Chapter 9 Microorganisms

8/12/2019 Chapter 9 Microorganisms

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1. CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS

Microorganisms Characteristics Sizea. Viruses smallest size 20nm-400nmb. Bacteria unicellular, four basic shapes(rod like, comma-

shaped, spiral-shaped, spherical), binary fission,nutrition (photosynthetic, saprophytic, parasitic)

0.1- 10m

c. Fungi unicellular or multicellular, asexually and sexual,nutrition (saprophytic,parasitic)

10- 100m

d. Protozoa unicellular, 2-1000me. Algae unicellular or multicellular, contain chlorophyll

and cellulose cell walls, carry outphotosynthesis, sexual and asexual

10- 10000m

2. FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE GROWTH OF MICROORGANISMa. Nutrientsb. Lightc. Waterd. Temperaturese. pH

3. USEFUL MICROORGANISMSa. Food digestionb. Decaying processc. Medicined. Agriculturee. Industry

4. HARMFUL MICROORGANISMa. Microorganisms that cause disease are called pathogens.b. Examples of diseases caused by pathogens:

Tooth decay SARS and etc.

c. Pathogens reproduce rapidly, can slow down the normal growth and metabolic activitiesof body cells and tissues.

d. Pathogens produce toxins that can kill cells.

Microorganisms and diseases

Pathogens Disease Symptoms TransmissionCommon cold Sore throat,runny nose,

watery eyes Air

Dengue fever Fever,headache,runny nose

Vector(Aedes)

hepatitis Fever,headache,nauseamuscle ache

Contaminatedfood,water

Viruses

Aids Diarrhoea,loss of appetite,weight loss

Physical contact

Tinea White spots, change theskin colour

Physical contactFungal

Ringworm Scaly,round,itchy patches Physical contactMalaria Fever,headache,nausea Vector(anophelesProtozoa

Dysentery Diarrhoea Contaminated foodand water

CHAPTER 9 MICROORGANISMS AND THEIR EFFECTS ONLIVING THINGS

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 151


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Cholera Diarrhoea,thirsty,dry lips Contaminated foodand water

Gonorrhoea Severe cramps,fever,vomiting

Physical contact

Syphilis Sore on the mouth,rash,fever

Physical contact

Bacteria

Tuberculosis Racking cough,sputumcontains blood,fever,weight loss

Air

Methods of transmission of human diseases Physical contact- Examples:Gonorrhoea, syphilis, ringworm, athletes foot, hepatitis

B, AIDS. Air- Common cold, tuberculosis Contaminated water- cholera, hepatitis A Contaminated food- cholera, hepatitis A Vector- animals that carry pathogens from person to person.Examples of vectors

are mosquitoes and houseflies. (Cholera, malaria, dengue fever)

5. WAYS TO PREVENT INFECTION CAUSED BY MICROORGANISMS :a. Control of vectors

i. Mosquito- related to its life cycle and habits.- draining swamps, covering the surfaces of ponds with oil, use Abate, rear larvae-

eating fish.ii. Housefly- keeping our surroundings clean- disposing garbage in plastic bags- close rubbish bins- hygienic disposal of faeces- keeping food covered

- spraying insecticideb. Various methods of sterilizationi. Autoclave- high temperature(121

C) and pressure.ii. Boiling- 100

C(cannot kill a spores)iii. Heat- expose to strong heativ. Disinfectant- chemical that kill microorganisms. Used to clean surgical

apparatus, sickroom, drains, kitchen utensils.Examples: bleaching powder,formaline

v. Antiseptic- Chemical used to kill microorganisms on skin or wound.Examples:alcohol, acriflavin, iodine

vi. Chemical- chemical can kill microorganisms.vii. Radiation- exposure to ionizing radiations such as gamma rays and ultraviolet

light

viii. Ultraviolet light- used to kill microorganisms in the air in hospitals and operatingtheatre.ix. Gamma ray- Used to sterilize injection needles, syringes and dressing.

c. Immunity- The immune system is the bodys main defence against pathogens.- It recognizes, attacks, destroys and remembers each type of pathogen that enters

the body.- There are two types of immunity: Active immunity (body produces antibodies) and

Passive immunity(body received antibodies)i. Natural Active Immunity- Develops naturally after a person is infected with a pathogen.- Very effective and may last for life.- Examples: recovery from diseases such as chicken pox and mumps.

ii. Artificial active immunity- acquired through immunization.



