefferson decided to try to buy New Orleans from the French Robert Livingston, the American minister in
Paris Jefferson sent James Monroe to help Livingston
France offered to sell New Orleans and Louisiana for $15 million
LOUISIANA PURCHASE Knew they had to act fast Would take a long time to get word back to Jefferson Agreed to the deal Bargain price
$4 per acre Millions of acres Almost doubled the size of the US Control of the Mississippi River Full of natural resources
JEFFERSON’S DILEMMA Saw the importance of the purchase BUT Did the Constitution give the power to the
President to buy land from a foreign country??
Jefferson read and reread the Constitution Decided that the Constitution allowed him
to make treaties and the land purchase could be looked upon as a treaty
Senate approved the “treaty” and voted to pay for the land
LEWIS AND CLARK EXPLORE THE WEST Jefferson convinced Congress to approve
$2500 for an expedition to travel west of the Mississippi Chose two army officers – Meriwether Lewis and
William Clark to lead the exploration Ordered to report back on the geography,
plants, animals Find a waterway between the Mississippi River
and the Pacific Ocean Make contact with the Native Americans –
Jefferson wanted peaceful resolution with the Natives
Meriwether Lewis William Clark
INTO THE UNKNOWN Lewis and Clark left St. Louis in the spring of 1804 40 men including French Canadians/1 slave named
York Traveled by 3 boats up the Missouri River to Platte
River (Nebraska) Reached western edge of the Great Plains Late October – North Dakota territory of the
Mandan people Decided to winter there Joined by a French trader/Native American wife –
Sacagawea Shoshone Indian Agreed to travel with them and serve as translator
CROSSING THE ROCKIES Set out again in April of 1805 By summer they reached Montana August reached the Continental Divide
Place on a continent that separates river systems – flow in opposite directions
Disappointed that they hadn’t reached the Pacific
Instead they were faced with immense ranges of mountains
Met a group of Shoshone Indians – Sacagawea's brother who sold them horses needed to cross mts.
AT THE PACIFIC Finally reached the Columbia River Stopped to build canoes for the downriver
voyage Finally – early November – saw the Pacific Spent wet/gloomy winter near the Pacific
(Portland) Began journey back in 1806 Took a half year to return to St. Louis
ZEBULON PIKE’S EXPEDITION From 1805-1807 Pike explored the southern
part of the Louisiana Territory Expedition went due west into the Rockies Climbed Pike’s Peak – never making it to the
top because of deep snow Returned through New Mexico
Captured by Spanish troops – arrested as spies Feared that the Americans would want the
territory Released and escorted back to the US Pike’s report created interest in the area
Section 3
A Time of Conflict
Barbary States
BARBARY STATES
Wars between Muslims and Christians
North African Coast Morocco Algiers Tunisia Tripoli
DEFEATING THE BARBARY STATES Pirates!
After the Revolutionary War Arab countries/angry after the Crusades
Raided American/European ships In the Mediterranean Sea Took property Enslaved sailors/held for ransom
Tribute Countries paid money to these countries to
protect their ships In exchange, rulers left ships alone
JEFFERSON’S SOLUTION Paid tribute ($) for awhile then: Jefferson sent warships to the
Mediterranean to protect American merchant ships
Initial disaster Philadelphia ran aground near Tripoli Crew of 300 put in prison Stephen Decatur led 60 sailors and raided the harbor, burning the Philadelphia to keep it away from pirates
JEFFERSON FIGHTS BACK Next year Sent a small force of American marines
Marched 600 miles across the Sahara Captured Tripoli Gave US confidence
To deal forcefully with foreign powers
MORE SERIOUS THREAT
AMERICAN NEUTRALITY IS CHALLENGED
Britain and France – At WAR again US wanted to trade with both – stayed neutral
Part of France/Britain’s strategy was to cut off the other country’s trade
Between 1803-1807 France seized 500 American ships Britain seized 1000.
Britain started to impress sailors again. American trade was at risk.
EMBARGO!
