CHAPTER 9

MANIFEST DESTINY

1835-1848

““Manifest Destiny”Manifest Destiny”““Manifest Destiny”Manifest Destiny” First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845.

First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federalative development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."

".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federalative development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."

A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

““American Progress” by American Progress” by John Gast, 1872John Gast, 1872

““American Progress” by American Progress” by John Gast, 1872John Gast, 1872

Overland Immigration Overland Immigration to the Westto the West

Overland Immigration Overland Immigration to the Westto the West

Between 1840 and 1860, more than250,000 people made the trekwestward.

Between 1840 and 1860, more than250,000 people made the trekwestward.

Reasons Americans Went West

Religious freedom

Opportunity to own their Own farms

To fulfill the conceptOf Manifest Destiny

To convert Native Americans To Christianity

To act as trailblazers

Many ChallengesFaced Americans Who Moved West

Terrain between the frontier and the Pacific was difficult

The typical trip west took five to six months

Travelers feared attacks by Native American warriors

Agricultural Advances And Inventors

Description

Iron plow by Jethro Wood Had iron blade that Helped break the toughMidwestern sod

Steel plow by John Deere Had sharp-edged steel bladeThat cut cleanly through theSod and reduced the laborTime in half

Mechanical reaper by Cyrus McCormick

Machine pulled by horses or Mules to harvest crops

The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail – Albert – Albert Bierstadt, 1869Bierstadt, 1869

The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail – Albert – Albert Bierstadt, 1869Bierstadt, 1869

Trails WestwardTrails WestwardTrails WestwardTrails Westward

Trails toThe West

Oregon TrailCalifornia Trail

Santa Fe Trail

Mormon TrailOld SpanishTrail

ButterfieldOverland MailTrail

Pony ExpressTrail

The Doomed Donner PartyThe Doomed Donner PartyThe Doomed Donner PartyThe Doomed Donner Party

April, 1846 – April, 1847

April, 1846 – April, 1847

The Doomed Donner The Doomed Donner PartyParty

The Doomed Donner The Doomed Donner PartyParty

James Reed & Wife

James Reed & Wife

Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen

Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen

Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California!

Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California!

CANNIBALISM ! !

CANNIBALISM ! !

Americans Americans began moving began moving into Texas in into Texas in the 1820’s the 1820’s

and brought and brought their slaves their slaves with them. with them.

War fought War fought by Texans by Texans

against against Mexico Mexico

because they because they believed their believed their

rights had rights had been violated.been violated.

Won by Won by Texans in Texans in 1836 and 1836 and

requests to requests to enter the U.S.enter the U.S.

Reasons Texans Opposed Mexican Citizenship

Did not want to adopt Mexican customs

Did not see Mexico as their own country

Few spoke Spanish, and most found the Spanish Catholic Church alien to them

Texas Declaration of Texas Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

Texas Declaration of Texas Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

Key Figures in Texas Key Figures in Texas Independence,Independence, 1836 1836Key Figures in Texas Key Figures in Texas Independence,Independence, 1836 1836

Sam Houston(1793-1863)Sam Houston(1793-1863)

Steven Austin(1793-1836)

Steven Austin(1793-1836)

Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!

Mr. Barberree before The Atkins Diet

The Battle of the The Battle of the AlamoAlamo

The Battle of the The Battle of the AlamoAlamo

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo

Davey Crockett’s Last Davey Crockett’s Last StandStand

Davey Crockett’s Last Davey Crockett’s Last StandStand

Major Battle Outcome

Gonzales Mexicans retreat

AlamoTexans defeated afterInflicting serious lossesOn Mexicans

San Jacinto Texans prevail

President President Jackson and Jackson and Van Buren Van Buren refused to refused to recognize recognize

Texas Texas statehood statehood because of because of

slavery.slavery.Texas

became its own country

with Sam Houston

president, 1836 to 1845.Mexico never Mexico never

recognized recognized the the

independence independence of Texas.of Texas.

Texas entered as a U.S. state

in 1845.Mexico vowed if

Texas became

part of the U.S., this would be an act of

war.One cause of the war

with Mexico in 1846.

The Republic of TexasThe Republic of TexasThe Republic of TexasThe Republic of Texas

Dems --> James Knox Polk

The Oregon Dispute: The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!54’ 40º or Fight!

The Oregon Dispute: The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!54’ 40º or Fight! By the mid-

1840s,“Oregon Fever” wasspurred on by thepromise of free land.