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- Involves the use of vaccine that contains weakened pathogen.- Examples: injection of vaccine.iii. Natural passive immunity.- acquired by the transfer of maternal antibodies to her offspring via the placenta or

breast milk.- Examples: Breast-feeding. An infant receives from the mother because antibodies

are present in the mothers milk.iv. Artificial passive immunity- Induced by injection of serum taken from an individual already immuned to a

particular antigen.- Examples: Antiserum is injected to give immediate protection or to give rapid help in

treating a disease.

Importance of Immunity Helps to prevent the spread of diseases. Vaccination is used to fight infection and prevent epidemic outbreaks of disease

or deaths.

6. HOW DISEASES CAUSED BY MICROORGANISMS ARE TREATEDa. Modern cures

- Use of synthetic medicines, antiserum, antibiotics and surgery.- Antibiotics:

chemical compound obtained from microorganisms or synthesized. Use to destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Can be taken orally in pill or liquid or injected. Common antibiotics include penicillin, aureomysin, streptomysin and

tetracyclines.- Viral diseases cannot be cured by using antibiotics.- Malaria can be cured by using drugs such as quinine, paludrine and chloroquinine.

b. Traditional cures- Made from leaves, stems, roots, barks and flowers of plants or body parts of animals.- Examples: Tongkat Ali root.

Danger of using drugs without medical advise and through unauthorized prescription. Can produce side effects. Can cause allergies Can lead to the development of resistant strains of microorganisms.



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PAPER 1

1. The diagram shows a type of bacteria

What is the name of the bacteria?

A Spirillum C CoccusB Bacillus D Vibrio

2. Which of the following statement is true about virus?

A Virus are saprophyteB Virus can be crystallizedC Virus contains cytoplasmD Virus can reproduce outside a living cell

3. The Diagram shows a type of microorganism.

Which of the following is a characteristic of this microorganism?

ABCD

It is a parasiteIt has cellulose cell wallIt does not have chlorophyllIt reproduces by binary fission

4. The Diagram shows an information about the type of microorganisms .

Nutrie

P : YeastQ : EuglenaR : SalmonellaS : Amoeba

Which of the above microorganisms are classified as protozoa?

A Q and RB P and SC Q and S

D P and R



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5. Which of the following shows the microorganisms in descending order of size from thelargest to the smallest?

ABCD

Bacteria, fungi, virusesFungi, bacteria, virusesViruses, fungi, bacteriaViruses, bacteria, fungi

6. Which of the following microorganisms can build their own food?

ABCD

MucorSpirogyraParameciumPlasmodium

7. Which of the following is a bacillus bacteria?

A B C D

8. Which of the following is a pathogen ?

A YeastB SpirogyraC Plasmodium

D Bacteriophage

9. Which of the following pairs is correct about the microorganisms and disease related?

Pathogen Diseases A Virus Common coldB Fungi SyphilisC Bacteria HepatitisD Protozoa Tuberculosis

10. The diagram shows a type of microorganisms.

Which of the following is related to the microorganisms?

A All are parasitesB Contain chlorophyll

C Reproduce inside living host cellsD Obtain food from dead organics materials



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11. The diagram shows a type of microorganisms.

Name the microorganisms.

A PlasmodiumB BacteriophageC Vibrio choleraeD Tubercle bacillus

12. Which of the following is the symptom of Hepatitis A and B?

A FeverB Runny noseC Watery eyesD Weight loss

13. Which of the following is sex transmitted disease?

A MalariaB Dysentery

C GonorrheaD Tuberculosis

14. Why do we always wash our hands after handling microorganisms?

ABCD

The microorganisms are deadWe want to kill the microorganismsThe microorganisms can turn harmfulWe want to get rid of the microorganisms from our hand

15. What is the use of microorganisms in food digestion?

A As vaccinationB Produce antibioticsC Break down cellulose into simple sugarD Release enzymes to break down dead organisms

16. Which of the following can affect the growth of microorganisms?

A OxygenB Nutrient

C Size of containerD Method of sterilisation



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17. The diagram shows a life cycle of a mosquito.

Which of the following is the most suitable method to control mosquitoesin stage P?

S

Q

P

R

A

BCD

Use abate

Sleep in a netUse insecticideCovering ponds with oil

18. Which of the following disease spread by mosquitoes?

ABCD

CholeraMalariaRingwormHepatitis A

19. Which of the following microorganisms can be spread through water?

A C

B D

20. Which of the following disease can be transmitted by air?

ABCD

AIDSTineaCholeraTuberculosis



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21. The following information shows the symptom of a disease.

Attack reproductive organ Scar tissue formation Burning sensation while urinating

What is the disease?

ABCD

AIDSHepatitis BGonorrheaTuberculosis

22. Which of the following is a harmful microorganisms?

ABCD

DecomposerPlasmodiumTransgenic bacteriaNitrogen fixing bacteria

23. Which of the following immunity is acquired by vaccination?

ABCD

Natural active immunity Artificial active immunityNatural passive immunity

Artificial passive immunity

24. Which of the following is the optimum pH for bacterial growth?

ABCD

pH 2pH 5pH 7pH 12

25. The diagram shows four nutrient agar which are kept under different temperaturesand intensity.

P7 CDark

Q20 C

Sunlight

R35 CDark

S37 C

Sunlight

Which nutrient agar will have most bacteria colonies after three days?

ABCD

PQRS



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26. Which of the following diseases can be cured by using antibiotics?

ABCD

CholeraeHepatitis ADengue feverCommon cold

27. Which of the following pair is correct about disease and the method of transmission?

Disease Method of transmission A Hepatitis VectorB Tuberculosis WaterC Gonorrhea AirD Ringworm Contact

28. What is usually used to sterile human skin before an injection?

ABCD

Chemicals AntisepticsDisinfectantDistilled water

29. Which of the following can be used to sterile operating instruments in hospitals?

ABCD

HeatChemicalDisinfectantUltraviolet light

30. What is the most suitable method to kill microorganisms and their spores?

ABCD

BoilingHeat in waterUse antisepticHeat in autoclave

31. A mosquito is a vector.Which of the following is correct about the vector?

ABCD

Cause diseasesMicroorganisms serves as hostCan be infected by microorganismsTransmits pathogen from one person to another



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32. The table below shows the temperature and pH of some bacteria culture in apetri dish. Which petri dish has the most bacteria colonies after two days?

Petri dish Temperature ( 0C) pH A P 20 14

B Q 25 12C R 37 7D S 40 3

33. The diagram shows a way to transfer pathogen.

Vector

FoodFaeces

Which of the following pathogen can be transfer this way?

ABCD

PlasmodiumVibrio choleraeTubercle bacillusHuman Immunodeficiency virus

34. The table below shows four test tubes U, V, W and X which are filled with glucosesolution and yeast, and placed under different conditions.

Test tube Temperature (C) pH valueJ 30 4K 30 7L 40 4M 40 7

Which of the following test tubes will produce the most gas bubbles?

A J C LB K D M

35. Which of the following reacts with yeast to produce carbon dioxide in a dough?

A Water C FlourB Sugar D Oil

36. Four paper discs are soaked in different antibiotic solutions and placed on a nutrientagar which contains bacteria culture. After two days, the results are shown in thediagram below. Antibiotic in which paper disc is the least effective in killing?

DC

A

B



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37. Which of the following is a traditional treatment?

A HerbalB SurgicalC AntiserumD Antibiotics

38. Which of the following method is the most suitable to provide immediate protectionagainst a disease?

A VaccinationB Taking drugsC Inject antiserumD Exposed to ultra violet rays

39. The information shows the ways to prevent infection of certain disease.

Wash hand before eating Drink boiled water Always cover food

Which of the following diseases can be prevented through the above ways?

A Tuberculosis and dengueB Malaria and gonorrheaC Hepatitis and syphilisD Cholera and dysentery

40. Which of the following graph is correct to show an artificial active immunity?

A C Antibody concentration

in blood Antibody concentration

in blood

Time (days)Time (days)

B D Antibody concentration

in blood Antibody concentrationin blood

Time (days)Time (days)



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PAPER 2

SECTION A

1. Diagram 1 shows an experiment to study the effect of the amount of yeast onthe dough.

7 7

DIAGRAM 1

The results of the experiment are recorded in table 1.

10 ml yeast 20 ml yeast

2.6 ..TABLE 1

a) Based on the above experiment, complete table 1.[1 mark]

b) Write down one inference based on the results of this experiment?

[1 mark]

2

3

1

4

5

6

2 0 ml yeast 10 ml yeast

2

3

1

4

5

Ruler

6

Dough



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c) State the variables in this experiment

i. manipulated variable: .

responding variable: .

. constant variable: ..

.rk]

. Diagram 2 shows the result of an experiment to study the effect of humidity on

DIAGRAM 2

a) State the hypothesis of the experiment?.

.

...

]

i) manipulated variable: .

ii) responding variable: .

iii) constant variable: ..

ii. iii [3 mark]

d) State the conclusion from the experiment.

[1 ma 2 microorganisms growth

Moist bread

Dry bread

After 2 days

After 2 days

Growth of mucor

No change

..

...

[1 mark]b) What is the observation from the experiment?

..

...

[1 mark]b) State the inference from the experiment?

...

[1 markc) State the variables in this experiment

[3 mark]



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3. Table 1 shows the result of an experiment to study the effect of temperature on the

Number of bacteria colonies

number of microbes in river water. The pH value of the r iver water was kept constantat 7 and the number of bacteria colonies were measured after 30 minutes at differenttemperatures.

.TemperatureBeginning minutes(C) of experiment After 30

10 10 12

20 10 14

30 10 20

40 10 15

50 10 10

60 10 5TABLE 1

a) Plot a graph of the number of bact s against the temperature.

b) State the hypothesis of the experiment?

..

k]

Number ofa s

emperature

eria colonie

b

cteria colonie

T

10

15

20

5

4010 20 300

25

6050

(C)

..

[1 mar



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b) What is the relationship between the number of bacteria colonies and

..

.

. Diagram 3 shows the experiment to study the factors that affect growth of

temperature?

....

[1 mark]d) State the inference from the experiment?

..

..

[1 mark]e) State the variables in this experiment

i) manipulated variable:

ii) responding variable: .

iii) constant variable: ..[3 mark]

4microorganisms

DIAGRAM 3

Test tubes P,Q and R are kept at room temperatures. After 48 hours, the content of

Test tube Observation

each test tube was observed and recorded as shown in the table below.

P Clear

Q ClearR Cloudy

5 cm 3 nutrient3 5 cmbroth + 0.5 cm

culture bacteria3 cm

+3 1.0M

Sodium hydroxidesolution

nutrient3

5 cmbroth + 0.5 cmculture bacteria +3 cm 3 distilledwaterP Q R

nutrient3

Sterile cotton

broth + 0.5 cmculture bacteria3 cm

+3 1.0 M

Hydrochloric acid



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(a) State one i rence based on the observation in R.

.

[1 mark ]

(b).

.

[1 mark ]

(c) Which test tube has the highest growth rate of microorganisms?

.

[1 mark ]

(d) State one way to keep the constant variable..

[1 mark ]

SECTION B

nfe test tube

.

State the hypothesis of the experiment.

. Diagram 4 shows five different m

a) Identify the class of micro

J :. M :.

..

[1 mark ]

ms an ma e thei wn fo d?

.

[1 mark ]

c) Name a disease which is caused by microorganism K

.

[1 mark ]

1 icroorganisms.

DIAGRAM 4

J K L M N

organis sm

K:. N:

L:.

b) Which of these microorganis c k r o o



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d) Which microorganism is inactive outside its living host cells?

.

[1 mark ]

(e) i.

[1 mark ]i

.

[1 mark ]

2. The graph shows the level of immunity of a man.

) What type of immunity does the graph show?

.

[1 mark ]b) Wh

.

[1 mark ]c) Wh

.

[1 mark ]d) W

.

mark ]

(

) State one industrial use of microorganism N.

i) How do the organisms N reproduce?

Antibody concentration

bloodin

First injection Second injection

Level of immunity

0 4515 30 60 Time (days)

a

y is this immunity required?

at is the substance use in the injection?

hy is the second injection needed?

[1



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e) Match the immunity and action correctly.

atural Passive Immunity

. Artificial l Active Immunity 4. Artificial Passive Immunity

ty

1. Natural Active Immunity 2. N

3 No. Action Immuni1 Give vaccination2 From mother to the baby through placenta3 Acquired after recovering from infection4 Injection of prepared antibodies5 Injection of weakened and mild pathogen6 Gained by newborn infant

[7 mark ]

SECTION C

1. Study the following statement .

Yo are given cteria.

.(1 mark)

criteria:

(1 mark) Identification of variables (1 mark)

. a) Give four usage of microorganisms and one example for each usage. (4 marks)

u nutrient broth, plain broth and cultured ba

a. Suggest a hypothesis to investigate the above statement

b. Describe an experiment to test your hypothesis in (a) based on the following

Aim of the experiment

List of apparatus and materials (2 marks) Procedure (4 marks) Tabulation of data (1 mark)

2

b) Diagram shows four microorganisms that caused disease.

PMalaria

rotozoa for Fungi forRingworm

Nutrient can affect the growth of bacteria

Virus forHepatitis B

Bacteria forCholerae

Microorganisms



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Study the microorganisms above and develop a concept of a pathogen.Your answer should be based on the following aspects:

Develop an initial concept of pathogenfor your choice

d give a reason for your choice

Identify two common characteristics of a pathogen

Give one example of a pathogen and give a reason Give one example of non-pathogen an Develop the actual concept. (6marks)

Chapter 9 Microorganisms

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