JEFFERSON RESPONDS WITH AN EMBARGO Looked for peaceful solution Congress passed The Embargo Act in 1807
Embargo – government order that forbids foreign trade
Jefferson thought it would stop attacks Results were disastrous
Exports fell from $109 mil to $25 mil Crop prices declined Thousands of Americans lost their jobs Americans were outraged Turned to smuggling to evade the embargo
EMBARGO GETS REPEALEDCongress repealed the embargo in
1809Just before Jefferson left office
Passed a law reopening trade Less severeNo trade France/Britain until:
They respected American neutrality
TECUMSEHAND THEPROPHET
NORTHWEST TERRITORY Ohio gained statehood in 1803 More settlers moved into Indiana and
west Impact on Native Americans
Disease killed many Cleared forests for planting Drove away deer and other animals – food Population decreased Power of their leaders declined
NEW LEADERS TAKE CHARGE Shawnee nation – two brothers
Tenskwatawa – the Prophet Tecumseh
Organized a league of tribes to restore Indian lands
Traveled from Great Lakes to Florida to unite tribes
BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE William Henry Harrison
Governor of Indiana TerritoryLed 1000 soldiers against Shawnee
villages on the Tippecanoe RiverTecumseh was away recruitingDefeated the Native AmericansTecumseh’s alliances declines
Tecumseh continued the struggle for next several years
Later will align his forces with the British
NATIVE AMERICANS FIGHT BACK
Tenskwatawa Tecumseh William Henry Harrison
Section 4
The War of 1812AKA “The Second War
of Independence”
THE MOVE TOWARD WAR Jefferson decided not to run for a 3rd term James Madison won the 1808 Presidential Election Tensions with Britain were high
Americans were angry over impressment Country’s honor at stake Sense of Nationalism – pride in one’s country Nationalists
Henry Clay - Kentucky John C. Calhoun – South Carolina
Supporters – called War Hawks – those eager for war with Britain
Spring 1812 – British told US – continue impressment Native Americans began new attacks – support from
Britain
War Hawks
Henry Clay John C CalhounKentucky South Carolina
WAR! Congress declared war on Britain – June 1812 British – at war with France Not willing to meet American demands Used excuse that arming Natives protected Canada Americans were confident but
Jefferson weakened army with troop cuts Navy had 16 war ships
British set up a blockade of the coast By 1814 there were 135 warships blocking American
ports Reinforced troops – able to close all ports
FIRST MAJOR SEA BATTLE August 1812 – USS Constitution defeated
the British warship Guerriere Fierce battle “Old Ironsides”
Artillery fire seemed to bounce off the 2 ft. thick wooden hull
USS Constitution is currently in Boston Harbor
INVASION OF CANADA - DISASTER War Hawks demanded an invasion of Canada
expecting the Canadians to want freedom from Britain, too.
July 1812, General William Hull invaded Canada from Michigan – Hull retreated thinking he didn’t have enough soldiers (panicked)
British General Isaac Brock quickly surrounded Hull and forced him to surrender
Used Native American warriors to help British captured 2000 Americans – serious defeat
BETTER RESULTS ON LAKE ERIE Oliver Hazard Perry won a key battle at Put-In-
Bay on Lake Erie Lost his flagship and continued commanding
from another ship Famous quote “We have met the enemy and
they are ours”
Gave control to the Americans of the important lake
British were forced to leave Detroit and retreat back to Canada
TAKING ADVANTAGE OF SEA VICTORY British retreated William Henry Harrison chased the British
back into Canada Defeated them at Battle of the Thames Tecumseh among those killed – fighting with
the British
CONFLICT IN THE SOUTH 1813 Creek warriors (with support from
Britain) attacked Southern settlements Andrew Jackson took control Defeated Creeks at Battle of Horseshoe Bend Treaty with the Creeks forced them to give up
millions of acres of land
BATTLES OF WAR OF 1812 British finally beat Napoleon – 1814 Could send more troops to America Decided to attack the capital Marched into Washington Burned the Capitol and the White House Dolley Madison saved many artifacts Americans – shocked at the defeat
ON TO BALTIMORE Sailed on up the Potomac River Decided to bombard Fort McHenry all night The next morning the flag still flew over the
fort Frances Scott Key wrote the poem that
became “The Star Spangled Banner” Couldn’t defeat the US and take over this important fort
END OF WAR British tired of war – costly Delegates from US and Britain met at Ghent,
Belgium December 1813 signed the treaty News took awhile to get back to the US Battle of New Orleans was fought after the treaty
Andrew Jackson beat the British Fought after the end of the war
PROTESTS AND PEACE Mr. Madison’s War 2nd Revolutionary War
New Englanders were the most upset Economy of the Embargo hurt them the most New England trade damaged Hartford Convention
Idea about New England to secede from the US Debated idea Decided against it after the Treaty was signed Pride in the US at a new level