By the mid-1840s,“Oregon Fever” wasspurred on by thepromise of free land.

The joint British-U. S.occupation ended in1846.

The joint British-U. S.occupation ended in1846.

Whigs Henry Clay

1844 Campaign Flag

Liberty Party James Birney

“Texas Coming In”

Texas (the beast): I fear I cannot carry you into the Presidential Chair.

Polk: Dear Texas, I knew you cannot—I wish I had rode some

other horse but it is too late to repent.

1844 Election Results

“JAMES K. POLK”by They Might Be Giants

In 1844, the Democrats were splitThe three nominees for the presidential candidateWere Martin Van Buren, a former president and an abolitionistJames Buchanan, a moderateLewis Cass, a general and expansionistFrom Nashville came a dark horse riding upHe was James K. Polk, Napoleon of the Stump!

“JAMES K. POLK”by They Might Be Giants

Austere, severe, he held few people dearHis oratory filled his foes with fearThe factions soon agreedHe's just the man we needTo bring about victoryFulfill our Manifest DestinyAnd annex the land the Mexicans commandAnd when the votes were cast the winner wasMister James K. Polk, Napoleon of the Stump!

“JAMES K. POLK”by They Might Be Giants

In four short years he met his every goalHe seized the whole southwest from MexicoMade sure the tariffs fellAnd made the English sell the Oregon TerritoryHe built an independent treasuryHaving done all this he sought no second termBut precious few have mourned the passing ofMister James K. Polk, our eleventh president“Young Hickory,” Napoleon of the Stump!

1. Lower the tariff.

2. Resolve the Oregon boundarydispute.

3. Restore the independent treasury.

4. Acquire California.

Goals of Polk’s Administration

The Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag Republic

John C. FrémontJohn C.

Frémont

The Revolt June 14, 1845

The Revolt June 14, 1845

The Slidell Mission: The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845Nov., 1845

The Slidell Mission: The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845Nov., 1845

Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.

US would forgive American citizens’claims against the Mexican govt.

US would purchase the New Mexicoarea for $5,000,000.

US wanted California at any price.

Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.

US would forgive American citizens’claims against the Mexican govt.

US would purchase the New Mexicoarea for $5,000,000.

US wanted California at any price.

John SlidellJohn Slidell

Causes Effects

Disputes between theU.S. and Mexico Over claimingTexas as part of the LouisianaPurchase

Idea of Manifest Destiny

Mexican president’s refusal to meet with U.S. envoy to discuss the U.S. purchase Of California territory

Mexico’s refusal torecognize the Independenceof Texas

Annexation of Texas in the Union In 1845

Mexico ceded the U.S.More than 500,000Square miles of territoryIncluding: California, UtahNevada, most of New MexicoAnd Arizona and parts ofColorado and Wyoming

U.S. paid Mexico $15 millionAnd took over Mexico’s debtsOwed to American citizens

Dream of Manifest Destinyrealized

Revived question of slaveryIn new states

War with Mexico

The Mexican War (1846-The Mexican War (1846-1848)1848)

The Mexican War (1846-The Mexican War (1846-1848)1848)

General Zachary Taylor at General Zachary Taylor at Palo AltoPalo Alto

General Zachary Taylor at General Zachary Taylor at Palo AltoPalo Alto

“Old Rough and Ready”

“Old Rough and Ready”

The Bombardment of The Bombardment of Vera CruzVera Cruz

The Bombardment of The Bombardment of Vera CruzVera Cruz

General Scott Enters General Scott Enters Mexico CityMexico City

General Scott Enters General Scott Enters Mexico CityMexico City

“Old Fuss and Feathers”

“Old Fuss and Feathers”

Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.

Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.

Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)

Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

Nicholas Trist,American

Negotiator

Nicholas Trist,American

Negotiator

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.

Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.

U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico(over $3,500,000).

Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.

Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.

U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico(over $3,500,000).

The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico!

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Mexico’s Provisions United State’s Provisions

Ceded over 500,000 square miles of territory

Accepted Rio Grande as Texas border

Paid Mexico $15 million

Claimed $3.25 million in Mexican debts

Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican War?War?

Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican War?War?

1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).

2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)

3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.

5. Manifest Destiny partially realized.

1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).

2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)

3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.

5. Manifest Destiny partially realized.

The Mexican CessionThe Mexican CessionThe Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession